Chapter 8: Biological Sex, Gender Identity, and Gender Roles
what is cognitive development theory?
children are information seekers develop schemas
What is anatomical sex?
chromosomal sex + hormonal sex
what is something that can be gender neutral?
clothing
what are non-traditional gender roles?
dad stays at home mom works
what are gender roles?
expectations that come with being male or female
what is gender binary?
gender classification that recognizes only two categories kept because majority of people can fit into these
what is gender variant/gender non-conforming?
gender fluid genderqueer transgender
what are societal labels that define someone?
gender roles gender norms (parents, siblings, media, peers, school, church)
How do toy companies use different words to market toys?
girls are girly (cuddly, beautiful, etc.) boys are boyish (adventure, blast, build, power)
Gender identity, sexual orientation, and some sexual behaviors are governed by small areas of the ___
hypothalamus
what is sex-typed (gender-typed)
individuals who adhere to gender role that society has assigned to their sex
what is cross-sex typed?
males who act feminine females who act masculine
what are traditional gender roles?
men bring money women take care of home
what is an example of how gender roles in adolescence are changing?
more common for girls to ask boys out
gender role socializaiton is influenced by
parental sex roles and marital status toys gender schema classrooms and textbooks religion television peer pressure
What is gender identity?
perception of self as psychologically male or female
what is gender typing?
process by which sex-appropriate preferences, behaviors, skills, and self-concept are acquired how we learn to be male or female
what is sociocultural theory?
psychological differences between men and women are a social construction and a product of cultural expectations and socialization
What is gender binary?
recognition of only two genders
what is evolutionary theory?
reproductive pressures lead to different values and behaviors
what is social learning theory?
rewarded for enacting gender stereotypical roles punished for gender atypical roles boys reinforced for acting masculine, girls reinforced for acting feminine
what is gender?
social categories of male and female psychological features and role attributes more fluid: influenced by society, culture, time
What is gender dysphoria?
strong feeling he or she is the other gender or insistence on living as the other gender current label in DSM-5 (used to be gender identity disorder)
___ plays role in 2nd half of pregnancy and affects sex differences
testosterone
What is gender expression
the way in which a person expresses their gender identity, typically through their appearance, dress, and behavior.
what are examples of femininity?
traits, behaviors, interests assigned by society to female gender role emotional, helping others, communal
what are examples of masculinity?
traits, behaviors, interests assigned by society to male gender role self-confidence, watching sports, agentic
is sex reassignment surgery successful?
usually successful
what is biological sex?
what doctor says based on genetalia
What are transsexuals?
wish to have body changed
what is sex?
biological categoreis of male and female genes, chromosomes, hormones, genetalia relatively stable, not easily changed
what is trans?
biological does NOT match self-concept
what is cis?
biological gender matches your self-concept of your gender penis and you identify as man vagina and you identify as woman
What are personal labels that define someone?
biological sex gender identity (2Y - 3Y) Gender expression (change over time) Gender attitudes and beliefs (change over time) Sexual orientation (attraction starts ~10Y)
what is cisgender?
biological sex aligns with gender identity
what is transgender?
biological sex does NOT match gender identity
how many sex categories do western cultures recognize? Are there more?
2 yes, other cultures are more accepting of more categories
what age is gender identity formed by?
2Y-3Y
what percentage of boys and girls show gender variant?
3% - 7% boys 5% girls
What percentage of the trans community will have attempted suicide?
40%
Nature programs everyone for ___ development UNLESS there is a high level of testosterone at the 7th week prenatally
Female
Is Freud's Psychodynamic Theory supported?
NO
What is Androgen Insensitivity Disorder (AIS)
XY Testes produce testosterone, but CANNOT absorb external genetalia looks female
Gender dysphoria persists into ___
adulthood
Gendery dysphoria does not appear until...
after puberty
