Chapter 7 Sociology test

What percent of crime in the United States constitutes crimes against property?

75%

Which theories of deviance are based on the idea that people adjust their behavior in response to the rewards and punishments they receive?

Behavioral

The theorist most closely associated with control theory is?

Hirschi

Which of the following is known for his work on Psychoanalytic theories? a) Emile Durkheim b) Robert K. Merton c) Sigmund Frued d) James Q. Wilson e) Cesare Lombroso

Sigmund Frued

Deion is strong and muscular. Men with this type are often expected to be?

aggressive

In order to decide whether a specific act is deviant, it is necessary to know? a) exactly what that person did b) who the person is c) the cultural context of the act d) all of the above e) none of the above

all of the above

The characteristics of sanctions include? a) they can be negative or positive b) they can be formal or informal c) they are part of external means of control d) all of the above e) none of the above

all of the above

Which of the following would be considered a dysfunction of deviance? a) it makes life difficult and unpredictable b) it causes confusion about society's norm and values c) it undermines trust d) it diverts valuable resources e) all of the above

all the above

Lombroso and Sheldon, each in his own way, attempted to explain deviant behavior on the basis of?

anatomical characteristics

Control theory is primarily concerned with the?

attachment of an individual to others in society

Theorists who view crime as individual choice state that crime is more likely to occur when?

benefits for committing crime are greater than for not committing crime

Historically the first attempts to scientifically explain deviant focused on?

biological factors

Psychoanalytic approaches to deviance are criticized because they?

cannot easily be tested

Which theory of deviance assumes that deviance can be deterred by strengthening the bonds that tie the individual to society?

control

The research of Shaw and McKay, which linked crime to certain types of urban neighborhoods, provided the foundation for which theories of deviance?

cultural transmission

"I'm not really a bad person. It's just that I was drunk and I didn't know what I was doing." This is an example of which technique of neutralization?

denial of responsibility

Frank uses the copy machine at work for personal reasons, arguing that he does not pay because the company charges too much for personal copies. This explanation would be?

denial of victim

Joe's boss, Jessica, catches him taking money from the office coffee fund. Joe explains he was not stealing, but rather getting "what was owed him." He argues that Jessica, not only charges a dollar for a cup of coffee costing only thirty cents, but also uses the company's napkins without paying for them. Which technique of neutralization is Joe using?

denial of victim

Willie occasionally bets on sports events even though this is illegal. Willie says no one really gets hurts as all involved are consenting adults. This rationale?

denies the injury

Carol engages in several acts of nonconformity that violate her community's norms. Sociologist would call her actions?

deviance

The idea that deviance is culturally transmitted or learned in neighborhoods and through personal contacts is basic to which of the following theories? a) differential association b) labeling c) strain d) anomie e) neutralization

differential association

Which of the following is not a function of deviance? a) reinforcing group attachments b) helping teach society's rules c) ensuring that others will not violate the same norm d) sometimes preventing more serious acts of deviance e) defining group boundaries

ensuring that others will not violate the same norm

According to Durkheim, complex, industrialized societies are mechanically integrated.

false

t/f The National Crime Victimization Survey shows that most crimes are reported to authorities.

false

t/f A major difference between adult and juvenile crime is that juveniles are much more likely to commit offenses in groups.

false

t/f Control theory argues that deviance is primarily prevented by an individual's strong internal moral compass, and the approval or disapproval of other people has little effect.

false

t/f Cultural transmission theory emphasizes the correctional context in which deviant behavior is forced upon people to survive.

false

t/f Differential Association theory suggests that criminals act on the irrational impulses of the id because they failed to develop a proper ego in the socialization process.

false

t/f Differential association holds that, while criminal techniques are learned from others, criminal attitudes are biologically transmitted from generation to generation.

false

t/f Scholars have been unsuccessful at proposing theories to address crime and deviance.

false

t/f Sykes and Matza argue that secondary deviance refers to deviance that is committed in secondary groups.

false

t/f The most frequent reason given by victims for not reporting a crime to the authorities is the belief that the police could not do anything about it.

false

t/f The most serious crimes are misdemeanors.

false

t/f Theories such as those proposed by Wilson and Herrnstein stressed the importance of inherited factors in producing deviance.

false

t/f There are extremely few instances in which deviance can be beneficial for a society.

false

A university places a fraternity on probation because some of its members served alcoholic drinks to minors. The university is this case was using?

formal sanctions

According to control theory, a youngster who stays out of trouble with the law most likely?

has a strong relationships with parents, teachers, and peers

What data was used by Lombroso to predict deviant behavior

head shape and size

Honking your horn at someone who cuts into your lane in a dangerous fashion is an example of a(n)?

informal negative sanction

Giving a child a hug for doing something right would be an example of a(n)?

informal positive sanction

Merton would label a person who attempts to win a race by using steroids as a(n)?

innovator

It is 3 AM and Tracy is driving home from work when she comes to an intersection where the light is red. Although she can see no other cars on the road in any direction, Tracy waits until the light turns green. Sociologically, this is an example of?

internal means of control

Which of the following in not one of the ways in which deviance is dysfunctional to society? a) it forces the group to organize in order to limit future acts of society b) it causes confusion about norms and values of society c) it undermines members' trust in the predictability of social relationships d) it diverts valuable resources that could be used for meeting other social needs e) all of the above

it forces the group to organize to limit future acts of society

Which of the following is not true of deviance? a) it helps to maintain group boundaries b) it helps to reinforce appropriate behavior c) it is rare in highly-structures societies d) it provides a societal safety value e) it can be instrumental in affecting social change

it is rare in highly-structured societies

Techniques of neutralization help people to?

justify deviant acts

Cultural transmission theory is based on the idea that deviant and conforming behaviors are?

learned from others

Which of the following can be said to accurately profile he white collar criminal? a) he is minority member b) he is likely to be under 25 years old c) he likely has a substantial prior criminal record d) all the above e) none of the above

none of the above

Durkheim saw anomie as a condition of?

normlessness where cultural guidelines are weak

Which of the following is not one of Sheldon's basic body types? a) ectomorph b) mesomorph c) paleomorph d) endomorph e) none of the above

paleomorph

According to Merton's theory, a person who advocates the total abolition of capitalism and its replacement with socialism in American society would be called a(n)?

rebel

Reggie has held the same bank job for fifteen years. He is always on time, never misses a day, and follows every rule to the letter even though he knowns he won't be promoted. According to Merton's theory, Reggie would be labeled a(n)?

ritualist

_____________ are rewards and penalties that group members use to regulate an individual's behavior

sanctions

Psychoanalytic theory defines that part of the personality that represents the demands and restrictions of society as:

superego

According to Sykes and Matza, the process that makes it possible for us to justify illegal or deviant behavior is called?

techniques of neutralization

Wilson and Herrnstein state that people become deviant because?

they feel the rewards of crime outweigh the prospects of punishment

People conform to social norms because

they have internalized the standards

t/f Deviant behavior is behavior that fails to conform to group norms.

true

t/f Guilt is an example of an internal social control mechanism.

true

t/f Sociological theories of deviance rely on patterns of social interaction and the relationships of the individual to the group as explanations.

true

t/f The founder of criminology, Cesare Lombroso, viewed criminals as evolutionary throwbacks to lower forms of life.

true

t/f According to Durkheim, some deviance can be healthy for societies.

true

t/f According to Freud, those with untamed ids are likely to have deviant tendencies.

true

t/f Behaviorists argue that crime is a product of conditioning.

true

t/f Control theorists like Hirschi have argued that everyone has the potential to become deviant.

true

t/f Crime can be defined as behavior that violates a society's criminal laws.

true

t/f Criminal and deviant behavior has been found throughout history.

true

t/f Deviance is behavior that violates the norms of a group.

true

t/f Durkheim argued that, in modern highly differentiated societies, individuals can become morally disoriented, the condition he called anomie.

true

t/f From a sociological perspective, behavior can be classified as normals or deviant only with reference to the group in which it occurs.

true

t/f Informal sanctions have greater impact than formal sanctions on individuals' behavior and self-image.

true

t/f Internal means of control consist of others people's responses to a person's behavior.

true

t/f Labeling theory shifts the focus of attention from the deviant individual to the social processes by which a person comes to be labeled as deviant.

true

t/f Moral code is the symbolic system by which behavior is viewed as right or wrong.

true

t/f Normal behavior is behavior that conform to group norms.

true

t/f Psychological explanations emphasize cognitive or emotional factors within the individual as the cause of deviance.

true

t/f Sutherland and Cressey developed the theory of Differential Association.

true

t/f The National Crime Victimization Survey involves statistics reported by the victims themselves.

true

t/f The Uniform Crime Reports are one of the most commonly utilized statistics we have for keeping track of crime rates.

true

t/f The lack of strong attachments to parents, teachers, and peers is a causal factor in the cultural transmission theory of deviance.

true

t/f The theory of differential association predicts that regular and intimate relations with people holding deviant attitudes about obeying the community's laws will produce deviant behavior.

true

t/f Together, norms and values make up the moral code of a culture.

true

t/f When individuals have strong bonds to society, their behavior will conform to conventional social norms.

true

t/f Wilson and Herrnsein proposed that criminal activity, like all human behavior, is a product of a rational choice by the individual as a result of weighing its costs and benefits

true

According to Durkheim's anomie theory, an act is deviant because it?

violates universal norms