Chapter 7.1 civil rights and 7.2 and 7.3
- Mahatma Gandhi - nonviolent direct action
Inspired by______ James Farmers and Bernice Fisher founded the Congress of Racial Equality (CORE) in Chicago in 1942. Their actions led to ______ becoming the default method of the african american civil rights movement.
oppression
The LGBTQ+ coalition is held together by the fundamental experience of cultural, social, and / or legal_____ on account of sexuality or gender identity.
The U.S. Constitution does not ban private discrimination
What does the state action doctrine suggest?
Creation for african americans throughout the south
What was the major contribution of the Freedman's bureau with the longest term impact?
African american rights
Which cause characterized the republican party during the reconstruction period?
government
public discrimination:
- religion - race or color - national origin
According to Title II of the civil rights act of 1964, all public accommodations that engaged in interstate commerce were barred from discriminating against people based on which characteristics?
- gradual and accommodating strategy - Atlanta compromise - Economic rights prioritized over voting rights
Booker T washington:
- peonage - NAACP
Circular No. 3591, which was issued by attorney general francis biddle, ordered the department of justice to aggressively prosecute_____ cases. This crackdown was the result of persistent advocacy by walter white, the head of the_____
- 90% - 60 million to 6 million
Diseases brought by european colonist swept through indigenous communities across the entire continent. There was an up to ___ mortality rate, with the indigenous population dropping from______ between 1492 to 1592.
- heterosexual - cisgender
Heteronormativity is the culturally-reinforced belief that the only natural and appropriate form of sexual relationships are_____ and between ____ people
The convict-leasing system developed from a loophole in the 13th amendment. Black males were arrested by the thousands and sentenced to a long prison sentence with forced labor for minor crimes or made-up charges. Convicted prisoners were then leased (like property) by state governments to private industrial companies that ruthlessly drove them to work in slave-like conditions.
How did the convict-leasing system operate?
- applies to sex-based discrimination - law presumed unconstitutional unless it is substantially related to promotion of important government interest
Intermediate scrutiny:
Subordinate
Organized white terrorist groups formed to force and intimidate african americans into accepting a (n) _____ role in society
- emancipatory - both
Radical reconstruction was a short-lived ______ program implemented when republicans controlled _____ chamber(s) of congress
- presidents obama and trump have engaged in large-scale deportations and separating children from their families - congress has attempted to provide a pathway to citizenship for children brought here illegally via the DREAM act
Since 2010, how have the administrative and legislative branches responded to deportation of illegal immigrants?
broad
State and local governments have_______ authority to enact laws banning private discrimination
- laws presumed unconstitutional unless narrowly tailored to advance a compelling government interest - applies to laws affecting groups that are part of a "suspect class"
Strict scrutiny :
- 13% - 40%
The american prison population is the largest in the world, with the highest per capita incarceration rate. Black americans make up_____ of the general population, but___ of the incarcerated population.
eleven
The civil rights act of 1964 had_______ major titles, and each made significant contributions to civil rights in the united states.
- Title VII - Sue
The equal employment opportunity commission was created as a result of __________ of the civil rights act of 1964. It became a powerful force against employment discrimination after it gained the right to _____ employers and unions in 1972.
segregation
The legally-mandated separation of races throughout society is called______.
- Demeaning labor conditions using forced labor contracts - applied to one-third of farm workers on large plantations - made illegal in 1867, but practiced until 1940s
What are some characteristics of peonage in the south
- most aspects not outlaws in all states until 1900 - women could not own property, enter contracts, or earn a salary in their own name - women sacrificed rights and legal existence to husband
What are some characteristics of the marriage law doctrine of coverture?
- Own, sell, and lease property - own or carry firearms - vote and run for office
What are some civil rights african americans were deprived of as a result of black codes?
- vote and run for office - own or carry firearms - own, sell, and lease property
What are some civil rights african americans were deprived of as a result of black codes?
change voting laws or procedures
What do states and counties with a history of voter suppression have to get permission from the federal government to do, according to the preclearance requirement?
Separate but Equal
What doctrine was introduced in plessy V. ferguson (1896)?
Homophobia refers broadly to fear and hatred towards LGBTQ+ people, which can lead to verbal abuse, bullying acts of violence, and discrimination in the government and private spheres.
What does homophobia refer to?
"Reasonable person" would perceive work environment as being "hostile or abusive"
What legal standard for sexual harassment lawsuit did the supreme court establish in a 1993 ruling?
The Supreme Court ruled that a government ban on private discrimination is unconstitutional
What was the impact of the state action doctrine in the civil rights cases?
- creating the pre-clearance requirement - banning literacy tests and other devices intended to suppress voting
What were some key accomplishments he voting rights act of 1965?
- perceived economic threats to working class whites - pain of military defeat - perceived threats to social status and identity of whites
What were some of the drivers of white supremacy in the south?
- perpetuating white supremacy - restoring slavery
What were the central goals of the democratic party in the south after the civil war?
- restoring slavery - perpetuating white supremacy
What were the central goals of the democratic party in the south after the civil war?
- only applies to government actions - protects individuals from abuse of power
civil liberties:
- focused on equality - applies to discrimination by private and government actors
civil rights:
- one of five - public accommodations
georgia is _____ state(s) that does not have its own law banning private discrimination in ______
- businesses - individuals
private discrimination:
The discussion around reparations is over whether and how the federal, state, and local governments in the United States should compensate african american citizens today for the deprivation of intergenerational wealth accumulation they suffer on account of slavery and discrimination in the past.
A major civil rights issue today is over reparations. what does this concept mean?
- 171,000 - 17,150
As a product of discriminatory practices and policies, the net worth of the average white family is _____,compared to the average Black family's ______
- The south - Martin Luther King, JR.
As opposed to the congress of racial equality, the southern christian leadership conference (SCLC) was founded and headquartered in _____> Its first president was______.
- 75% to 20% - 5%
As result of voter suppression tactis in the south, african american voting in presidential elections dropped from ______ between 1876 and 1922. By the late 1930s, it is estimated that less than_____ of african americans in the south were registered to vote.
-4000 - georgia
Between 1877 and 1950, lynching resulted in _____ deaths, with the most occuring in_____.
- 4000 - georgia
Between 19877 and 1950, lynching resulted in _____ deaths, with the most occuring in______
- overtuned - Thurgood marshall
Brown V. Board of Education (1954) resulted in a 9-0 ruling that _____ the doctrine of separate but equal. The lead attorney on the case,_____ would later become the first african american supreme court justice.
- private discrimination is banned only in legislative statutes - public discrimination is banned in constitutions and legislative statutes
Generally speaking, how are public and private discrimination currently made illegal?
- Applies to civil rights related to sex, but not sexual orientation or gender identity - Laws are presumed unconstitutional unless substantially related to an important government interest
How is intermediate scrutiny applied to the U.S. Supreme Court?
- Laws are presumed constitutional unless not rationally related to a legitimate government interest - Applies to civil rights related to age, economic status, and disability
How is rational bias applied by the U.S. Supreme Court?
- Applies to civil rights related to suspect classes - Laws are presumed unconstitutional unless narrowly tailored to a compelling government interest
How is strict scrutiny applied by the U.S. Supreme court?
41
How many americans lost their lives through participating in the struggle for civil rights?
- W.E.B. Du Bios - Every
In 1909, a coalition of white and lack intellectuals and activists joined____ In new york city to ound the national association for the advancement of colored people (NAACP) The organization waged a multifaceted campaign of resistance against____ aspect(s) of the Jim crow system
1- must pay to register to vote 2- must demonstrate "sufficient" knowledge to vote 3- Restrictions on nominating candidates
Method of disenfranchisement 1-poll tax- 2-literacy test- 3-white primary-
- Law is constitutional unless shown it is not rationally related to a legitimate government interest - lowest standard of review - Applies to discrimination based on age, disability, and economic status
Rational basis :
- Restaurants are an example - motels are an example - they are privately owned
Title II of the civil rights act of 1964 bans discrimination in public accommodations. Which of the following is true about public accommodations?
- Voting rights necessary for economic and social progress - The souls of black folk - Fight for full civil rights immediately
W.E.B Du Bois:
- social isolation and/or rejection by family or society - internalized homophobia leading to higher rates of depression and suicide
What are some documented effects of heteronormativity on LGBTQ+ people?
- could not serve on juries - poll taxes - literacy tests - white primaries
What are some ways african americans were disenfranchised at the state level, despite the 15th amendment?
- black nationalism - separation of races - black people are genetically superior to whites
What are the key beliefs of the nation of islam?
- Japanese americans were forced into internment camps - Supreme court supported government's policy that resulted in serious civil rights abuses
What happened to Japanese americans in the aftermath of the attack on pearl habor?
- led to the passage of american indian self-determination and educational assistance act in 1975 - culminated in the wounded Knee incident of 1973
What impact did the american indian movement (aim) have throughout the 1960s and 70s?
Programs by employers or schools aimed at favoring groups with history of facing discrimination
What is affirmative action?
- A social order in which men are predominant in status, authority, and power - Ideas, structures, and institutions that can be traced back for thousands of years around the world
What is patriarchy, in the context of women's rights?
- prohibits discrimination in the sale, rental, financing, and advertising of housing based on race, religion, and national origin - legislation enacted after the assassination of Martin Luther King Jr.
What is the fair housing act of 1968?
- excluded african americans from juries, judeships, and the legal profession - allowed whites to inflict violence on african americans with no fear of legal consequence
What role did the criminal justice system play in the jim crow south?
- strict scrutiny - intermediate scrutiny - rational bias
What three standards of review used by the supreme court to analyse the constitutionality of civil rights laws?
- no custody of children granted in divorce - coverture marriage law - denial of access to professions and degrees - little to no protection from domestic violence or rape by husband
What types of laws and policies have historically discriminated against women in the United States?
- offered to stop agitating for full rights and equality, if african americans were allowed opportunities for economic improvement - brainchild of booker T. washington, to allow gradual integration of african americans into society
What was the atlanta compromise?
- enslaved 800,000 people between 1870 and 1945 - forced african americans to remain exploited second-class citizens
What was the combined impact of peonage and convict-leasing on the african americans population?
- congress passed the chinese exclusion act of 1882 - Drove down wages - built transcontinental railroads
What was the impact of Asian Labor in the united states?
Court rejected VMI's "special character" argument as not an "exceedingly persuasive justification"
What was the impact of the 1966 supreme court ruling on virginia military institute's (VMI) admission policies?
- transformed U.S. Constitution to a high degree - considered "sleeping giants" for future political moment
What was the impact of the reconstruction amendments?
- led the california grape strike from 1965-1970 - organized strikes for better working conditions - bolstered political movements in other civil rights areas
What was the impact of the united farm workers of American (ufw)?
- tens of millions of dollars in property damage - around 700 african americans dead and thousands injured
What was the impact of white supremacist riots and massacres from 1898- 1943
- black businesses and home were burned - 22- 25 black people killed, more than 100 injured
What was the outcome of the atlanta race riot of 1906?
Justice rehnquist said in 1981 that men and women are "not similarly situated for purposes of a draft or registration for it"
What was the supreme court's most recent decision regarding women registering for the draft?
Methods used to suppress black voting include terror campaigns waged by paramilitary groups, voting fraud, stealing ballot boxes, assassinations, politicians stirring racial resentment, and the use of force and violent intimidation.
What were some methods used to suppress black voting in the south after the civil war? name at least three.
- civil rights for mexican-americans - access to organized labor and voting rights - end to discrimination and racism
What were the goals of the chicano movement of the 1960s?
- 1972 amendments to civil rights act of 1964 - title IX of the federal education act of 1972 - equal pay act of 1963
Which laws relate to legal equality between the sexes?
- race and skin color - religion - ethnicity - national origin
Which of the following are suspect classes?
equal protection clause of fourteenth amendment
Which of the following is the most important civil rights provision in the U.S. Constitution?
- hundreds of african americans served in state legislatures - african american voters were key to republican party influence in the south - more than ten african americans served in congress
Which of the following statements is true about african american political empowerment during reconstruction?
- African american voters were key to republican party influence in the south - hundreds of african americans served in state legislatures - more than ten african americans served in congress
Which of the following statements is true about african american political government during reconstruction?
To allow students activists to chart their own course indepently from southern christian leadership conference (SCLC) leaders
Why was the Student Nonviolent Coordinating committee (SNCC) founded?
1- ruled unconstitutional in obergefell V. hodges (2015) 2- Ruled unconstitutional as a violation of the right to privacy in Lawrence V. texas (2003 3- Ended via an executive order issued by president barack obama in 2011 4- Newly protected from discrimination by a 2020 supreme court ruling; previously illegal in 23 states and washington, D.C.
legal status of each discriminatory law or practice 1- prohibiting same-sex marriage and associated government- guaranteed spousal rights and benefits 2- phobiting same-sex sodomy (but allowing it for heterosexuals) 3- prohibiting openly LGBTQ+ from serving in the military 4- Landlords, house sellers, and private lenders discriminate against LGBTQ+ persons in access to housing and mortgages
- perpetuating white supremacy - restoring slavery
what were the central goals of the democratic party in the south after the civil war?
