Chapter 7 - Sensory Physiology
_______ is the classification of a substance or mechanism that has pain relieving properties.
analgesic
The ____ ____ of the semicircular canals detects the up or down movement of the hear.
anterior canal
______ is the irregularities of the lens or cornea.
astigmatism
In the pain response, pain elicits sensation, ____ responses, and ____ responses.
autonomic, emotional
_____ cells are the stem cells for gustatory cells and are replaced every _____ days.
basal, 7-10
The pathway of sound to the Brain. Starts with the movement of the ____ membrane --> hairs bend against the ____ membrane --> dendrites wrapped around base of hair cells are ____ --> sent to brain via ____ division of CN VIII.
basilar, tectorial, stimulated, cochlear
Blocking _____ adrenergic receptors will result in lower blood pressure.
beta
Depth perception is achieved through a ___ visual field, meaning that there are two perspectives of the visual field, one from each eye.
binocular
Olfactory receptors are made up of 10-100 million ____ neurons with receptors on the hairs.
bipolar
Rods and cones communicated with ____ cells.
bipolar
Short cones primarily absorb ____ colors.
blue
Signal amplification is a characteristic of second messengers like ____.
cAMP
A _____ is the discoloration of the lens in the eye.
cataract
Normally the lens is clear, however lens color can change with aging, becoming cloudy and causing blurred vision. This is a condition called _____.
cataracts
____ ____ is damage to the neural pathway for sound.
central deafness
Some ion channels in cold receptors can be activated by _____ (menthol induces a cooling sensation in peppermint).
chemicals
Some ion channels in warm receptors can be activated by ______ (capsaicin in chili peppers).
chemicals
A receptor that is stimulated by an interaction of chemicals such as in taste or smell is a _____.
chemoreceptor
_____ respond to chemicals dissolved in solution.
chemoreceptors
The middle layer of the eye is composed of the ____, ___ ___, and ____.
choroid, ciliary body, iris
The organ of Corti is located within the ____.
cochlea
______ is the conversion of a stimulus to a signal that is conveyed to the CNS.
coding
It is possible that ___ receptors have free nerve endings, but it is known that they respond to temperatures from 20-35 C.
cold
_____ receptors increase frequency with a decrease in temperature.
cold
In _____ perception, the brain compared the responses of the cones.
color
cone comparison = _____ _____
color perception
_____ _____ is an inadequate conduction of sound waves through the external and/or middle ear.
conduction deafness
____ cells are the photoreceptors that are responsible for day and color vision.
cone
In color blindness, the two ____ photopigments are coded for by the ____ chromosome.
cone, X
_____ need bright light for activation and are considered less sensitive.
cones
____ are sensitive to yellow/red/orange or blue/violet or green portions of the visible spectrum, thus allowing us to see in ____.
cones, color
_____ are found in highest density in the fovea; _____ are more prevalent near the edges of the retina
cones, rods
The funnel shape of the ear is made up of elastic _____ tissue and directs ___ ____ into the ear.
connective, sound vibrations
The ear drum divides the outer and middle ear. It is made of ____ tissue membrane and transfers ___ ____ to the middle ear.
connective, sound waves
Lateral inhibition enhances the ____ between the center and periphery receptors.
contrast
_______ is when the processes of many afferent neurons terminate on a single interneuron.
convergence
The _____ of the eye has the larger quantitative role in focusing light waves.
cornea
Light goes through the air and first enters the eye through the ____ --> is then proceeds through the ____ humor, the _____, and the vitreous humor, where it reaches the ____ in the retina.
cornea, aqueous, lens, photoreceptors
Smell receptors are located in the epithelium covering the ____ plate and _____ nasal concha.
cribriform, superior
The cornea and lens are _____ and _____ light as it enters the eye.
curved, refract
Adaptation corresponds to a _____ in the frequency of action potentials.
decrease
_____ wrap around the base of gustatory cells.
dendrites
______ is when the central processes terminate on several interneurons.
divergence
_______ is the fluid that is located within the cochlea.
endolymph
Each ampulla has an _______ receptor.
equilibrium
The utricle detects _____ and ____ motion.
forward, backward
Cones are concentrated in the ___ ____, a central, shallow pit within the macula lutea.
fovea centralis
A _____ ____ _____ is a slowly adapting receptor that can sometimes be a nociceptors, thermoreceptor, or mechanoreceptor.
free nerve ending
____ ____ is coded by where on the basilar membrane the defection occurs.
frequency coding
The olfactory bulbs are located on the under surface of the _____ lobe.
frontal
Bipolar cells communicate with ____ cells.
ganglion
Irreversible blindness can be cause by the condition _____, in which there is an increased pressure within the eye.
glaucoma
______ is an increase volume of aqueous humor.
glaucoma
A umami taste is due to ____ and other similar ___ ____ found in foods.
glutamate, amino acids
A sensory unit must have a _____ potential.
graded
Medium cones primarily absorb _____ colors.
green
In taste buds, chemicals dissolved in saliva bind to receptors on _____ _____ and the message is conveyed to a neuron.
gustatory hairs
Receptor cells in the semicircular canals are also known as ____ _____ and are located in the ampulla.
hair cells
In the organ of Corti, the receptor cells are called ____ ____, mechanoreceptors that have ____ at one end.
hair cells, stereocilia
____ frequency waves are heard at the beginning of the scala vestibuli. This is a ____ pitch.
high, high
_________ ligands typically result in gene activation.
hydrophobic
______ is an increase sensitivity to pain.
hyperalgesia
____ is far-sightedness.
hyperopia
In color perception, some colors _____ the perception of other.
inhibit
When receptor cells in the semicircular canals are _____, they are hyperpolarized.
inhibited
The olfactory epithelium _____ the olfactory cells and have _____ to move mucus.
insulate, cilia
_____ ____ is when the amplitude is coded by the degree of deflection and opening of ion channels in stereocilia.
intensity coding
Receptor potential is due to the opening and closing of ____ channels.
ion
The colored portion of the eye surrounding the pupil is called the ____.
iris
Why do NSAIDs, such as ibuprofen, help lower pain associated with injury to tissues?
it decreases the amount of prostaglandins forming
The _____ ____ of the semicircular canals detects the movement of the head from side to side.
lateral canal
The precision of locating a stimulus is increased by inhibiting signaling along nearby, parallel pathways is known as ______ _____ in the somatic sensory system.
lateral inhibition
______ ____ enables localization of a stimulus for some sensory systems.
lateral inhibition
After light passes through the pupil, it enters the ____.
lens
Astigmatism results from an irregularity in either the ____ or ____ of the eye.
lens, cornea
The vitreous humor is a jelly-like substance that is located between the ____ and the ___.
lens, retina
______ and ______ are eicosanoids and are involved in the inflammation response.
leukotrienes, prostaglandins
A bitter taste is due to ____ found in foods. Ex. ______ (basic).
ligands, OH-
A sweet taste is due to _____ found in foods. Ex. ____.
ligands, glucose
____ is the modality that triggers photoreceptors.
light
Intensity coding is also known as _____.
loudness
_____ is determined by amplitude.
loudness
_____ frequency waves are heard at the end of the scala vestibuli. This is a ____ pitch.
low, low
______ degeneration is the loss of vision in the center of the visual field.
macular
A common form of blindness that occurs with age and involves the degeneration of the central portion of the retina is a condition called _____ _____.
macular degeneration
Receptor potentials vary in ____ with stimulus strength.
magnitude
Action potentials from threshold to supra-threshold are of the same _____; ____mV
magnitude, -100
What are the three auditory ossicles in order?
malleus, incus, and stapes
What is the type of receptor that is responsible for detecting touch, pressure, stretch, or vibration?
mechanoreceptor
Hair cells have what type of receptors?
mechanoreceptors
_______ respond to stretch, sound, acceleration, or swelling depending on the type.
mechanoreceptors
_______ corpuscle is a rapidly adapting mechanoreceptor that detects touch and pressure.
meissner's
A ______ corpuscle is a slowly adapting mechanoreceptor that detects touch and pressure.
merkel's
The Eustachian tube connects the ____ ___ to the ____.
middle ear, pharynx
The _____ ear is an air fill cavity that is lines with a mucous membrane and is located in the petrous region of the ____ bone.
middle, temporal
During ____ ____ visual information contradicts the inner ears sensation that one is motionless, thus causing the brain to react by signaling a vomiting center in the ____ _____.
motion sickness, medulla oblongata
_____ rods in the eye synapse to ___ second order neuron.
multiple, one
An inhibitor of acetylcholine will result in uncontrollable _____ _____.
muscle contractions
Muscle spindles are sensory receptors that detect changes in ____ ____.
muscle length
Sensory receptors located in skeletal muscles that contribute to posture and movement by indication muscle length are called ____ _____ stretch receptors.
muscle spindles
_____ is near-sightedness.
myopia
The auditory tube extends from the floor and opens into the ______. It allows for the _____ of pressure.
nasopharynx, equalization
The retina is made up of _____ tissue and contains _____.
neural, photoreceptors
The sensation resulting from tissue damage or exposure to noxious stimuli is ____.
nociception
A pain receptor which is stimulated by tissue damage is a _____.
nociceptor
Glutamate and substance P are neurotransmitters that are released by _____.
nociceptors
_____ respond to pain signals.
nociceptors
_______ have free nerve endings and is divided into three classes: mechanical, thermal, and polymodal.
nociceptors
In the physiology of smell, _____ (chemical) binds to a receptor --> the axons of olfactory neurons send axons through the ____ plate --> synapse in the ____ bulb --> olfactory tract --> _____ cortex (& _____ system)
odorant, cribriform, olfactory, olfactory, limbic
The ______ neurons in the nose are continuously regenerated.
olfactory
Stem cells and olfactory receptors are found in the _____ ______.
olfactory epithelium
A person who is experiencing a heart attack might be feeling pain where?
on the left side of their chest radiating into the left shoulder and arm
In the eye, ___ cone will synapse with only ___ second order neuron.
one, one
Axons of the ganglion cells in the eye form the ____ nerve.
optic
The tectorial membrane, inner hair cells, and basilar membrane are all a part of the ____ __ ____.
organ of Corti
The first level of sound amplification in the ear is the movement of the _____.
ossicles
The receptor cells for the utricle and saccule are located in the gelatinous material covered by _____.
otoliths
The second level of sound amplification in the ear is the movement of the ___ ____.
oval window
_____ corpuscles are rapidly adapting mechanoreceptors that detects vibrations and deep pressure.
pacinian
The ____ ____ is a sensation that is produced by tissue-damaging stimulus or a stimulus that can potentially cause tissue damage.
pain response
The tongue has three types of raise projections called ____ and two of these contain ____ ___ in adults.
papillae, taste buds
Adaptation is a decrease in the _______ of a stimulus.
perception
Pain _______ depends on past experiences, suggestions, and emotions.
perception
The number of nerve fibers that fire, which nerve fibers send the signal, and the frequency of sensory nerve fiber firing all influence the ______ ___ ____ intensity.
perception of stimulus
The afferent branch of the PNS, carries information from the ____ to the _____.
periphery, CNS
______ respond to photons of light
photoreceptors
There are three layers of the retina. The outer layer contains the _____. The middle layer contains the _____ cells. And the inner layer contains the ____ cells.
photoreceptors, bipolar, ganglion
Frequency coding is also known as ____.
pitch
The sound quality of ____ is coded for by the degree of deflection and opening of the ion channels in the stereocilia.
pitch
_____ is determine by frequency.
pitch
H+, histamine, prostaglandins, and cytokines are all stimuli that is perceived by a ______ (class of nociceptors).
polymodal
The ____ ____ of the semicircular canals detects the movement of the head up and down to the side.
posterior canal
With aging, accommodation for near vision becomes more difficult as the lens comes less flexible. This condition is called _____.
presbyopia
______ is a eye condition that is age related and results in the hardening of the lens.
presbyopia
The anterior opening that allow light into the eye is the ____.
pupil
Two-point discrimination tests the _____ fields.
receptive
The area of the body that leads to activity in a particular afferent neuron when it receives a stimulus is called the ___ ___ for that neuron.
receptive field
Rods and cones are ____ cells that are found in the ____.
receptor, retina
Coding for stimulus type determines what _____ type is activated and its ____ pathway.
receptor, specific
Coding for stimulus intensity includes ______, such as population coding.
recruitment
Population coding is also called ____.
recruitment
Long cones primarily absorb ____ colors.
red
The sensation of pain from a body part may actually indicate injury to a different body part. This "mix-up" of pain signals is a phenomenon known as _____ pain.
referred
______ _____ is due to somatic and visceral sensory neurons synapsing at the same second order neuron.
referred pain
In _____ the light waves bend as they pass from one medium density to another at an angle other than perpendicular.
refraction
The innermost layer of the eye is composed of the ____, macula lutea, fovea centralis, and the ____ ___.
retina, optic disc
A photoreceptor cell that is extremely sensitive and is responsible for night vision is the ____ cell.
rod
_____ are very sensitive and are best suited for night and peripheral vision.
rods
What are the two types of photoreceptor cells?
rods and cones
_____ contain a single kind of visual pigment so inputs are perceived only in ____ tones.
rods, grey
_____ corpuscles are slowly adapting mechanoreceptors that detect skin stretch.
ruffini
The ____ is continuous with the cochlea.
saccule
The _____ and _____ sense straight line (linear) changes in the speed as seen with elevators and cars.
saccule, utricle
The five major categories of taste are ___, ____, ____, ____, and ____.
salt, bitter, umami, sweet, sour
In a sensory unit, all of the receptors are the ____ type.
same
Population coding or recruitment can be from the ____ afferent neuron or it can be from ____ afferent neurons.
same, other
The outermost layer of the eye is composed of the ____ and ___.
sclera, cornea
The white capsule that surrounds the eye is called the _____; at the anterior surface it is specialized into the ____, which allows light to enter the eye.
sclera, cornea
A gymnast doing flips would stimulate the _____ _____.
semicircular canals
Changes in rotational speed of the head are sensed by the ____ ____.
semicircular canals
The _____ _____ project posterior from the vestibule and are orientated in the three planes of space.
semicircular canals
The conscious perception of a stimulus is a ____.
sensation
______ _____ is the inadequate transduction of sound waves to electrical signals in the inner ear.
sensorineural deafness
Location, type/modality, and intensity are the types of information that is transmitted by ______ receptors.
sensory
The afferent branch in the PNS that carries information from the external environment is known as the ______ afferent.
sensory
______ ____ pathways are afferent pathways generally formed by chains of three or more neurons that carry information to the CNS.
sensory neural
______ ______ are specialized cells that generate graded potentials (receptor potentials) in response to a stimulus.
sensory receptors
A ____ _____ is a part of the nervous system that consists of sensory receptors that receive stimuli from the external and internal environment, the neural pathways that conduct information from the receptors to the brain and spinal cord, and the parts of the brain that process that information.
sensory system
A _____ _____ is a single afferent neuron, plus all of the receptors associated with it.
sensory unit
Coding of stimulus location is based on the ___ of the receptive field and the degree of _____.
size, overlap
Most of what is perceived as taste is really ____.
smell
Olfaction in the sense of ____.
smell
What are the two senses that rely on chemoreception?
smell and taste
The proprioceptor, thermoreceptor, and root hair plexus are considered ______ senses.
somatic
Coding of stimulus location is based on the receptive fields in the _____ senses and ____.
somatic, vision
By definition, ______ is any audible vibration of molecules.
sound
The "hairlike" structures on hair cells in the organ of Corti are _____ that vary in size.
stereocilia
When receptor cells in the semicircular canals are _____, they are depolarized.
stimulated
Pain might not be based solely on the ____.
stimulus
The chemical or energy that results in the activation of a sensory receptor is known as a ____.
stimulus
A sensory neuron's "receptive field" is the area of the body for which a ____ leads to an increase in that neuron's _____.
stimulus, activity
In population coding, a ____ stimulus activates more receptors (recruitment).
stronger
Visceral pain is often "referred" to the body _____.
surface
In taste physiology, a ____ (chemical) binds to a receptor --> ____ cells transmit the signal to neurons --> signal goes to the _____ & then to the _____ --> signal ends at the _____ cortex (& ____ system).
tastant, gustatory, medulla, thalamus, gustatory, limbic
The function of ______ is to trigger reflexes that prepare the GI tract for activity and to induce vomit if the food is bad.
taste
In the sense of taste, the receptors are the ____ ____.
taste buds
Sensory receptors for taste, found mainly on the lingual papillae, are ____ ____.
taste buds
The sense organs for taste are called _____ ___.
taste buds
The specific ascending pathways for hearing reach the auditory cortex, found in the ____ lobe.
temporal
The external auditory canal is formed by the auditory meatus in the ____ bone and is lined with skin that contains ____ glands.
temporal, ceruminous
The ____ is an egg shaped cavity that is filled with perilymph and contains two sacs with equilibrium receptors
vestibule
The three regions of the inner ear are the ____, ____ ____, and the ____.
vestibule, semicircular canals, cochlea
Sound waves strike the tympanic membrane. This causes the membrane to ____ at the same ____ as the sound.
vibrate, frequency
The afferent branch in the PNS that carries information from the internal environment is known as the _____ afferent.
visceral
____ ____ is pain originating in the internal organs.
visceral pain
_____ is the perception of electromagnetic radiation.
vision
_____ and ______ are examples of sensory modalities.
vision, hearing
____ receptors increase frequency with an increase in the temperature.
warm
_____ receptors have free nerve endings and respond to temperatures from 30-43 C.
warm
Thermoreceptors have _____ receptors and ____ receptors.
warm, cold
A salty taste is due to a high concentration of ____ ions in foods.
Na+
An ____ is a swelling at the base of the semicircular canals and contains hair cells.
ampulla
We have ___ million olfactory cells.
12
Red-green colorblindness is present in __ out of ___ men.
1; 12
In the middle ear, there are ___ ossicles that are suspended from the ceiling. They are attached to each other by ____ (fluid filled) joints. They transmit _____ from the ear drum to the oval window in the inner ear.
3, synovial, vibrations
Macular degeneration occurs in __% of individuals over the age of 75.
30
A sour taste is due to a high concentration of _____ ions in foods (acidic).
H+
Endolymph has high levels of ____ ions and low levels of ____ ions.
K+, Na+
The loudness of a sound is conveyed by the frequency of ___ _____generated in the cochlear nerve.
action potentials
In a sensory unit, an action potential may result from the _____ of receptors.
activation
_____ is a decrease in amplitude of receptor potential over time in presence of a constant stimulus.
adaptation
The ____ _____ pathway is the pathway of transmission of a stimulus from the retina to the visual cortex in the brain.
afferent sensory
In lateral inhibition, information from _____ neurons whose receptors are at the _____ of a stimulus is strongly ____ compared to the information from the stimulus' center.
afferent, edge, inhibited
A receptor that response to temperature (cold or warmth) is a ______.
thermoreceptor
______ respond to temperature changes.
thermoreceptors
Receptors for taste are located on the ____ and ___ ___.
tongue, oral cavity
The primary function of a sensory receptor is _____.
transduction
___-_____ _____ is the ability to perceive two points on the skin.
two-point discrimination
The oval window is smaller than the ____ ___.
tympanic membrane
The saccule detects ____ and ____ motion.
up, down
The ______ is continuous with the semicircular canals.
utricle
The ____ and ____ are bulges that are located between the semicircular canals & the cochlea and are oriented to detect linear acceleration.
utricle, saccule
The ______, _____, and ______ ____ are considered parts of the vestibular apparatus.
utricle, saccule, semicircular canals