Chapter 7 The Peripheral Nervous System

Fill in the blank The venom of black widow spiders exert its deadly effect by causing an explosive release of ____ from the storage vesicles.

ACh

True or false AN EPSP is much larger than an EPP.

False much smaller

True or false Nerve and muscle cells occasionally come into direct contact at a neuromuscular junction.

False never

True or false Propagation of an action potential to the axon terminal triggers the closing of voltage-gated calcium channels in the terminal button.

False opening

True or false In the autonomic nervous system there is a single neuron from the origin in the CNS to the effector organ

False somatic

Fill in the blank _____ receptors are found on effector cell membranes.

Muscarinic

Fill in the blank One disease known as ______ is characterized by extreme muscular weakness.

Myasthenia gravis

Fill in the blank ____ receptors respond to ACh released from both sympathetic and parasympathetic preganglionic fibers.

Nicotinic

True or false ACh released from the motor neuron diffuses across the cleft and binds with specific receptor sites.

True

True or false As the axon approaches a muscle, it divides into many terminal branches and loses its myelin sheath.

True

True or false Both divisions of the autonomic nervous system increase the activity of some organs and reduce the activity of others.

True

True or false Motor neurons cannot inhibit skeletal muscles.

True

True or false Parasympathetic postganglionic fibers release acetylcholine.

True

True or false Sympathetic nerve fibers originate in the thoracic and lumbar regions of the spinal cord.

True

True or false The somatic system is considered to be under voluntary control.

True

True or false A chemical messenger carries the signal between the neuron terminal and the muscle fiber.

True

True or false Most visceral organs are innervated by both sympathetic and parasympathetic nerve fibers.

True

Multiple choice Atropine blocks the effect of a. ACh at muscarinic receptors b. ACh at nicotinic receptors c. ACh at beta receptors d. norepinephrine at alpha receptors

a. ACh at muscarinic receptors

Multiple choice Salbutamol a. activatess beta-adrenergic receptor sites b. blocks the effect of norepinephrine at beta receptors c. blocks the effect of acetylcholine at nicotinic receptors d. activates the cholinergic receptors e. irreversibly inhibits ACh

a. activatess beta-adrenergic receptor sites

Multiple choice An antagonist a. binds with the receptor and prevents the neurotransmitter from causing a response b. allows the neurotransmitter to bind more easily c. increases neurotransmitter release d. causes increased effector-organ excitation e. binds with the receptor and increases the receptor's affinity for the neurotransmitter

a. binds with the receptor and prevents the neurotransmitter from causing a response

Multiple choice Botulinum toxin a. causes an explosive release of ACh at the NMJ (neuromuscular junction) b. blocks the effects of ACh at muscarinic receptors c. reversibly binds with ACh receptors sites d. irreversibly inhibits ACh e. blocks the release of ACh at the NMJ

a. causes an explosive release of ACh at the NMJ (neuromuscular junction)

Multiple choice Neostigmine a. causes an explosive release of ACh at the NMJ (neuromuscular junction) b. blocks the effects of ACh at muscarinic receptors c. reversibly binds with ACh receptors sites d. irreversibly inhibits ACh e. blocks the release of ACh at the NMJ

a. causes an explosive release of ACh at the NMJ (neuromuscular junction)

Multiple choice If you were to electrically stimulate the parasympathetic nervous system, which of the following would occur? a. erection of the penis b. dilation of the pupils c. increased release of glucose by the liver d. constriction of the abdominal blood vessels e. constriction of the peripheral blood vessels

a. erection of the penis

Multiple choice Military nerve gas a. irreversibly inhibits ACh b. causes an explosive release of ACh c. blocks the release of ACh at the NMJ d. reversibly binds with ACh receptor sites e. blocks the release of norpinephrine

a. irreversibly inhibits ACh

Multiple choice A disease known to involve the NMJ is a. myasthenia gravis b. polio c. Lou Gehrigs disease d. Myasthenia gravis and polio e. all of these

a. myasthenia gravis

Multiple choice Curare a. strongly binds to acetylcholine receptor sites b. inhibits acetylcholinesterase c. is found in pesticides and military nerve gas d. strongly binds to ACh receptor sites, and is found in pesticides and military nerve gases e. all of these

a. strongly binds to acetylcholine receptor sites

Fill in the blank Most sympathetic postganglionic fibers release norepinephrine and are called ____.

adrenergic fibers

Multiple choice Mushroom poison a. blocks the effects of norephinephrine at muscarinic receptors b. activates muscarinic receptors c. activates nicotinic receptors d. blocks the effect of norepinephrine at beta receptors e. causes an explosive release of norepinephrine at the NMJ

b. activates muscarinic receptors

Multiple choice Parasympathetic postganglionic fibers a. arise from the ganglion chain located along either side of the spinal cord b. are cholinergic c. secrete norepinephrine d. arise from the ganglion chain located along either side of the spinal cord, and are cholinergic e. arise from the ganglion chain located along either side of the spinal cord, and secrete norepinephrine

b. are cholinergic

Multiple choice Which of the following chemicals paralyzes skeletal muscle by binding to the ACh receptor? a. black widow spider venom b. curare c. organophosphates d. DDT e. local anesthetics

b. curare

Multiple choice Acetylcholinesterase a. is released from the terminal button b. destroys ACh c. is blocked by curare d. is released from the terminal button and destroys ACh e. all of these

b. destroys ACh

Multiple choice The parasympathetic and sympathetic nervous systems oppose each other in their effects on the a. liver b. heart c. skeletal muscles d. sweat glands e. adrenal glands

b. heart

Multiple choice a1 receptors are found where a. on the heart only b. on most sympathetic target tissue c. mostly on digestive organs d. on smooth muscle of arterioles e. on smooth muscle of bronchioles

b. on most sympathetic target tissue

Multiple choice Nicotinic receptors a. bind with acetylcholine released from parasympathetic postganglionic fibers b. respond to ACh released from both sympathetic parasympathetic fiber c. are found primarily in the heart d. bind with norepinephrine released from sympathetic postganglionic fibers

b. respond to ACh released from both sympathetic parasympathetic fiber

Fill in the blank ____ exerts its lethal blow by blocking the release of ACh from the terminal button in response to an action potential in the motor neuron.

butulinum toxin

Multiple choice All of the following activities are correclty paired with the division of the autonomic nervous system except a. increased heart rate-sympathetic b. decreased salivation-sympathetic c. constricts skeletal muscles-parasympathetic d. stimulates contraction of the bladder wall-parasympathetic e. arises rostrally and sacrally-parasympathetic

c. constricts skeletal muscles-parasympathetic

Multiple choice The sympathetic nervous system a. is always excitatory b. innervates only tissues concerned with protecting the body against challenges from outside c. dominates in fight or flight situations d. is part of the somatic nervous system e. is part of the afferent nervous sytem

c. dominates in fight or flight situations

Multiple choice Acetylcholinesterase a. is stored in vesicles in the terminal button b. when combined with receptor sites on the motor-end plate, brings about an end-plate terminal c. is inhibited by organophosphates d. is stored in vesicles in the terminal button, and is inhibited by organophosphates

c. is inhibited by organophosphates

Multiple choice Curare a. causes an explosive release of ACh at the NMJ (neuromuscular junction) b. blocks the effects of ACh at muscarinic receptors c. reversibly binds with ACh receptors sites d. irreversibly inhibits ACh e. blocks the release of ACh at the NMJ

c. reversibly binds with ACh receptors sites

Multiple choice All of the following release ACh except a. sympathetic preganglionic fibers b. parasympathetic preganglionic fibers c. sympathetic postganglionic fibers d. parasympathetic postganglionic fibers e. alpha motor neurons

c. sympathetic postganglionic fibers

Multiple choice All adrenergic receptors are coupled to a. DNA b. cAMP pathways c. IP3/Ca+2 pathways d. G-proteins e. none of these

d. G-proteins

Multiple choice Which of the following does not characterize the sympathetic nervous system? a. It promotes responses that prepare the body for strenuous physical activity b. It is part of the autonomic nervous system c. It has norepinephrine as its postganglionic neurotransmitter d. It is always excitatory (that is, it increases the activity in every tissue it innervates). e. It is part of the efferent division of the peripheral nervous system

d. It is always excitatory (that is, it increases the activity in every tissue it innervates).

Multiple choice The chemical transmitter substance at the neuromuscular junction is a. ACh b. the same as the transmitter substance at parasympathetic postganglionic nerve endings c. inactivated by organophosphates d. all of these e. none of these

d. all of these

Multiple choice Black widow spider venom a. blocks the effect of norephrine at beta receptors b. activates muscarinic receptors c. activates nicotinic receptors d. causes an explosive release of ACh at the NMJ e. irreversibly inhibits ACh

d. causes an explosive release of ACh at the NMJ

Multiple choice The sympathetic nervous system a. is part of the somatic nervous system b. has cholinergic preganglionic and adrenergic postganglionic fibers c. originates in the thoracic and lumbar regions of the spinal cord d. has cholinergic preganglionic and adrenergic postganglionic fibers, and originates in the thoracic and lumbar regions of the spinal cord e. all of these

d. has cholinergic preganglionic and adrenergic postganglionic fibers, and originates in the thoracic and lumbar regions of the spinal cord

Multiple choice The neuromuscular junction (NMJ) a. is the junction between a motor neuron and a skeletal muscle fiber b. transmits an action potential between nerve cells c. may produce either an EPSP or an IPSP on the motor end-plate d. is the junction between a motor neuron and a skeletal muscle fiber, and transmits an action potential between nerve cells e. all of these

d. is the junction between a motor neuron and a skeletal muscle fiber, and transmits an action potential between nerve cells

Multiple choice The autonomic nervous system is a. part of the somatic nervous system b. considered the involuntary branch of the efferent nervous system c. part of the efferent division of the peripheral nervous system d. part of the efferent division of the peripheral nervous system as the involuntary branch of the system e. all of these

d. part of the efferent division of the peripheral nervous system as the involuntary branch of the system

Multiple choice Reflexes help to control I. heart rate II. blood pressure III. digestive activities a. I only b. II only c. III only d. I and II only e. I, II, and III

e. I, II, and III

Multiple choice Organophosphates a. blocks the effects of acetylcholine at alpha receptors b. activates muscarinic receptors c. activates nicotinic receptors d. causes an explosive release of ACh e. Irreversibly inhibit ACh

e. Irreversibly inhibit ACh

Multiple choice Acetylcholine a. is released from the vesicles when an AP is propagated to the terminal button of a motor neuron b. increases the permeability of the motor end-plate to sodium and potassium when combined at receptor sites on the motor end-plate c. is the chemical transmitter substance at the NMJ d. is released from the vesicles when an AP is propagated to the terminal button of a motor neuron, and is the chemical transmitter substance at the neuromuscular junction e. all of these

e. all of these

Multiple choice Stimulation of skeletal muscles by motor neurons is essential for muscles to a. maintain their strength b. induce contraction c. maintain their size d. maintain their strength and induce contraction e. all of these

e. all of these

Multiple choice The motor end-plate a. contains receptor sites that are capable of binding curare b. contains acetylcholinesterase c. experiences an increase in permeability to cations when combined with ACh d. contains acetylcholinesterase and experiences an increase in permeability to cations when combined with ACh e. all of these

e. all of these

Multiple choice The parasympathetic nervous system a. has long preganglionic fibers that end on terminal ganglia b. dominates in quiet, relaxed situations c. releases postganglionic neurotransmitters that bind with muscarinic receptors d. bind with norepinephrine released from sympathetic postganglionic fibers e. all of these

e. all of these

Which of the following does not occur following adrenergic stimulation? a. dilation of the pulmonary bronchi b. dilation of the pupils c. increased heart rate d. increased basal metabolism e. peristalses of the GI tract

e. peristalses of the GI tract

Fill in the blank About 20 percent of the adrenal medullary hormone output is norepinephrine; the remaining 80 percent is the closely related substance ______.

epinephrine (adrenaline)

True or false Sympathetic postganglionic fibers are short, terminating on the effector organs.

false long

True or false Sympathetic preganglionic fibers arise from the cranial and sacral areas of the CNS.

false parasympathetic

True or false The parasympathetic system promotes response that prepare the body for strenuous physical activity in the face of emergency or stressful situations

false sympathetic

True or false The muscle's electrical response is turned on by acetylcholinesterase.

false turned off

True or false The cell bodies of the somatic nervous system are within the lateral horn of the spinal cord.

false ventral horn

Fill in the blank Motor neurons are considered to be the _____, since the only way any other part of the nervous system can influence skeletal muscle activity is by acting on these motor neurons.

final common pathway

Fill in the blank The specialized portion of the muscle cell membrane immediately under the terminal button is known as the _____.

motor end-plate

Fill in the blank Skeletal muscles are innervated by ____.

motor neurons

Fill in the blank A single muscle cell is called a(n) ____.

muscle fiber

Fill in the blank As the axon approaches a muscle, it divides into many terminal branches and loses its myelin sheath. Each of these axon terminals forms a special junction called ____.

neuromuscular junction

Fill in the blank ____ are a group of chemicals that modify neuromuscular junction activity.

organophosphates

Fill in the blank The _______ innervates the effector organ. The _____ synapses with the cell body of the second neuron.

postganglionic fiber, preganglionic fiber

Fill in the blank The axon terminal is enlarged into a knoblike structure called a(n) ____.

terminal

Fill in the blank The terminal branches of autonomic fivers contain numerous swellings called ______.

varicosities