Chapter 7: SKeletal System: Bone Structure and Function

Which statements characterize osteocytes?

They reside in lacunae. They maintain bone matrix.

Anemia is a disease of low oxygen delivery to tissues. This is sometimes the result of a low number of ______.

red blood cells

Cancellous or trabecular bone is also called

spongy bone

This micrograph shows the microscopic arrangement of ______.

spongy bone

Which statements characterize articular cartilage?

-it funcation to reduce friction in joints -it covers an epiphysis -it is composed of hyaline cartilage

Based on shape, the most common type of bone is the ______ bone.

Long

The cells that produce most of the matrix of cartilage are called ______.

chondroblasts

The expanded end of a long bone is called the ______.

epiphysis

The semisolid material that suspends and supports the collagen fibers and is part of the organic materials in the matrix of bone is the

ground

High levels of cortisol ______ bone loss.

increase

Choose the bones produced through intramembranous ossification.

mandible flat bones of the skull maxilla

The cylindrical space within the diaphysis of a long bone is called the

marrow cavity

Another name for the calcification of bone is

mineralization

Another term for bone tissue is ______ connective tissue.

osseous

The process of bone formation is called

ossification

Osteitis deformans is caused by increased ______ activity.

osteoclast osteoblast

A tough fibrous layer covering the outer surface of a long bone is called ______.

periosteum

The bone part labeled "B" in the figure is the

periosteum

Which statements characterize canaliculi?

-Nutrients pass through them -they extend from lacunae to lacunae -they contain osteocyte cytoplasmic extensions

Which statements characterize bone remodeling?

-it can be stimulated by stress on a bone -it occurs at the periosteal and endosteal surfaces of a bone -it helps maintain calcium and phosphate levels in body fluids

Functions of bone include ______.

-support -mineral storage -blood cell formation -protection

Compact bone makes up ______ of bone mass.

80%

Ossification refers to the formation and development of ______.

Bone

The organic components of bone provide ______.

a resistance to stretching

A thin layer of hyaline cartilage covering an epiphysis of a long bone is called ______.

articular cartilage

Bone remodeling begins during ______.

embryologic development

Which statements characterize central canals of osteons?

they contain nerves they contain blood vessels they are a cylindrical channel

True or false: Bone growth begins during embryologic development.

true

Endochondral ossification forms most bones of the ______.

upper and lower limbs

Choose the bones formed through endochondral ossification.

upper limb bones vertebrae lower limb bones

The continual deposition of new bone tissue and the removal of old bone tissue is called ______.

bone remodeling

Acting as levers for movement is a function of ______.

bones

Bone formation requires ______.

calcium, phosphate, and vitamin D

Tiny channels that connect lacunae to other lacunae in an osteon are called ______.

canaliculi

Spongy bone is also called ______.

cancellous bone

Osteoclasts are ______.

cells that break down bone matrix

The cylindrical channel that lies in the center of the osteon is the ______.

central canal

In this picture of bone tissue, name the structure labeled B.

endosteum

Calcium phosphate and calcium hydroxide interact to form ______ in the matrix of bone.

hydroxyapatite crystals

Donor bone marrow is most commonly harvested from the ______.

iliac crest

The function of parathyroid hormone is to ______.

increase blood calcium levels

When osteoblast activity exceeds osteoclast activity, bone mass ______.

increases

Spongy bone is located ______ to compact bone.

internal

A long bone's growth in length is called ______.

interstitial growth

The flat bones of the skull are formed through ______ ossification.

intramembranous

Which statements characterize the microscopic arrangement of spongy bone?

it contains parallel lamellae it contains no osteons

Osteocytes are ______.

mature bone cells

What is the cylindrical space within the diaphysis of a long bone called

medullary cavity

______ are large phagocytic cells found in bone.

osteoclasts

______ remove bone matrix and ______ add to it.

osteoclasts and osteoblasts

Osteoblasts function to ______.

produce osteoid

Which is a function of bone?

protection of organs

The epiphysis of a long bone closest to the body trunk is the

proximal

The bone part labeled "A" in the figure is the ______.

proximal epiphysis

The diaphysis of a bone is the ______ of a bone.

shaft

In adults, the medullary cavity contains ______ bone marrow.

yellow

evere anemia can trigger the conversion of____Bine marrow into____bone marrow

yellow red

Which statements characterize endosteum?

- it is active during bone repair - it lines medullary cavities - it contains osteoblasts

Which statements correctly describe compact bone?

- it is solid and relatively dense - it forms the external walls of a long bone

Which statements describe an osteon?

-It contains a central canal. -It is microscopic. -It is also called a Haversian system. -It runs parallel to the diaphysis of a long bone.

Which statements characterize periosteum?

-It is composed of dense irregular connective tissue. -It covers the outer surface of the diaphysis of a long bone. -It functions to anchor blood vessels to the surface of bones.

Which statements characterize osteoclasts?

-they are phagocytic -they have ruffled borders

Which statements describe the matrix of bone?

It is composed of organic and inorganic substances. It is harder than the matrix of cartilage.

The release of____hormone increases blood calcium levels.

PTH

Osteitis deformans is also called

Pagets disease

Glucocorticoids are released from the ______.

adrenal cortex

What is the entire structure that is pictured here?

an osteon

A bone's growth in diameter is called

appositional growth

Which is an organic component of bone?

collagen fibers

Rings of bone connective tissue that surround the central canal of an osteon are called ______.

concentric lamellae

Bone is a type of ______ tissue.

connective

What is the elongated cylindrical shaft of a long bone called?

diaphysis

The ______ epiphysis is the end of a long bone that is farthest from the trunk of the body.

distal

The bones of the upper and lower limbs are produced through

endochondral

An incomplete layer of cells that lines the medullary cavity of a bone is called ______.

endosteum

A thin line of compact bone in the epiphysis of a mature bone is called the ______.

epiphyseal line

Which structure replaces the epiphyseal plate?

epiphyseal line

During bone development, the liver releases somatomedin in response to

growth

Bone B, in the picture provided, is classified as a(n) ______ bone.

irregular

Based on shape, bones that have elaborate, complex shapes are classified as ______.

irregular bones

Which statements describe the inorganic components of the matrix of bone?

it gives the bone its hardness it contains hydroxyapatite crystals

Chondrocytes occupy small spaces called

lacunae

Bone A, in the picture provided, is classified as a(n) ______ bone.

long

The femur is an example of a ______ bone.

long

Which bones are greater in length than width?

long bones

The region of a mature bone between the diaphysis and epiphysis is the

metaphysis

What is the region of a mature bone between the diaphysis and epiphysis called?

metaphysis

An osteoblast is an example of which type of component of bone?

organic component

Which components of bone matrix provides its tensile strength?

organic components

In this representation of bone tissue, name the structure labeled A.

osteoclast

The cell of bone labeled B is a(n)

osteoclast

The bone cell labeled A is an ______.

osteocyte

When osteoblasts become entrapped in the matrix they produce, they become cells called ______.

osteocytes

The second most common site to harvest bone marrow is the ______.

sternum

Calcium is required for ______.

stimulation of the heart initiation of muscle contraction blood clotting

Long bones include ______.

the bones of the fingers the bones of the palm the bones of the toes the thigh bone

Which statements characterize concentric lamellae of osteons?

their numbers vary among osteons they are rings of bone tissue they contain collagen fibers