Chapter 8: Information Flow - Translation: 1) Language Of Translation

20 outcomes from the 64 possible codons are sense codons.

20 outcomes from the 64 possible codons are _______ (nonsense of sense) codons.

A degenerate code contains wobble.

A degenerate code contains _________.

64 possible codons

How many codons are possible?

3 nonsense codons

How many nonsense (stop) codons come from the 64 possible codons?

21 possible outcomes

How many possible outcomes come from the 64 possible codons?

1) DNA - TAC 2) mRNA - AUG 3) tRNA - UAC

List an anticodon from tRNA that corresponds with codons from DNA and mRNA (start with the start codon from mRNA): 1) DNA - _____ 2) mRNA - AUG 3) tRNA - _____

1) UAA (U Are Away) 2) UAG (U Are Going) 3) UGA (U Go Away)

List three stop codons that come from the 64 possible codons (name the acronym that corresponds to each nonsense codon): 1) 2) 3)

1) UUU (= Phe) (U Ugly Umbrella) 2) UUC (= Phe) (U Ugly Cat)

List two Phe (Phenylalanine) outcomes from the 64 possible codons (name the acronym that corresponds to each Phe outcome): 1) 2)

Most amino acids are signaled by several alternative codons, a situation referred to as the degeneracy of the code.

Most amino acids are signaled by several alternative codons, a situation referred to as the ___________ (degeneracy or regeneracy) of the code.

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Name four possible outcomes from the 64 possible codons. 1) 2) 3) 4) (Any from the codon chart pictured above, except stop codons and Phe codons)

1) Alanine 2) Cysteine 3) Glutamine 4) Histidine 5) Lysine 6) Tryptophan

Name some amino acids: 1) 2) 3) 4) 5) 6)

1) Met = Eukaryotes 2) f-Met = Prokaryotes

Name the corresponding methionines for Eukaryotes and Prokaryotes: 1) ______ = Eukaryotes 2) ______ = Prokaryotes

Nonsense codons do not code for an amino acid.

Nonsense codons ____ (do or do not) code for an __________ (enzyme or amino acid).

Of the 64 possible codons, 61 are sense codons and 3 are nonsense codons.

Of the ____ (64 or 61) possible codons, ____ (64 or 61) are sense codons, and ____ (#?) are nonsense codons.

False - Proteins get longer as amino acids are added, until a nonsense (stop) codon is reached.

T or F: Amino acids get longer as proteins are added, until a sense codon is reached.

True

T or F: The last outcome of the 64 possible codons is nonsense (stop) codons.

The first mRNA codon that initiates the synthesis of the protein molecule is AUG.

The first mRNA codon that initiates the synthesis of the protein molecule is ______.

Amino acid

What do sense codons code for?

Methionine

What does the first mRNA codon, AUG, code for?

The process of translation stops

What happens once a nonsense (stop) codon is reached during translation?

61 sense codons = 20 amino acids

____ (64 or 61) sense codons = ____ (20 or 21) amino acids

mRNA has a codon that matches to a tRNA anticodon.

______ (rRNA, mRNA, or tRNA) has a codon that matches to a _______ (rRNA, mRNA, or tRNA) anticodon.

Anticodon is a sequence of three bases that are complementary to a codon

________ (Codon or Anticodon) is a sequence of three bases that are complementary to a codon