CHAPTER 7 STUDY GUIDE BIOLOGY
What is a eukaryote?
A eukaryotic cell are normally larger and more complex than prokaryotic cells. Most of the time the eukaryotic cells contain dozens of structures and internal membranes, and many are highly specialized. In Eukaryotic cells, the nucleus separates the genetic material from the rest of the cell. Eukaryotes display great variety: some, like the ones commonly called "protists", live in solitary lives as unicellular organisms; others from large, multicellular organisms-plants, animals, and fungi.
What can a electron microscope reveal?
A microscope can reveal things smaller than a light microscope, like DNA structures or viruses. There are two major types of electron microscopes; transmission and scanning. Transmission electron microscopes make it possible to explore cell structures and large protein molecules. But because beams of electrons can only pass through thin samples, cells and tissues must be cut into ultrathin slices before they can be examined. This is the reason that such images often appear flat and two dimensional.
What is a prokaryote?
A prokaryote is a smaller and simpler cell than the eukaryotic cell. Prokaryotic cells do not separate their genetic material with a nucleus. Prokaryotic cells grow, reproduce, respond to the environment, and in some cases, glide along surfaces or swim through liquids. The organisms we call bacteria are prokaryotes.
What organelles are present in a plant cell but not an animal cell?
Animal cells do not have a cell wall, central vacuole, or plasticides such as chloroplast.
What is cell theory?
Cell theory is a fundamental concept of biology that is made up of many discoveries confirmed by many biologist. The cell theory states - all living things are made up of cells - cells are the basic units of structure and function in living things - new cells are produced from existing cells
What is a chloroplast? What does it do?
Chloroplast is an organelle found in the cells of plants and some other organisms that captures the energy from sunlight and converts it into chemical energy..
What structures help a cell move?
Cilia and flagella help a cell move.
Why is color added to images when you look at them under a microscope?
Color is added to images so it can highlight the cells under the microscope.
What is the cytoplasm and what is its function?
Cytoplasm is the portion of the cell outside the nucleus. The cytoplasm works with the nucleus in the business of life.
Explain the process of diffusion
Diffusion is the process by which molecules of a substance move from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration. does not require the cell to use energy.
Why does diffusion happen?
Diffusion occurs because molecules constantly move and collide with each other.
Who came up with the name cells to describe the chambers within a cork when he looked through a microscope at a piece of cork
Englishman Robert Hooke came up with the name cells to describe the chambers within a cork when he looked through a microscope at a piece of cork.
What is the endoplasmic reticulum and what is its function?
Eukaryotic cells contain an internal membrane system known as the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). The ER is where lipid components of the cell membrane are assembled, along with proteins and other materials that are exported from the cell.
What is the Golgi apparatus and what is its function?
In eukaryotic cells, proteins produced in the rough ER move next into an organelle called the Golgi apparatus, which appears as a stack of flattened membranes. The Golgi apparatus modifies, sorts, and packages proteins and other materials from the endoplasmic reticulum for storage in the cell or release outside the cell.
What is a lysosome and what is its function?
Lysosomes are small organelles filled with enzymes. Lysosomes break down lipids, carbohydrates, and proteins into small molecules that can be used by the rest of the cell. They are involved in breaking down organelles that have outlived their usefulness.
What type of technology made the discovery of cells possible?
Microscopes made it possible to discover cells, microscopes were made out of a several glass lenses to magnify something very small.
What is the cytoskeleton and what is its function?
Network of protein filaments in a eukaryotic cell that gives the cell is shape and internal organization and is involved in movement
What is osmosis?
Osmosis is the diffusion of water through a selectively permeable membrane. In osmosis molecules move from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration, these are water molecules not solute molecules. DIFFUSION IS THE DRIVING FORCE BEHIND THE MOVEMENT OF MANY SUBSTANCES ACROSS THE CELL MEMBRANE.
What is passive transport?
Passive transport is the movement of materials across the cell membrane without using cellular energy.
Tell which of the following are prokaryotes and which are eukaryotes: plants, animals, bacteria, fungi.
Plants: Eukaryotes Animals: Eukaryotes Fungi: Eukaryotes Bacteria: Prokaryotes
What is the difference between a prokaryote and a eukaryote?
Prokaryotic cells are less complex than eukaryotic cells and the prokaryotic cell does not enclose their DNA in a nuclei and the eukaryotic cell does enclose its DNA in a nuclei.
Identify all the organelles in a prokaryotic and eukaryotic cell and know what each organelle is responsible for
Prokaryotic-cell wall,cell membrane,DNA,Ribosomes eukaryotic-nucleus, vacuoles, lysosomes, cytoskeleton, centrioles, ribosomes, ER, golgi apparatus, chloroplasts, mitochondris, cell wall and cell membrane
What are ribosomes and what do they do?
Ribosomes are a cell organelle consisting of RNA and protein found throughout the cytoplasm in a cell; the site of protein synthesis. Proteins are assembled on ribosomes, the produce proteins by following coded instructions that come from DNA. Each ribosome is like a small machine in a factory.
What is a cell membrane and what does it do?
The cell membrane is a thin, flexible barrier that surrounds all cells; regulates what enters and leaves the cells.
What is the main function of a cell wall?
The cell wall of plants maintains the shape of plant cells, supports and strengthens plants, resists water pressure, controls cell growth, regulates metabolic processes for the plant, acts as a physical barrier for the plant, stores carbohydrates and helps with cell to cell signaling. The cell wall is a tough, yet flexible layer that surrounds the cell membrane of plant cells.
What is the mitochondrion and what is its function?
The mitochondria are the power plants of the cell. Mitochondria convert the chemical energy stored in food into compounds that are more convenient for the cell to use.
What is active transport?
The movement of materials against a concentration difference. REQUIRES ENERGY!!!!!
What is a nucleus and what is its function?
The nucleus contains nearly all the cell's DNA and, with it, the coded instructions for making proteins and other important molecules.
What is facilitated diffusion?
The process of diffusion in which molecules pass across the membrane through cell membrane channels
What is homeostasis? Why is it important?
The tendency of the body to seek and maintain a condition of balance or equilibrium within its internal environment, even when faced with external changes. It is important because it helps the body maintain internal temperature
What are the channels and pumps located in the cell membrane made up of?
They are made up of proteins, and proteins are made up of amino acids.
How do you know if a cell is prokaryotic?
You know a cell is a prokaryotic because the prokaryotic cell does not enclose its DNA in a nuclei.
How do you know if a cell is eukaryotic?
You know a cell is eukaryotic cell is if the cell encloses its DNA in a nuclei.
What is an organ system?
a group of organs that work together to perform specific funstion
What is an organ? Give examples of organs we have in our bodies
an organ is a part of an organism that is typically self-contained and has a specific vital function, such as the heart or liver in humans. ex: heart, liver, stomach, pancreas
What type of cell does not have a cell wall?
animal cell
List in order the levels of organization in a multicellular organism from simplest to most complex: tissue, organ, cell, organ system
cell, tissue, organ, organ system
Know what a eukaryotic cell looks like and be able to identify it
eukaryotes-are normally bigger and more complex
What is exocytosis?
exocystosis is the membrane of the vacuole surrounding the material fuses with the sell membrane forcing the contents out of the cell.
What is endocytosis?
it is the process of taking material into the cell by means of infolding or pockets of the cell membrane
know what a prokaryotic cell looks like and be able to identify it
prokaryoic cell is usually smaller and simpler
Where are proteins assembled?
they are assembled on the ribosomes
Explain why an animal cell that is surrounded by fresh water will burst.
they are hypertonic to fresh water which mean only water goes out not in and well make the cell swell and eventually explode.
What is a tissue?
tissue is a group of similar cells that perform a particular function