Chapter 8 - Childhood Development
26. Understanding that gender is a stable, life-long characteristic is termed "gender stability." A) True B) False Difficulty: 1 QuestionID: 08-2-26 Page-Reference: 229 Skill: Knowledge
A) True
67. When 4-year-old Muhammed thinks of activities, behaviours, or personal characteristics as being "for mommy" or "for daddy," he is using A) gender schema. B) gender concepts. C) gender stereotypes. D) sex-typing. Difficulty: 1 QuestionID: 08-1-67 Page-Reference: 230 Skill: Analysis
A) gender schema.
47. When several children work together to accomplish a goal, it is referred to as A) solitary play. B) parallel play. C) associative play. D) cooperative play. Difficulty: 1 QuestionID: 08-1-47 Page-Reference: 218 Skill: Knowledge
D) cooperative play.
40. The optimum family structure for children's development is A) any structure that meets the child's needs. B) a structure that contains at least one biological parent. C) undetermined due to lack of research. D) two natural parents. Difficulty: 1 QuestionID: 08-1-40 Page-Reference: 214 Skill: Comprehension
D) two natural parents.
31. Which of the following is the best example of inductive discipline? A) Beverly's parents explained that she was being punished because it was wrong to take money from her mother's purse without permission. B) Jarod was punished for fighting even though the other child started the fight. C) As punishment for their careless mental mistakes during practice, the team had to run five extra laps. D) Mr. Smith said, "Because I said so!" when his daughters asked why they were forbidden to go to the mall. Difficulty: 2 QuestionID: 08-1-31 Page-Reference: 210 Skill: Analysis
A) Beverly's parents explained that she was being punished because it was wrong to take money from her mother's purse without permission.
16. Which of the following is an accurate statement about the attachment relationships of children in early childhood? A) In early childhood, the child's internal model of attachment appears to generalize and become a property of all the child's social relationships. B) A preschooler does not yet understand that relationships continue to exist in the absence of the attachment figure. C) Two- and three-year-olds who are securely attached to their parents are more likely than insecurely attached children to have positive relationships with their preschool teachers. D) The nature of the attachment relationship undergoes change at about age eight. Difficulty: 2 QuestionID: 08-1-16 Page-Reference: 205 Skill: Comprehension
A) In early childhood, the child's internal model of attachment appears to generalize and become a property of all the child's social relationships.
11. Although in decline, the dominant family structure in Canada is still children living with married parents. A) True B) False Difficulty: 1 QuestionID: 08-2-11 Page-Reference: 213 Skill: Knowledge
A) True
13. Children whose parents divorce have a higher risk of mental health problems in adulthood. A) True B) False Difficulty: 1 QuestionID: 08-2-13 Page-Reference: 216 Skill: Knowledge
A) True
14. Children living in step-families have higher rates of delinquency, behaviour problems in school, and lower grades than children in intact families. A) True B) False Difficulty: 1 QuestionID: 08-2-14 Page-Reference: 216 Skill: Knowledge
A) True
15. It is important to keep in mind that divorce is not a single variable, and many of the stressors that existed in a child's life before a divorce may continue to be present after divorce. Therefore, the developmental outcome for these children may have been the same had their parents stayed married. A) True B) False Difficulty: 1 QuestionID: 08-2-15 Page-Reference: 214-216 Skill: Comprehension
A) True
16. Most studies claim that child development hinges more on parental interaction than any other particular family formation. A) True B) False Difficulty: 1 QuestionID: 08-2-16 Page-Reference: 215 Skill: Knowledge
A) True
18. Remarriage does not resolve all family problems. A) True B) False Difficulty: 3 QuestionID: 08-2-18 Page-Reference: 217 Skill: Comprehension
A) True
20. The emerging field of epigenetics suggests that children come into the world with aggressive predispositions rather than starting out as "innocents" who acquire aggressiveness. A) True B) False Difficulty: 1 QuestionID: 08-2-20 Page-Reference: 222 Skill: Knowledge
A) True
21. A child who pushes her playmate away and grabs his toy is reinforced for her aggression because she gets the toy. A) True B) False Difficulty: 1 QuestionID: 08-2-21 Page-Reference: 219 Skill: Analysis
A) True
22. If a parent exhibits prosocial behaviour, the child will tend to exhibit the same behaviour. A) True B) False Difficulty: 1 QuestionID: 08-2-22 Page-Reference: 223-224 Skill: Knowledge
A) True
23. Prosocial attributions such as "You're such a helpful boy!" help to create an internalized pattern of prosocial behaviour that will persist throughout the individual's lifespan. A) True B) False Difficulty: 1 QuestionID: 08-2-23 Page-Reference: 223-224 Skill: Knowledge
A) True
24. Being a tomboy does not interfere with the development of a "feminine" personality in adulthood. A) True B) False Difficulty: 1 QuestionID: 08-2-24 Page-Reference: 233 Skill: Comprehension
A) True
27. The enabling style of interacting involves being supportive, expressing agreement, and making suggestions; it is commonly exhibited by girls. A) True B) False Difficulty: 1 QuestionID: 08-2-27 Page-Reference: 233 Skill: Knowledge
A) True
29. By age 6, most of the neurological changes that are precursors to lifelong learning, behaviour, and health are complete. A) True B) False Difficulty: 1 QuestionID: 08-2-29 Page-Reference: 238 Skill: Knowledge
A) True
3. By the age of 2 or 3, children seem to understand that violating a social convention, such as failing to say "thank you," is less serious than violating a moral rule, such as taking another child's toy without permission. A) True B) False Difficulty: 2 QuestionID: 08-2-03 Page-Reference: 203-204 Skill: Comprehension
A) True
6. The authoritative parenting style is high in nurturance, communication, clarity and consistency, and maturity demands. A) True B) False Difficulty: 1 QuestionID: 08-2-06 Page-Reference: 208 Skill: Knowledge
A) True
8. A Canadian study by Landy and Tam found that positive and supportive parenting can reduce the incidence of problems, especially for children in high-risk family situations such as low-income or parental depression. A) True B) False Difficulty: 1 QuestionID: 08-2-08 Page-Reference: 206 Skill: Knowledge
A) True
9. Roberta is a 3-year-old preschooler who has just written on the walls of her bedroom. Roberta knew this was not allowed. Her mother asks her to go to her "time out chair," and explains and reminds Roberta of what she has done and why she is being punished. This is an example of inductive discipline. A) True B) False Difficulty: 2 QuestionID: 08-2-09 Page-Reference: 210 Skill: Comprehension
A) True
45. Which of the following is a known persistent long-term negative consequence of divorce for children? A) a lack of financial resources and the emotional support to succeed in post-secondary education B) high counseling/therapy needs due to their perception of an "unhappy childhood" C) chronic immaturity and regressed behaviour due to a fear of growing up D) significantly higher rates of chosen lifelong single status or singlehood Difficulty: 1 QuestionID: 08-1-45 Page-Reference: 216 Skill: Knowledge
A) a lack of financial resources and the emotional support to succeed in post-secondary education
54. Behaviour intended to harm another person or an object is called A) aggression. B) friendship. C) cooperative play. D) prosocial behaviour. Difficulty: 1 QuestionID: 08-1-54 Page-Reference: 219 Skill: Knowledge
A) aggression.
64. Which of the following parental behaviours is NOT linked to higher rates of altruistic or prosocial behaviour in their children? A) allowing children to develop their own rules of behaviour B) providing parental models of altruistic behaviour C) having children do helpful things D) creating a loving and warm family environment Difficulty: 2 QuestionID: 08-1-64 Page-Reference: 224 Skill: Analysis
A) allowing children to develop their own rules of behaviour
23. According to Diana Baumrind, the ________ parent is high in control and maturity demands but low in nurturance and communication. A) authoritarian B) neglecting C) permissive D) authoritative Difficulty: 2 QuestionID: 08-1-23 Page-Reference: 207 Skill: Comprehension
A) authoritarian
70. The style of communicating that tends to derail, shorten or end interaction, inhibiting or causing partners to withdraw, is common among A) boys. B) girls. C) children under 12 years. D) adolescents. Difficulty: 1 QuestionID: 08-1-70 Page-Reference: 233 Skill: Knowledge
A) boys.
56. According to Richard Tremblay's research on aggression, which of the following correctly illustrates indirect aggression? A) calling someone who hurt your feelings "stupid" B) secretly tripping someone because you are mad at them C) shoving someone out of your way to get into the checkout line first D) bumping into someone purposely so that they fall against the wall Difficulty: 1 QuestionID: 08-1-56 Page-Reference: 220 Skill: Knowledge
A) calling someone who hurt your feelings "stupid"
38. When children live in households headed by both parents, stress levels _____________. A) decreased. B) stayed the same. C) increased. D) increased for families living in urban areas. Difficulty: 1 QuestionID: 08-1-38 Page-Reference: 214 Skill: Knowledge
A) decreased.
41. One factor which increases the impact of lone parenthood is A) gender of the parent. B) income level of the family. C) amount of contact with the non-custodial parent. D) age of the child. Difficulty: 2 QuestionID: 08-1-41 Page-Reference: 228 Skill: Knowledge
A) gender of the parent.
44. All of the following are known to be long-term effects experienced by children whose parents divorce EXCEPT A) higher rates of unmarried pregnancies. B) higher risk of mental health problems in adulthood. C) lack of financial and emotional support to succeed in college. D) fear of intimacy in relationships. Difficulty: 1 QuestionID: 08-1-44 Page-Reference: 216 Skill: Comprehension
A) higher rates of unmarried pregnancies.
52. Which item does not belong with the others in these descriptive characteristics of 3-year-old boys who have poor social relationships? A) inductive influences B) rejected by peers C) aggressive behaviour D) poor group-entry skills Difficulty: 2 QuestionID: 08-1-52 Page-Reference: 218 Skill: Knowledge
A) inductive influences
53. What differentiates aggression from rough play? A) intentionality B) if the participants aren't friends C) if the children have been told to stop and won't D) injuries Difficulty: 2 QuestionID: 08-1-53 Page-Reference: 219 Skill: Comprehension
A) intentionality
2. According to Erikson, a preschooler's development is centered on her A) new mobility and her accompanying desire for autonomy. B) identification with her mother and the resulting competition for her father. C) increased operational efficiency and the expanded capacity of cognitive short-term storage space. D) improved manipulative and locomotor skills. Difficulty: 1 QuestionID: 08-1-02 Page-Reference: 202 Skill: Knowledge
A) new mobility and her accompanying desire for autonomy.
48. Two preschoolers are sitting at a table side-by-side, and each is stacking a different set of blocks. They are engaged in ________ play. A) parallel B) associative C) first pretend D) sociodramatic Difficulty: 2 QuestionID: 08-1-48 Page-Reference: 218 Skill: Analysis
A) parallel
22. According to Diana Baumrind, the ________ parent is high in nurturance but low in maturity demands, control, and communication. A) permissive B) authoritarian C) neglecting D) authoritative Difficulty: 2 QuestionID: 08-1-22 Page-Reference: 208 Skill: Comprehension
A) permissive
10. Children who can classify other people into groups of those they "like" and those whom they do not, they are demonstrating A) person perception. B) perception-bound thought. C) egocentrism. D) reciprocity of relationships. Difficulty: 1 QuestionID: 08-1-10 Page-Reference: 203 Skill: Comprehension
A) person perception.
59. Aisha shouted, "Get up! I get to sit next to Daddy!" and then she pushed her sister. Aisha's behaviour is an example of ________ aggression. A) physical aggression B) social-cognitive C) frustration-synthesis D) hostile Difficulty: 2 QuestionID: 08-1-59 Page-Reference: 219 Skill: Analysis
A) physical aggression
34. In the four dimensions of parent-child interactions, the dimension that uses intimidation by shouting or by using physical punishment is called A) punitive/aversive. B) hostile/ineffective. C) positive. D) consistent. Difficulty: 1 QuestionID: 08-1-34 Page-Reference: 208 Skill: Comprehension
A) punitive/aversive.
11. Young children rely on two factors as they categorize or classify people: A) their most recent interactions with a person and that person's observable characteristics. B) the other person's moral rules and social graces. C) their own internal models of attachment and their metacognitions about the other person. D) their own powers of observation and previous social experiences with similar people. Difficulty: 2 QuestionID: 08-1-11 Page-Reference: 203 Skill: Comprehension
A) their most recent interactions with a person and that person's observable characteristics.
60. When 4-year-old Alexandra wants an item or an activity, she will attack her parents with her fists until they laughingly and protestingly give her what she wants. Her parents' decision to give into Alexandra's demands in this fashion A) will reinforce her behaviour and possibly create a long-lasting pattern of aggression and defiance. B) will be effective in teaching her prosocial behaviour because their behaviour will be a model for her. C) will eventually help her moderate and regulate her emotions by protecting her from frustration and unhappiness. D) is appropriate and understandable because unresolved conflict would not be an effective parenting strategy. Difficulty: 2 QuestionID: 08-1-60 Page-Reference: 219-220 Skill: Analysis
A) will reinforce her behaviour and possibly create a long-lasting pattern of aggression and defiance.
2. Discuss some ways that parents can lessen the negative effects of divorce on their children. Why will these techniques help lessen the trauma for children? Difficulty: 3 QuestionID: 08-4-02 Page-Reference: 215-217 Skill: Analysis
Answers will vary
3. What are the effects of poverty on children and families in Canada? What are the factors associated with poverty which result in these negative effects? Difficulty: 3 QuestionID: 08-4-03 Page-Reference: 237-238 Skill: Comprehension
Answers will vary
4. Discuss the concept and goals of discipline in child-rearing. What constitutes effective discipline? Is there a consensus regarding effective discipline practices? How do factors such as child temperament and parenting style affect discipline? What are the implications for child development? What is Canada's position on physical punishment? What is your personal opinion? Difficulty: 3 QuestionID: 08-4-04 Page-Reference: 209-211 Skill: Comprehension
Answers will vary
5. How do pre-schoolers learn about gendered behaviour? What are some examples of sex-typed behaviours of children in early childhood? What advice would you offer to parents for how to navigate gender development with their children? Difficulty: 3 QuestionID: 08-4-05 Page-Reference: 228-234 Skill: Comprehension
Answers will vary
Chapter 08 Essay Questions 1. You have been asked to talk to your community club about characteristics of effective parenting. Using the work of Diana Baumrind and others, develop a presentation that includes the following components: four common aspects or dimensions of family functioning; four widely cited styles or patterns of parenting; and a summary of the research on child outcomes as related to the dimensions of family functioning and parenting styles. Include examples and illustrations in your discussion. Difficulty: 3 QuestionID: 08-4-01 Page-Reference: 206-213 Skill: Application
Answers will vary
46. Which of the following is an explanation for the negative effects of divorce on children? A) Divorce reduces the financial and emotional resources available to support children, but does not affect the percentage that go on to post-secondary education. B) Divorce increases the likelihood that the family climate will shift away from authoritative parenting. C) Divorce does not cause long-lasting disruption in family functioning. D) Divorce terminates children's attachment bonds with the parent who leaves the home. Difficulty: 1 QuestionID: 08-1-46 Page-Reference: 217 Skill: Comprehension
B) Divorce increases the likelihood that the family climate will shift away from authoritative parenting.
12. In Canada, more than 15% of grandparents are now raising their grandchildren. A) True B) False Difficulty: 1 QuestionID: 08-2-12 Page-Reference: 214 Skill: Knowledge
B) False
17. The long-term negative effects of divorce are greater for boys than for girls. A) True B) False Difficulty: 2 QuestionID: 08-2-17 Page-Reference: 216-217 Skill: Comprehension
B) False
19. Children who play house are engaging in parallel play. A) True B) False Difficulty: 1 QuestionID: 08-2-19 Page-Reference: 218 Skill: Knowledge
B) False
2. Recent theory suggests that cognitive growth and social growth occur separately. A) True B) False Difficulty: 2 QuestionID: 08-2-02 Page-Reference: 203 Skill: Comprehension
B) False
25. The ability to label one's own gender correctly and to identify others as men and women is called "gender stability." A) True B) False Difficulty: 1 QuestionID: 08-2-25 Page-Reference: 229 Skill: Knowledge
B) False
28. A Canadian study showed that stereotyped ideas of sex-role knowledge do not start early in a child's development. You will be hard pressed to hear a 3-year-old say "Mommy cooks and Daddy fixes the car." A) True B) False Difficulty: 1 QuestionID: 08-2-28 Page-Reference: 230 Skill: Knowledge
B) False
4. The most consistently negative outcomes for children's behaviour and development have been associated with the authoritarian style of parenting. A) True B) False Difficulty: 2 QuestionID: 08-2-04 Page-Reference: 207-208 Skill: Analysis
B) False
5. The parenting style that is most likely to use inductive discipline is the authoritarian type. A) True B) False Difficulty: 1 QuestionID: 08-2-05 Page-Reference: 210 Skill: Knowledge
B) False
7. Theorists Maccoby and Martin completely rejected Baumrind's theory of parenting styles, and created their own four-step model which focuses on nurturance and demand. A) True B) False Difficulty: 2 QuestionID: 08-2-07 Page-Reference: 207 Skill: Knowledge
B) False
Chapter 08 True-False Questions 1. According to Erikson, the challenges of the autonomy versus shame stage of early childhood are triggered by disruptions in the child's attachment bond with her parents. A) True B) False Difficulty: 1 QuestionID: 08-2-01 Page-Reference: 202 Skill: Comprehension
B) False
26. The parenting style that is quite militant, where there are high levels of demand and control, and low levels of warmth and communication, is the ________ type. A) permissive B) authoritarian C) authoritative D) uninvolved Difficulty: 1 QuestionID: 08-1-26 Page-Reference: 207 Skill: Comprehension
B) authoritarian
9. By age 5, children are more likely to remember the faces of people of their own race than those of people of a different race. This phenomenon is called A) racial-bias effect. B) cross-race effect. C) ethnocentric effect. D) similarity-difference effect. Difficulty: 2 QuestionID: 08-1-09 Page-Reference: 203 Skill: Comprehension
B) cross-race effect.
57. When children are 4 to 8 years old, their physical aggression ________. A) remains the same B) decreases C) increases D) is directed only toward peers Difficulty: 1 QuestionID: 08-1-57 Page-Reference: 219-220 Skill: Comprehension
B) decreases
18. Which of the following is NOT a dimension of family functioning as conceptualized by Diana Baumrind in her study of parenting styles? A) warmth or nurturance B) discipline C) clear and consistent rules D) maturity demands Difficulty: 1 QuestionID: 08-1-18 Page-Reference: 206 Skill: Knowledge
B) discipline
33. In the four dimensions of parent-child interactions, the dimension that uses sarcasm, insults, and mixes anger with punishment is called A) punitive/aversive. B) hostile/ineffective. C) positive. D) consistent. Difficulty: 1 QuestionID: 08-1-33 Page-Reference: 208 Skill: Comprehension
B) hostile/ineffective.
8. Yelena, age 7, says her best friend Ashley is the prettiest, smartest, nicest girl in the class. Yelena's description demonstrates the new found skill of early childhood called A) social judgment. B) person perception. C) meaning in friendship. D) observation and categorization. Difficulty: 2 QuestionID: 08-1-08 Page-Reference: 203 Skill: Application
B) person perception.
62. Behaviour intended to help another person is called A) aggression. B) prosocial behaviour. C) instrumental aggression. D) positivity. Difficulty: 1 QuestionID: 08-1-62 Page-Reference: 223 Skill: Knowledge
B) prosocial behaviour.
Chapter 08: Social and Personality Development in Early Childhood Chapter 08 Multiple-Choice Questions 1. Freud's view of children's development during the preschool years focused on ________ development. A) psychosocial B) psychosexual C) psychocognitive D) psychophysical Difficulty: 1 QuestionID: 08-1-01 Page-Reference: 202 Skill: Knowledge
B) psychosexual
65. The behaviour expected for males and females in a given culture is known as A) gender concepts. B) sex roles. C) gender constancy theory. D) gender schema theory. Difficulty: 1 QuestionID: 08-1-65 Page-Reference: 228 Skill: Comprehension
B) sex roles.
14. Shaking hands with another person when you meet them is an example of a(n) A) moral rule. B) social convention. C) understanding of others' intentions. D) person perception. Difficulty: 1 QuestionID: 08-1-14 Page-Reference: 203 Skill: Knowledge
B) social convention.
7. When children in early childhood categorize their peers into those who are "nice" and those who are "not nice", they are exhibiting A) person perception. B) social-cognitive theory. C) information-processing theory. D) cognitive development theory. Difficulty: 2 QuestionID: 08-1-07 Page-Reference: 203 Skill: Application
B) social-cognitive theory.
63. Which of the following is an example of prosocial behaviour that is characteristic of a preschooler? A) helping a friend solve a problem B) trying to comfort another child who appears hurt or sad C) holding open a door so that a heavily laden person can pass through D) volunteering to give no-longer-used toys to a needy child Difficulty: 2 QuestionID: 08-1-63 Page-Reference: 223-224 Skill: Analysis
B) trying to comfort another child who appears hurt or sad
55. Which of the following is NOT a reason why children's physical aggression decreases across the preschool years? A) As children improve their cognitive skills, they are less frustrated and are therefore less likely to act aggressively. B) As their egocentrism declines, children are increasingly able to understand other children's thoughts and feelings. C) Children come to understand that prosocial, altruistic behaviour will accomplish their desires more effectively than aggressive behaviour. D) The development of dominance hierarchies and the corresponding knowledge of each other's place in the pecking order serve to reduce physical aggression. Difficulty: 2 QuestionID: 08-1-55 Page-Reference: 219-220 Skill: Comprehension
C) Children come to understand that prosocial, altruistic behaviour will accomplish their desires more effectively than aggressive behaviour.
43. In the first few years after divorce, children show all of the following characteristics EXCEPT A) school performance usually declines. B) more aggressive, defiant, or negative behaviour. C) a greater likelihood of experimenting with drugs and alcohol in pre-adolescence (10-12). D) a greater likelihood of engaging in criminal behaviour in adolescence (13-19). Difficulty: 1 QuestionID: 08-1-43 Page-Reference: 216 Skill: Knowledge
C) a greater likelihood of experimenting with drugs and alcohol in pre-adolescence (10-12).
42. Children of same-sex parents A) experience sex-role identity confusion. B) are less psychologically healthy than their peers. C) are likely to be heterosexual. D) are more intelligent than their peers. Difficulty: 1 QuestionID: 08-1-42 Page-Reference: 214-215 Skill: Comprehension
C) are likely to be heterosexual.
49. Borrowing a crayon is an example of ________ play. A) psychosocial B) parallel C) associative D) solitary Difficulty: 2 QuestionID: 08-1-49 Page-Reference: 233 Skill: Analysis
C) associative
25. Which parenting style is linked to the best outcome for the child? A) uninvolved B) authoritarian C) authoritative D) permissive Difficulty: 2 QuestionID: 08-1-25 Page-Reference: 206-209 Skill: Comprehension
C) authoritative
3. The preschool years, from age 2 to 6, include which two of Erikson's stages of development? A) oral; anal B) trust versus mistrust; identity development versus confusion C) autonomy versus shame and doubt; initiative versus guilt D) vertical relationships; horizontal relationships Difficulty: 1 QuestionID: 08-1-03 Page-Reference: 202 Skill: Knowledge
C) autonomy versus shame and doubt; initiative versus guilt
51. Group-entry skills are important if a child is to engage in ________ play. A) dialogic B) parallel C) cooperative D) sensorimotor Difficulty: 2 QuestionID: 08-1-51 Page-Reference: 218 Skill: Analysis
C) cooperative
58. Jill calls her friend "stupid" because it hurts the friend's feelings and makes her cry. Jill's behaviour is an example of ________ aggression. A) instrumental B) inductive C) indirect D) frustration-synthesis Difficulty: 2 QuestionID: 08-1-58 Page-Reference: 219 Skill: Analysis
C) indirect
32. Parents' explaining why a punished behaviour is wrong is called A) uninvolved discipline. B) permissive discipline. C) inductive discipline. D) hostile discipline. Difficulty: 1 QuestionID: 08-1-32 Page-Reference: 210-211 Skill: Knowledge
C) inductive discipline.
68. If Ravi has gender stability, then he A) knows Mommy will still be a girl even if she wears Daddy's cap and overalls and does Daddy's job of changing the oil in the car. B) has recently begun to think of activities and personal characteristics as "for girls" or "for boys." C) knows he will grow up and be a daddy. D) must be about 2 years old. Difficulty: 3 QuestionID: 08-1-68 Page-Reference: 232 Skill: Analysis
C) knows he will grow up and be a daddy.
29. Maccoby and Martin conceptualized parenting on the dimensions of ________ and ________. A) the child's form of attachment; the child's maturity level B) communication; discipline C) level of control or demand; level of acceptance D) the parent's personality; the child's temperament Difficulty: 1 QuestionID: 08-1-29 Page-Reference: 207 Skill: Comprehension
C) level of control or demand; level of acceptance
30. Neglectful or uninvolved parenting may have its origins in A) the immaturity of the parents. B) inadequate bonding time between parent and child. C) parental depression or overwhelming stress. D) low socioeconomic status. Difficulty: 1 QuestionID: 08-1-30 Page-Reference: 208 Skill: Knowledge
C) parental depression or overwhelming stress.
66. Social-cognitive theorists have emphasized the role of ________ in shaping children's sex-role behaviour and attitudes. A) peers B) media C) parents D) story books Difficulty: 1 QuestionID: 08-1-66 Page-Reference: 228 Skill: Knowledge
C) parents
50. When Ginette plays alone, she especially likes to arrange and talk to her collection of toy horses. This is a form of play known as ________ play. A) parallel B) sociodramatic C) solitary D) dialogic Difficulty: 2 QuestionID: 08-1-50 Page-Reference: 218 Skill: Analysis
C) solitary
37. In Canada, the dominant family structure is A) the lone-parent family. B) the divorced family. C) the two-parent family in which the couple is married. D) the two-parent family in which the couple is living common-law. Difficulty: 1 QuestionID: 08-1-37 Page-Reference: 213 Skill: Knowledge
C) the two-parent family in which the couple is married.
21. Authoritarian and authoritative parents would vary most widely on which of the following dimensions of parenting? A) control B) expectations C) warmth and nurturance D) maturity demands Difficulty: 1 QuestionID: 08-1-21 Page-Reference: 207-208 Skill: Comprehension
C) warmth and nurturance
17. Positive parenting practices tended to reduce aggressive behaviours by age 25 to ______% A) 25 B) 30 C) 42 D) 52 Difficulty: 2 QuestionID: 08-1-17 Page-Reference: 206 Skill: Knowledge
D) 52
36. In Canada, approximately what percentage of children aged 0 to 4 years live in two-parent homes? A) 38% B) 72% C) 50% D) 77% Difficulty: 1 QuestionID: 08-1-36 Page-Reference: 213 Skill: Knowledge
D) 77%
15. Which of the following is NOT a true statement about preschoolers' social-cognitive perspectives? A) Preschoolers may demonstrate an understanding that intentional wrongdoing deserves greater punishment than accidental violations of rules. B) By kindergarten age, a child can demonstrate person perception by identifying her smartest playmate. C) Preschoolers' judgments about others may be inconsistent because they may be based on the child's most recent interactions with the person being judged. D) Preschoolers are generally unable to differentiate between violations of social conventions and violations of moral rules. Difficulty: 2 QuestionID: 08-1-15 Page-Reference: 203 Skill: Comprehension
D) Preschoolers are generally unable to differentiate between violations of social conventions and violations of moral rules.
27. Children whose parents use the authoritative parenting style tend to A) be more compliant. B) have high self-esteem. C) be independent. D) all of the above Difficulty: 1 QuestionID: 08-1-27 Page-Reference: 207 Skill: Comprehension
D) all of the above
28. Chao and Willms' research found that the largest proportion of Canadian parents were A) authoritarian. B) permissive. C) enmeshed. D) authoritative. Difficulty: 2 QuestionID: 08-1-28 Page-Reference: 208 Skill: Comprehension
D) authoritative.
19. Canadian research indicates that children in high-risk family situations A) outgrow their behaviour problems by adolescence. B) always have behaviour problems. C) are more empathetic to other children with family problems. D) benefit from positive and nurturing parents. Difficulty: 2 QuestionID: 08-1-19 Page-Reference: 206 Skill: Knowledge
D) benefit from positive and nurturing parents.
61. All of the following factors have been suggested as explanations for children's aggression EXCEPT A) frustration. B) modelling. C) reinforcement. D) classical conditioning. Difficulty: 2 QuestionID: 08-1-61 Page-Reference: 221 Skill: Comprehension
D) classical conditioning.
69. A style of communicating that involves suggestions, support, and agreement between the participants is called ________, and this style is typically used between ________. A) sex-typed; age-peers unequal in social status B) constricting; boys C) facilitating; peers D) enabling; girls Difficulty: 1 QuestionID: 08-1-69 Page-Reference: 233 Skill: Comprehension
D) enabling; girls
5. A central theme that emerges from both Freud's and Erikson's views of development during the preschool period is that A) language, cognition, and motor skills are developmentally intertwined, and one aspect of development supports other aspects of development. B) the basis for children's social and personality development is their cognitive development. C) children's sexual development is triggered by social and emotional interactions with peers. D) families must balance their children's emerging skills and desire for autonomy with the parental need to protect and control their children. Difficulty: 1 QuestionID: 08-1-05 Page-Reference: 202 Skill: Comprehension
D) families must balance their children's emerging skills and desire for autonomy with the parental need to protect and control their children.
24. The permissive parenting style consists of A) low nurturance and high communication. B) high control and low communication. C) low maturity demands and low nurturance. D) high nurturance and low maturity demands, control, and communication. Difficulty: 1 QuestionID: 08-1-24 Page-Reference: 208 Skill: Comprehension
D) high nurturance and low maturity demands, control, and communication.
20. Children whose parents have high maturity demands, compared to children whose parents have low expectations, possess all of the following characteristics EXCEPT A) more altruism. B) more generosity. C) higher self-esteem. D) more noncompliance. Difficulty: 1 QuestionID: 08-1-20 Page-Reference: 206-209 Skill: Knowledge
D) more noncompliance.
6. Concerning child poverty, the Early Years Study recommended A) school-based breakfast programs. B) increased food and shelter allowances for poor families. C) stricter enforcement of child-welfare laws. D) radical social policy change to support young children. Difficulty: 1 QuestionID: 08-1-06 Page-Reference: 237-238 Skill: Knowledge
D) radical social policy change to support young children.
4. The developmental ability that initiates the developmental crisis of initiative versus guilt is A) the ability to see another's point of view. B) altruism. C) social referencing. D) the ability to plan. Difficulty: 2 QuestionID: 08-1-04 Page-Reference: 202 Skill: Knowledge
D) the ability to plan.
12. Researchers have found that children begin to respond differently to violations of social conventions and moral rules between the ages of __________________. A) 2 and 3 B) 6 and 7 C) 1 and 2 D) 4 and 5 Difficulty: 1 QuestionID: 08-1-12 Page-Reference: 203 Skill: Knowledge
A) 2 and 3
35. In Canada, approximately what percentage of children aged 0 to 4 years live in lone-parent homes? A) 8% B) 16% C) 19% D) 22% Difficulty: 1 QuestionID: 08-1-35 Page-Reference: 213 Skill: Knowledge
B) 16%
13. By the age of ________, children may say that it is more wrong for a child to hit another person than it is to forget to say "please." A) 1 year B) 2 to 3 years C) 6 years D) 4 to 5 years Difficulty: 2 QuestionID: 08-1-13 Page-Reference: 203-204 Skill: Comprehension
B) 2 to 3 years
10. Inductive discipline is a negative parenting strategy in which parents instruct the child in a never-ending list of demands in order to help the child meet their intended goals. A) True B) False Difficulty: 1 QuestionID: 08-2-10 Page-Reference: 210 Skill: Knowledge
B) False
39. Parents who tend to be vulnerable to a range of problems (e.g., higher rates of emotional disorders, chronic stress, etc.) fall under the category of A) custodial grandparents. B) lone parents. C) gay parents. D) lesbian parents. Difficulty: 1 QuestionID: 08-1-39 Page-Reference: 214 Skill: Knowledge
B) lone parents.
71. Tomas likes to play dress-up and wear his Mom's clothes. He rarely plays with the other boys outside, preferring to be in the company of his two sisters. Tommy exhibits A) an enabling style. B) instrumental aggression. C) cross-gender behaviour. D) gender constancy. Difficulty: 1 QuestionID: 08-1-71 Page-Reference: 233 Skill: Analysis
C) cross-gender behaviour.