Chapter 8
What is the Gulf of Tonkin Resolution/ War Power resolution of 1964?
--Gulf of Tonkin Resolution:Congress authorized troops in South Vietnam -War Power resolution of 1964 Joint resolution of congress that gave president Johnson authorization of war powers without declaration of war- "to do whatever is necessary to win the war in Vietnam"
What is the 22nd amendment?
-22 Amendment:1951, presidents can only have 2, 4 year terms -VP can have up to 10 years: 2 years of president's 8 on his own, or more than 2 years of previous term and one term on his own
How did people feel about an executive after revolution?
-After Royal governors, revolution, people very distrustful of executive power
What is the appointment power? Cabinet?
-Appointment Power:Can appoint Ambassadors, public ministers, consuls, judges, and all other officers of the United States to help with executing, approved by senate. -Can make 3,500 appointments, only 1,000 need approval from senate, appoints 75,000 military personnel -cabinet:Formal body of presidential advisers who head fifteen executive departments -When Senate doesn't approve it leaves president without first choices, affects relationship with senate, affect how president is perceived. President can start recess appointments
What is role in Budgetary process and legislative? What is the office of management and budget?
-Budgetary process and legislative implementation: -President must secure funding for new and existing programs -sets national priorities by requesting funding -FDR started Bureau of Budget and brought president into process -Office of Management and Budget:Prepares the president's annual budget proposal, reviews the budget and programs of executive departments, supplies economic forecasts, and conducts detailed analyses of proposed bills and agency rules.
What is the role of the cabinet?
-Cabinet:Not official constitutionally, implied in Article 2 section 2, framers discussed need -Determined by tradition and presidential discretion -Advisory group includes heads of major departments, VP, any other agency heads -Help president execute laws and assist him in making decisions -Has grown as interest groups push for special departments and therefore dept heads
What is the circular organizational model? Pros and cons?
-Circular(Reagan, Carter, Ford, Obama): President at the top, every tier has equal access to the president, delegator Positive: Information from a variety of sources(unfiltered info), don't lose detail, president has more specialized input Negative: Staff has too much access, lose control of staff, friction between competing staff
How does the electoral system work?
-Electoral College:Representatives of each state who cast the final ballots that actually elect a president -Electors:Members of the electoral college from states, number of senators + number of house of reps -538 total number, need 270 votes to win
What is executive privelage and U.S v. Nixon?
-Executive Privilege:An implied presidential power that allows the president to refute to disclose information regarding confidential conversations or national security to congress or the judiciary. -U.S. v. Nixon(1974):No absolute constitutional executive privilege allowing a president of refuse to comply with a court order to produce information in a criminal trial.
What is role in Proposing and Facilitating Legislation:?
-FDR shifted process outlined framers by submitting legislation to congress, but executed laws and proposed them, -Proposing and Facilitating Legislation: -Public looks to president to formulate legislative plans to congress -Administration must give legislation constant attention to get it through -President must do early in administration, enact role as head of party
What is the role of the first lady?
-First Lady:Informal advisors, make public contributions to society -Edith Wilson took over after president Wilson had a stroke -Eleanor Roosevelt wrote column, gave lectures, drafted human rights, status of women -Michelle Obama does health and physical fitness
What is the growth of the modern presidency? What did FDR do?
-Growth of the Modern Presidency: -With growth of fast media president is expected to act and quickly in a crisis -since 1930's presidential decision making more important than presidential -FDR:Asked for broad powers to jump start American economy, New Deal, world war 2, served 12 years and power of president and new federal agencies changed forever -created new bureaucracy -personalized presidency by speaking directly to people in fireside chats, standard to use technology to bring president closer to the people -president leader in foreign and domestic policy
What is impeachment?
-Impeachment:Power of House to charge president with "treason, bribery, or other high crimes and misdemeanors. Urged by Franklin, so people didn't turn to assassination -Only Johnson and Clinton have been impeached
What is mobilizing public opinion/ going public?
-Mobilizing Public Opinion: Administration must publicize views and get support -Going Public:President appeals directly to people, over congress, to get them to pressure elected representatives -Clinton started talking directly to public on programs like Larry King -Obama went to Late Show and the view
What is the power to convene congress?
-Power to convene congress:President must inform congress of the State of the Union, can convene one or both houses of congress under "extraordinary occasions"
What is the power to preside over the military?
-Power to preside over military:Commander in chief -President is "commander in Chief of the army and navy of the united states" -Congress has power to declare war, but president have used executive duty to "take care that the laws be faithfully executed" to wage -war
How has presidential power expanded and developed?
-Presidential powers based on court and constitution, how he uses it based on the times -Different times can expand or limit a president's power
What is presidential leadership?
-Presidents ability to get things done depends on leadership abilities, personality and persuasion, mobilize public opinion, and congress' perception of public support -Presidential Leadership:Americans have image of great presidents and have expectations for presidents. -Increase public attention to an issue, power to persuade public, call to action -Difference between great and mediocre is ability to grasp leadership style -Day to day needs to bolster support for polices, secure congressional and popular backing. Need Active and positive presidents
What is public perception of presidential performance? Political capital?
-Public Perception of presidential performance: -Political Capital:Ability to enact public policy simply because of their name and their office. Measured by approval ratings -Favorable presidents can easily push things: like Bush and USA Patriot Act -Unpopular presidents can make it hard to even get favorable bills passed -Popularity follows a cyclical pattern: Highest keel at start, then starts enacting programs and popularity goes down from there -Since Johnson only 4 presidents have left with opinion more than 50%(do to things like Vietnam, Watergate, Iraq)
What is the pyramidal organizational model? Pros and cons?
-Pyramidal(Clinton, Bush, Johnson, Eisenhower, Nixon): Chain with president, chief of staff, president is the decider Positive:Chain of command, allow specialization at lower levels, president has input eliminate unnecessary information Negative: distortion, as it works up change you lose specifics(gets filtered down), oversimplifies problems, isolates the president, staff may control president
What are the qualifications for being president? Citizenship, age, term?
-Qualifications: -Natural born citizens, 35 years old, resident of the united states for at least 14 years -4 year term with eligibility for reelection -Washington started trend of only 2 terms, which FDR broke with 4 terms -Age:35 (average age 53) Citizenship:Natural born citizen: one of your parents must be a US citizen or you were born on US soil Residency:14 consecutive years of residency in the United States Term:4 years, 22 amendment(1952): Can serve a maximum of 10 years 25th amendment(1967):Line of succession/ inability to conduct office Salary: $439,000 per year Retirement/pension: $277,000 per year for life
What is the spoke and wheel organizational model? Pros and cons?
-Spoke and Wheel(Kennedy): President is in the middle of the circular and sets up chains of command from outside, combines circular and pyramidal Positive: Chain of command, specialization Negative: Friction, too much info(loss big picture in the details), isolation
What is succession? Presidential Succession Act of 1947? 25th Amendment?
-Succession:8 presidents have died in office from illness or assassination -Need orderly transfer of power -Presidential Succession Act(1947): VP, speaker,president pro tempore, sect of state, treasury, defense, attorney general -26th amendment:1967, filling vacancies of president, vice president, procedures to deal with disability of a president -President must appoint VP, approved by simple majority in congress -VP and Majority of cabinet can deem president unable to fulfill duties -President can voluntarily relinquish his powers
What are the checks and balances of the executive branch?
-The Executive Branch is given the power to carry out the laws. It has the following checks over the Legislative Branch: Veto power Ability to call special sessions of Congress Can recommend legislation Can appeal to the people concerning legislation and more -The Executive Branch has the following checks over the Judicial Branch: President appoints Supreme Court and other federal judges -The legislative branch has the following checks over the Executive Branch: May override presidential vetoes with a two-thirds vote Has the power over the purse strings to actually fund any executive actions May remove the president through impeachment Senate approves treaties Senate approves presidential appointments -The Judicial has the following checks on the executive Judges, once appointed for life, are free from controls from the executive branch Courts can judge executive actions to be unconstitutional through the power of judicial review
What is the Executive Office of The president? What do they do? The national security council?
-The Executive Office of the president: A mini bureaucracy created to help the president oversee the executive branch bureaucracy -Created by FDR in 1939 to oversee New Deal programs -Advisors help direct diverse activities of the executive branch -Units of EOP have become primary policy makers in their field -National Security Council(1947): Advised president on military and foreign policy -President, VP, Secretaries of state, defense, treasury. -Council of Economic Advisers, Office of Management and Budget, Office of the Vice President, and Office of US trade Representative -Presidents give clear message about policy preferences(Obama and Economic Recovery)
What is the pardoning power?
-The Pardoning Power:President can exercise a check on judicial power through constitutional authority to grant reprieves or pardons. -Pardon:An executive grant providing restoration of all rights and privileges of citizenship to a specific individual charged or convicted of a crime -Can exercise in all federal cases, except impeachment -Ford pardoned Nixon from any crimes which he may have committed in office -Washington, Adams, Madison, Lincoln, Johnson, Roosevelt, Truman Carter all of have pardoned large groups of individuals -Carter gave amnesty to 10,000 men who fled USA to avoid draft
What is the power to make treaties? Fast Track Procedure? Executive Agreements?
-The power to make treaties:President can make treaties with foreign nations and is approved by 2/3 of senate(ratified 90%), and "receive ambassadors":recognize other nations -Only 21 treaties have been rejected, Treaty of Versailles notable, isolationists did not want US at center of every world conflict -Senate can also require amendments like under Carter's Panama Canal Treaty -Presidents can unsign treaties: Bush unsupported International Criminal Court -Fast Track Procedure:Congress cannot modify a trade agreement and must vote within 90 days -Executive Agreements:Formal international agreements entered into by the president that do not require the advice and consent of the US Senate. Highly secretive and sensitive
What are plans for revisising the electoral college?
-Using national popular vote to choose president -most democratic, but unlikely because constitution would have to be amended to get rid of electoral college -Senate would probably not pass, over small state big state argument -Congressional District Plan -Keep electoral college -Give each candidate one electoral vote for each congressional district that they win in a state, and the winner of the overall popular vote in each state would receive two bonus votes.
What is the veto power? Line Item veto?
-Veto Power:President can reject bills passed by both houses of congress -President can influence policy making process, threat of a veto often makes congress make a bill that will get passed -Congress can override a veto with 2/3 in each house, has been 2,500 presidential vetoes, only 100 overridden. -Line Item Veto:President can veto parts of a bill, not whole thing, ruled unconstitutional in Clinton v. City of New York
What is the role of the Vice President?
-Vice President: At first considered most insignificant position, presidents choose VP to balance ticket for politically, geographically. Little thought actually could become potus -How much power the VP has depends on president in Office, Carter started by giving Mondale power and Cheney and Biden have had significant power.
What is the War Powers Act of 1973
-War Powers Act(1973):After Vietnam war, pentagon papers passed by congress -The president is limited in the deployment of troops overseas to a sixty-day period in peacetime(can be extended extra 30 days for withdrawal) unless congress explicitly gives approval for a longer period. -many presidents have argued it is unconstitutional -Federal law intended to check the presidents power to commit us troops to armed conflict President can send troops by declaration of war when congress approves action President must notify congress in 48 hours of action Congress can send troops for 60 days + 30 day withdrawal period(90 days) vetoed by Nixon in '73, but overturned by 2/3 of congress
What is the 12th amendment?
12th amendment: 1804, Election of President and Vice President now separate in event of tie or no majority, election went to house of representative, but each state delegation would have one vote to cast for one of 3 candidates who received greatest number of electoral votes.
What is the Ad hoc management style?
Ad Hoc(Bush): Leadership and management tactics that the CEO of a large corporation might use. President Clinton and President George W. Bush have used this style, which employs committees, task forces, and special advisors to help develop and implement policy.
Adams and Jefferson?
Adams:Led to political parties. Jefferson:Inherent powers: Louisiana purchase
What are the presidents role as chief of state, chief executive, chief administrator, chief diplomat, commander in chief, chief legislature, chief citizen, and chief of party? Which are constitutional?
Chief of State:Head of government, symbol of the US (Constitutional) Chief Executive: Head of the executive branch, hires all people who work in the executive branch(9,000 employees) (Constitutional) Chief administrator: Head of the bureaucracy, exp EPA, Dept of Agriculture, FBI. 1.2 million employees (constitutional) Chief Diplomat: Conducts American Foreign policy (constitutional) Commander in Chief: Civilian leader of the military (constitutional) Chief legislature: president can introduce a bill into congress (constitutional) Chief Citizen: Representative of the people (constitutional) Chief of party:Leader of the party, symbol of the party
What is the incremental expansion of Presidential powers 1803-1933? Jackson? Lincoln?
Incremental Expansion of Presidential Powers: 1803-1933 -After Jefferson it was a strong congress and weak president who was distant from the public -Jackson:First popular president elected by the common masses, supremacy, federal veto power. -Lincoln:In the crisis of the civil war, assumed new powers -Suspended writ of habeas corpus(allows those in prison to petition to be released), citing need to jail person suspected of disloyal practices -Expanded army above congressional limits -Ordered blockade of southern ports without approval of congress -Closed the US mail to treasonable correspondence -ARGUED:Inherent powers of office allowed him to circumvent the constitution in a time of war or national crisis. Power to execute laws and refused to allow nation to crumble
What is Policy Making through executive order? An Executive Order? What happened in Youngstown v. Sawyer? What is a signing statement?
Policy Making through executive order: -In times of highly divided government don't have to go through congress -Executive Order:Rule or regulation issued by the president that has the effect of law. All executive orders must be published in Federal Register -Roosevelt and Truman used to secure factories, mines for war effort -Youngstown Sheet and Tube V.Sawyer(1952):Court ruled that Truman clearly overstepped boundaries of his office as provided by constitution -Many passed to clarify or implement legislation -Others have effect of making policy -Signing statements:President can comment on bill, declare if part of it is unconstitutional, invite litigation, put policy on holds
Define presidential coattails, pocket veto, bully pulpit.
Presidential Coattails: The ability of a Presidential candidate to bring out supporters who then vote for his party's candidates for other offices. Pocket Veto: If the president has not signed the bill after 10 days, it becomes law without his signature. However, if Congress adjourns during the 10-day period, the bill does not become law. Bully Pulpit: Reference that the White House is a terrific platform from which to advocate an agenda.
What is the informal roles of the president?
The president has the informal roles toIntroduce Troops into an area without a declaration of war the Pocket Veto, Issue executive orders, set and enact the country's legislative agenda, and to conduct foreign policy initiatives.
How did Washington's powers develop? What is inherent power?
Washington:Oversaw federal budget of 40 million -Established federal supremacy:Whiskey rebellion -Began practice of meeting with advisors, the cabinet -Established prominence of president in foreign affairs -Declared neutrality with Britain and France an Inherent Power:Powers that belong to the president, because they can be inferred from constitution