Chapter 8 Ant
10. A maladaptive culture is one in which a. the health and well-being of its members is paramount.b. certain practice(s) harm its members.c. culture-bound disorders are extremely common.d. children are raised in a competitive atmosphere
.Answer: bFeedback: If aspects of culture are adaptive, they should support the health and well-being of members. If maladaptive, they may lead to ill effects for the people or the longevity of the culture itself.See page 171.
culture bound disorder
A mental disorder specific to particular ethnic group
Participatory action research
A way that applied anthropologists use a model of field research and implementation. researchers prioritize the needs and concerns of the people they study in order to help effect positive
3. National gay pride parades and festivals could be best described with which term? a. Heterogeneous subcultures.b. Heterogeneous ethnicities.c. Homogeneous communities.d. Homogeneous diasporas.
Answer: aFeedback: Groups that share few identity markers are described as heterogeneous (hetero = different). A gay pride parade shares a key identity marker in sexuality, but is otherwise comprised of people belonging to different groups with many languages, religious beliefs, values, and ethnicities.See page 165.
7. A household comprising two generations in which the parents encourage their children to be competitive in order to succeed is likely adhering to what style of training? a. Independence.b. Dependence.c. Culture-bound.d. Holistic.
Answer: aFeedback: Independence training refers to the set of child-rearing practices that foster a child's self-reliance. Competition is fostered, and emphasis is placed on developing the talents and skills of each child, so that he or she can be competitive and successful in life.See page 174.
9. Eugenics is an pseudoscience predicated on the mistaken belief that a. certain cultural identities are more valuable than others.b. race is a biological fact and that races can be ranked as superior and inferior.c. ethnocentrism is the optimal way to conduct governmental policies.d. entomophagy can determine which people are more evolved.
Answer: bFeedback: Eugenics is a pseudoscience with the aim of purifying the human race; it necessarily entails the belief that race is a natural fact.See page 1—67.
4. To conduct an ethnographic project in a community that is extremely closed towards outsiders, what might be the most helpful method for gathering informants? a. A judgment sample.b. A snowball sample.c. A random sample.d. A collaborative sample.
Answer: bFeedback: In a snowball sample, one informant introduces the ethnographer to other informants; this method would be very helpful in a community in which outsiders are generally not trusted.See pages 177.
2. An application of findings developed from an anthropological netnography project could be a. a policy that has severe consequences for poachers of endangered animals. b. a report for an NGO focusing on the best methods to drill local wells.c. a framework developed for schools to deal with online bullying.d. new laws designed to deter graffiti on city property.
Answer: cFeedback: Research conducted online and in digital arenas can be called netnography.See pages 180-181.
1. Culture can be envisioned as a spider web because a. it is extremely sticky, with a variety of objects clinging to it and contributing to its beauty.b. it is organic and created from a single organism with a specific purpose.c. its members are connected by invisible and usually unspoken threads, guiding our decisions and behaviors.d. the legs of a spider coincide with the number of key facets that culture needs to survive.
Answer: cFeedback: Sharing culture means people understand what goes on around them in approximately the same ways. See page 159.
8. Imagine a fieldwork scenario in which you realize that if you publish your data, the community you work with will most likely have their sacred sites looted by outsiders. According to the American Anthropological Association's Code of Ethics, you should a. publish, because scientific scholarship must be respected above all else.b. publish, but only in a closed-access journal available to anthropologists and not the general public.c. not publish, because your work detrimentally affects your subjects.d. not publish, because your work always needs the approval of the subjects with whom you work.
Answer: cFeedback: This is a case where you would be doing harm by publishing, and the AAA states that your first responsibility is to the people and animals with whom you work; scholarship and science come after that.See pages 179-180.
6. You are conducting research in Finland, where coed saunas are the norm and the nude body is not sexualized in this context. You receive an invitation to go to sauna with some colleagues. Which of the following would be a cultural relativistic reaction to this scenario, given that your home culture views nakedness as improper? a. My culture doesn't allow saunas, and I don't think you guys should do it either. b. I'll do it, but only to prove to you all that it is stupid and not appropriate.c. Ew, that's disgusting. How do you stand it?d. Thanks for the offer—sauna has an interesting history and I'm looking forward to trying it!
Answer: dFeedback: Culture can be understood and interpreted only in its own context. Cultural relativity allows anthropologists to study people's beliefs and behavior without judgment.See page 170.
5. You decide to approach someone you don't know to ask for a date even though you are nervous the person might see your invitation as too forward. This process involves what aspect(s) of culture? a. Artifact.b. Cognitive and artifact.c. Artifact and behavioral.d. Cognitive and behavioral.
Answer: dFeedback: How you are thinking about the encounter and how you actually act are cognitive and behavioral aspects of culture. If you gave the person a flower, that would fulfill the third aspect (artifact).See page 162.
ethnocentrism
Ideal that our own customs are normal while others customs are strange,wrong, or even disgusting.
Community
People share a geographical space
ethnographic research
Practicing cultural anthropology means that field-workers participate in people lives as the same time that they are a observing and analyzing behavior.
culture (definition),
Set of understanding that guide people behavior
cultural relativism
The ideal that all cultural are equally valid and that culture can only be understood and interpreted in its own context
ethnography
Written or visual product of that research or is both the process and product which is most often a document, book, or film.
participant observation
a process in which a researcher lives with a people and observes their regular activities, often for a year or more
enculturation
a process of which culture is transmitted from one generation to the next, from parents and other adult to children
Eugenics
a pseudo scientific plan to purify the human race
23. Imagine a new friend told you that, in his or her culture, people clean each other's eyeballs with their tongues. Which of the following would be an ethnocentric reaction to this scenario? a. Ew! That is so unhygienic and disgusting. b. That is so cool. I wish we did that. c. Interesting. Do you know why you do that? d. So? We eat bugs.
a. Ew! That is so unhygienic and disgusting. page 169
41. Which of the following was not an example of (or site for) applied anthropological research in the textbook? a. Steampunk cosplay. b. Ben & Jerry's Rainforest Crunch. c. Water wells in North Africa. d. Fiat and General Motors.
a. Steampunk cosplay. page 181 applied anthroplogy
2. The reason babies in North America are given pink or blue caps is because a. adults have gendered expectations of babies' future cultural experiences based on their biological sex. b. babies are intrinsically born with their cultural gender identities and need to be identified as such. c. this is how babies first learn a critical aspect of their culture (namely, their gender based on biological sex). d. pink or blue socks used to be the norm, but since socks were often covered by blankets, caps became the go-to clothing article (illustrating how culture changes over time).
a. adults have gendered expectations of babies' future cultural experiences based on their biological sex. page 160
12. A cultural symbol is a. anything that represents something else, carrying meaning. b. something that is a direct visual interpretation of its meaning. c. an abstract concept that has no physical manifestation. d. dependent on language and can be understood only by members of that culture.
a. anything that represents something else, carrying meaning.
32. Imagine you are studying a group of people who believe strongly in polygamy. They often try to convince outsiders that polygamy is a superior lifestyle. However, after time, one of your informants admits to being in a secret monogamous relationship. This would be an example of a. ideal versus real behaviors. b. random versus judgment samples. c. a culture-bound disorder. d. enculturation.
a. ideal versus real behaviors. page 177 paragraph 2
24. If an anthropologist were conducting research in a culture that practices entomophagy, you might expect him or her to a. know the best recipe for frying up beetles and mealworms. b. be able to stay under water for extended periods of time without breathing. c. know how to build a snare to catch rabbits. d. have learned great sewing and braiding skills.
a. know the best recipe for frying up beetles and mealworms. page 169 box 8.2
42. When researchers prioritize the needs and concerns of the people they study in order to help effect positive change, this is called a. participatory action. b. participant observation. c. ethnography. d. interdependence training.
a. participatory action. page 182 paragraph 3
29. Dependence training and interdependence training are terms used to explore the process of a. raising children. b. enculturation. c. entomophagy. d. culture-bound disorders.
a. raising children. page 174 paragraph 2
38. Netnography refers to a. the type of research used to study online or digital communities and subcultures. b. maritime research of communities focused on fishing and boating. c. the study of ethical dilemmas in the social sciences. d. applications of anthropology beyond its discipline.
a. the type of research used to study online or digital communities and subcultures. page 180 paragraph 5
biological adaptations
allow on organism to better survive in its present conditions or to live successfully and reproduce in a variety of habitats
maladaptive
any behavior that leads to a decrease in well-being of the members of a culture or to the culture itself is not adaptive.
material products or material culture
artifacts(portable items) ex clothing features(non-portable items)ex building and roads
16. Imagine a group of people in North America who share the same ideological and political beliefs. They hold a convention once a year and even the most remote members often fly in and attend. What term would best describe this group? a. A heterogeneous identity marker. b. A heterogeneous subculture. c. A homogenous community. d. A homogenous society.
b. A heterogeneous subculture. not sure
8. Which list is an example representing the three basic parts of culture? a. A prom dress, spaghetti and meatballs, and a self-help book. b. A philosophical idea, hugging a friend, and a TV. c. A computer manual, the Harry Potter series, and driving a friend to the airport. d. A kiss, a speech, and a soccer game.
b. A philosophical idea, hugging a friend, and a TV. page 162 paragraph 3
14. In the text, studying culture is likened to what? a. An auto factory: different parts all operate together to produce a vehicle. b. An orchestra: individual instruments can be heard while you simultaneously listen to the whole musical piece. c. Creating a well: you have to dig through layers of earth before tapping into the aquifer. d. Religion: there are physical texts and symbols to study, but the overall system is based on thoughts and ideology.
b. An orchestra: individual instruments can be heard while you simultaneously listen to the whole musical piece.
35. Which of the following are not ways in which data can be gathered in an ethnographic research project? a. Formal and informal interviews. b. DNA sampling and site excavations. c. Life histories and case studies. d. Kinship mapping and photographs.
b. DNA sampling and site excavations. page 178 paragraph 2
28. Which of the following questions would not likely be well suited to assessing the adaptiveness of a culture? a. Do women receive prenatal care and support for infant health? b. Why don't you find eating insects to be disgusting? c. Is there consistent access to clean water? d. How well does the culture get passed down to the next generation?
b. Why don't you find eating insects to be disgusting? page 173 table 8.2
39. What is the most appropriate field site for someone conducting netnography? a. A conflict zone, such as Afghanistan. b. World of Warcraft, an online gaming community. c. St. John's, Newfoundland, as a historical port city. d. An animal shelter for rescued pets.
b. World of Warcraft, an online gaming community. page 180 Digital Ethnography
26. Female genital mutilation, and its subsequent health consequences, can be understood as a. a biological adaptation. b. a maladaptive cultural practice. c. eugenics. d. an aspect of dependence training.
b. a maladaptive cultural practice. page 172 box 8.3
11. People begin learning their culture a. as adults, because only after decades of experience can culture be fully understood. b. as infants, through interactions with caregivers and watching the world around them. c. as teenagers, during puberty, as this is the time when children begin to be considered adults. d. as toddlers, since this is when they first begin to be able to interact verbally with those around them.
b. as infants, through interactions with caregivers and watching the world around them. page 162 paragraph 8
21. The definition of race as a category is a. based on biological fact. b. created through culture. c. unchanging through time. d. reflective of our heterogeneous societies.
b. created through culture. page 167 paragraph 5
27. An anthropologist studying adaptive aspects of a culture is a. conducting ethnocentric research and focusing on the differences between his or her culture and the one being studied. b. examining ways through which its members' health and well-being are bettered in some way. c. examining the biological adaptations that allow humans to live in different conditions. d. completely neutral and does not have any opinion regarding any cultural norms and practices.
b. examining ways through which its members' health and well-being are bettered in some way. page 173 paragraph 2
18. The historical belief that humans could be divided into distinct racial categories a. has recently been proven, based on new genetic methodologies. b. was used to justify oppression—for instance, through slavery or genocide—of specific groups. c. was unanimously agreed upon, since each group was seen as having its own strengths. d. has been incorporated into contemporary anthropological classifications.
b. was used to justify oppression—for instance, through slavery or genocide—of specific groups. page 166
17. Imagine you have been raised with certain food etiquette, such as always holding your fork in your left hand and knowing how to conduct polite dinner conversation. Your parents, who taught you this, were in turn taught by their parents. What is this an example of? a. Symbolization. b. Identification. c. Enculturation. d. Diasporic socialization.
c. Enculturation. page 165 paragraph 4
22. Which of the following are possible shared characteristics of both ethnicity and cultural identity? a. Gender, geography, and sports. b. Socio-economic status and clothing. c. Heritage, food, and language. d. Education, community, and immigration status.
c. Heritage, food, and language. not sure page 168
19. Which of Linneaus's human categories was typified by black hair and a melancholy disposition, and was considered to be ruled by belief? a. Homo sapiens americanus. b. Homo sapiens europaeus. c. Homo sapiens asiaticus. d. Homo sapiens afer.
c. Homo sapiens asiaticus. page 167 table 8.1
13. An example of a cultural symbol is a. The interaction between two people (e.g., a hug hello). b. Any idea conceptualized by someone (e.g., the theory of relativity). c. Some fabric with a design using colors (e.g., a flag). d. The intonation used when discussing something (e.g., sarcasm).
c. Some fabric with a design using colors (e.g., a flag). page 163
7. What are the three basic parts of culture? a. What we wear; what we eat; what we think. b. What we write; what we read; what we share. c. What we think; what we do; what we have. d. What we dream; what we do; what we say.
c. What we think; what we do; what we have. page 162 paragraph 3
31. A mental condition specific to a particular ethnic group is known as a. a real behavior issue. b. a social disjuncture. c. a culture-bound disorder. d. an adaptive illness.
c. a culture-bound disorder. page 175 paragraph 6
33. If you were conducting ethnographic research in a fairly homogenous group and wanted to select your informants on an equal basis, you would use a. netnography. b. a snowball sample. c. a random sample. d. a judgment sample.
c. a random sample. page 177 paragraph 4
37. The Human Terrain System is an example of ethical anthropological dilemma because a. it is considered cheating to rely on GPS and other high-tech methods to be able to map out the details of areas without actually spending time talking with the people who live there. b. such a universal database containing the biological and cultural information of all peoples around the world could be used for bad purposes. c. anthropologists involved in warfare cannot ensure that information will "Do No Harm." d. it would standardize and make all professional anthropologists' ethnographic raw data accessible, compromising informant confidentiality.
c. anthropologists involved in warfare cannot ensure that information will "Do No Harm." page 179 box 8.4
34. A snowball sample refers to a. the ethnographic method whereby informants are chosen by the researcher based on their knowledge and skills. b. the ethnographic method whereby informants are chosen by chance or arbitrarily, so as to yield a random sampling. c. the ethnographic method whereby an informant introduces the researcher to further informants. d. the conditions in frigid cultures, where it is more difficult to meet informants because the cold weather keeps people indoors.
c. the ethnographic method whereby an informant introduces the researcher to further informants. page 177 paragraph 4
1. The primary way through which one learns culture is through a. our genes (e.g., instincts, urges). b. biology (e.g., being bipedal, language). c. the experiences one has (e.g., dinnertime, clothing). d. our parents (e.g., ancestry, identity).
c. the experiences one has (e.g., dinnertime, clothing). page 160 paragraph 2
36. The American Anthropological Association's Code of Ethics clarifies that the anthropologist's responsibilities are primarily to a. the anthropological discipline: the information, no matter its potential consequences, is paramount. b. one's colleagues, by ensuring that one's work does not overlap with or contradict anyone else's. c. the people and animals with whom an anthropologist works, followed by scholarship and science. d. the university for which an anthropologist works, followed by the community being researched.
c. the people and animals with whom an anthropologist works, followed by scholarship and science. page 180 paragraph 2
25. Cultural relativism refers to a. the difference between scientific disciplines. b. the way in which people record and understand their relationships with each other (kinship). c. the perspective that all cultures must be understood in their own context. d. the idea that cultures developed from a single originating point.
c. the perspective that all cultures must be understood in their own context. page 170 paragraph 3
ideal behavior and real behavior
can think of the difference between what people say and what they do as contrast
culture ( three basic parts)
cognition- what we think behavior- what we do artifacts- what we have
Key informants
crucial members of the community
etic
cultural insider view
20. The maximum difference between the DNA of any two humans is a. 10.4 per cent. b. 2.1 per cent. c. 1.4 per cent. d. 0.14 per cent.
d. 0.14 per cent. page 167 paragraph 5
4. To what item did Clifford Geertz liken culture? a. A car, with a powered engine and independent driver. b. A collection of books, such as a library. c. A photograph; a snapshot will provide all the necessary details to fully understand a culture. d. A computer program, with rules and instructions for behavior.
d. A computer program, with rules and instructions for behavior. page 162 paragraph 2
9. If a friend asked your opinion on what kind of car to buy but secretly purchased a bicycle instead, you and he have engaged with which aspect of culture? a. Behavioral: he said he wanted a car, but his actions show he actually wanted a bike. b. Cognitive: he discussed information (including the pros and cons of car types) with you. c. Artifact: both cars and bikes are cultural objects. d. All three: cognitive, behavioral, and artifact.
d. All three: cognitive, behavioral, and artifact.
30. A household that is located in an agricultural region and contains three (extended) generations under its roof, who all pool their resources, is more likely to raise children with what kind of training? a. Holistic. b. Culture-bound. c. Independence. d. Dependence.
d. Dependence. page 174 paragraph 2
40. Which of the following would not be an example of an applied anthropologist? a. Someone contributing to immigration policy analysis in the government. b. Someone fighting for human rights through NGO work. c. Someone cultivating international partnerships in a corporate business. d. Someone analyzing historical theoretical frameworks.
d. Someone analyzing historical theoretical frameworks. page 181 applied anthropology
6. Furthering Geertz's analogy, anthropologists are attempting to understand how culture functions through examining a. the steering wheel, which demonstrates who is controlling the direction of the car. b. publication records, which show the history of the inception of new ideas. c. albums, which document different scenarios. d. apps or programs coded to write out our behavior.
d. apps or programs coded to write out our behavior. page 162 paragraph 2
10. Culture, genetics, and personalities are a. all coded in our DNA and are innate characteristics of the human species. b. dependent on one another—you cannot separate them. c. completely separate from one another. d. intertwined, but not intrinsically connected to one another.
d. intertwined, but not intrinsically connected to one another. page 162
15. The four critical aspects of culture are a. that you are born with it, it is dependent on geography, it is context specific, and it is individual. b. that it is static, it is primarily physical (e.g., artifacts), it is borrowed, and it is permanent. c. that it is taught, it is isolated, it is abstract, and it is adaptable. d. that it is learned, it is based on symbols, it is holistic, and it is shared.
d. that it is learned, it is based on symbols, it is holistic, and it is shared. page 162 -163
3. One of the findings that anthropologist Carole Counihan describes about Italian food and culture is a. that communities create and reinforce their identities based on geographic-specific ingredients and recipes. b. that children grow up and reproduce meals similar to those their parents made them. c. that globalization is detrimentally affecting Italian exports, thus undermining national identities. d. that women's identities are deeply intertwined with food, and they often experience conflict within today's different norms and practices (such as women working outside the home).
d. that women's identities are deeply intertwined with food, and they often experience conflict within today's different norms and practices (such as women working outside the home). Page 161 box 8.1
5. A basic way to define culture is as a. written or visual products created by a society. b. a group of people sharing the same geographical region. c. the way people communicate through graphic representations of ideas. d. the shared understandings that shape thought and guide behavior.
d. the shared understandings that shape thought and guide behavior. page 161 paragraph 1
entomophagy
eating insects
Identity Markers
ethnicity, socio-econmoic class, religious beliefs, age, gender and interest.
Random sample
ethnographer goal is to allow everyone an equal chance to be interviewed which is done by selecting people randomly. This might best be employed in a small homogeneous community, or when a average is desired
Homogenosous
groups shares many identity markers
Heterogeneous
groups that share few identity markers
Cultural adaptation
include all the way that humans use cultural knowledge to better adapt and succeed in their surroundings.
judgment sample
informants based on skills, knowledge, insight and/or sensitivity to cultural issue.
race
is a cultural category in human and not a biological one.
ethnicity,
is heritage, geography and language, family originate(heritage) and cultural features
Society
larger number of people with social connections
snowball sample
one informant introduces the ethnographer to other informants
emic
outside observer view
Subcultures
people connected by similarities example ethnic heritage or common interests
Group
people who share culture
Informants
people with particularly deep knowledge about the issues the ethnographer is interested in.
Independence Training
set of child-rearing practices that foster child self-reliance.
Dependence Training
set of child-rearing practices that supports the family unit over the individual.
diasporic
spread across the world
culture ( four characteristics)
that it is learned, it is based on symbols it is holistic it is shared.
Personality
what happens when your specific set of genes comes into contact with your culture and social environment. a product of culture coming smack up against the individual
applied anthroplogy
working anthropologists apply their knowledge of anthroplogical method, theory,and perspective to solve human problem.
