Chapter 8 Joints of the Skeletal System
Synovial joints are freely movable and therefore are classified as ______ joints.
diarthrotic
in order to walk on your heels, you must _________ your ankle.
dorsiflex
Movement at the ankle that brings the foot closer to the shin is called
dorsiflexion
A movement that increases the angle between bones at a joint, moving them farther apart, is called ______ of the joint.
extension
Straightening a bent knee is an example of ______ of a joint.
extension
The movement that results in straightening a bent elbow is an example of _________.
extension
True or false: The fixed end of a muscle is the insertion.
false
An extension is a movement where bones or body parts are moved ______.
farther from each other
The hip joint consists of the head of the ________ and the acetabulum of the pelvis.
femur
The bone ends within a ________ joint are held together by dense connective tissue.
fibrous
Match each letter with the correct structure within a synovial joint- A
fibrous capsule
Two of the ligaments that stabilize the knee joint are the _______ collateral ligament and the _________ collateral ligament.
fibular, tibial
Two of the ligaments that stabilize the knee joint are the ________ collateral ligament and the __________ collateral ligament.
fibular, tibial
Bending your elbow is an example of ______ a joint.
flexing
A movement that decreases the angle of a joint, bringing the bones closer together, is called
flexion
Bending your knee is an example of what type of movement?
flexion
The two articulating surfaces of the hip joint are the _______ of the femur and the ___________ of the hip bone.
head, acetabulum
The two articulating surfaces of the hip joint are the ________ of the femur and the ________ of the hip bone.
head, acetabulum
The elbow joint contains two articulations. The articulation between the trochlea and trochlear notch is a ______ joint.
hinge
When considering the classification of joints based on the shape of the articulating bone ends, the knee functions as a type of synovial joint called a modified _______ joint.
hinge
a __________ joint consists of the convex surface of one bone fitting into the concave surface of another.
hinge
What joint only allows for movement in one plane (uniaxial) that is described as a bending and straightening motion?
hinge joint
The shoulder joint is a ball-and-socket joint. The articulating surface that is in the shape of a "ball" is the head of the _______ . The "socket" is formed by the ________ cavity of the scapula.
humerus, glenoid
What connects the bones in cartilaginous joints?
hyaline cartilage
In order to stretch your leg straight out behind you, you must ______ your hip joint.
hyperextend
Extending a joint beyond anatomical position is referred to as ______ of a joint.
hyperextension
Tilting your head back to look up to the sky is an example of ______ of the atlantooccipital joint.
hyperextension
When a muscle contracts, its fibers pull its movable end, which is also called the ______.
insertion
Both the anterior and posterior cruciate ligaments originate from the area of the tibia and connect to a condyle of the femur.
intercondylar
In general, wherever two bones come together, a junction called a(n) _________ is formed.
joint
Which joint is a plane joint?
joint between femur and patella
The ______ of a synovial joint encloses the joint and prevents bone ends from being pulled apart.
joint capsule
The menisci found in some synovial joints are attached to the ______ at the periphery of the joint cavity.
joint capsule
glen-
joint socket
Changes in collagen in joints due to aging result in ______.
joint stiffness
What is the major age-related change that occurs in joints that is an early sign of aging?
joint stiffness due to changes in collagen structure
The femoropatellar articulation is part of the ______ joint.
knee
Which joint functions as a modified hinge joint?
knee
The patellar, arcuate popliteal, and oblique popliteal ligaments are ligaments that stabilize the ______.
knee joint
The anterior cruciate ligament of the knee originates in the anterior intercondylar area of the tibia and extends to the ________ condyle of the femur. Similarly, the posterior cruciate ligament of the knee originates in the posterior intercondylar area of the tibia and extends to the ________ condyle of
lateral, medial
At synovial joints, the joint capsule is reinforced by _________ that help stabilize the joint and bind together the bone ends.
ligaments
What connects two bones together in a synovial joint?
ligaments
Even though it is relatively thin, the joint capsule of the knee is greatly strengthened by many __________ and the ___________ of several muscles.
ligaments, tendons
Describe the location of synovial membranes.
lining joint capsules
The synovial _________ lines the joint capsules of synovial joints.
membrane
Some synovial joints contain fibrocartilage discs called ______.
menisci
Structures called __________ that are found in some synovial joints cushion the articulating surfaces and help distribute body weight at joints such as the knee.
menisci
What structures of the knee joint function to separate and align the articular surfaces within the joint capsule?
menisci
Hyperextension is ______.
movement beyond anatomical position
What is an example of plantar flexion?
moving the foot away from the shin
A type of synovial joint called a ---------- joint consists of articulating surfaces that are nearly flat and are slightly curved.
plane
The patellofemoral joint is a ______ joint.
plane
In order to stand on your toes, your ankle needs to undergo ______.
plantar flexion
What is the name of the movement of the ankle that moves the foot away from the shin and points the toes downward?
plantar flexion
anul-
ring
In addition to flexion and extension, the modified hinge articulation at the knee joint also allows a certain degree of __________ when the knee is flexed.
rotation
What is one of the six types of synovial joint classifications?
saddle
A freely movable joint enclosed in a joint capsule is classified as a ______ joint.
synovial
The structural (not functional) classification of a freely movable joint enclosed in a joint capsule is a(n) _________ joint.
synovial
Match each letter with the correct structure within a synovial joint- D
synovial fluid
The synovial membrane synthesizes ______.
synovial fluid
Which of these structures functions to lubricate the joint and nourish the structures in the joint? It also contains stem cells for tissue repair.
synovial fluid
Match each letter with the correct structure within a synovial joint- B
synovial membrane
The inner layer of a joint capsule is the _________ __________ , a shiny, vascular lining of loose connective tissue.
synovial membrane
Using this generalized diagram of a synovial joint, identify the layer indicated by the arrows.
synovial membrane
The joint capsule of the knee is ______ and ______ reinforced by muscles and ligaments.
thin, is
In the knee joint, the femur articulates with the _________ and the patella.
tibia
True or False: Synovial joints are freely movable and are therefore classified as diarthrotic joints.
true
Plantar flexion is used to ______.
walk on your toes
Dorsiflexion is used in what motion?
walking on heels
Dorsiflexion is used in what motion?
walking on the heels
What functions are served by the menisci found in some synovial joints?
To help distribute body weight.
What is the role of the cruciate ligaments of the knee?
To prevent displacement of the articulating surfaces of the femur and tibia.
What best describes the surface of the articulating bones in a plane joint?
Two articulating flat surfaces slide over one another.
The hip joint is an articulation between what two bony structures? 1. linea aspera of femur 2. head of the femur 3. obturator foramen of pelvis 4. acetabulum of pelvis
2, 3
Choose all the features of the synovial membrane. 1. It is made of specialized epithelial tissue. 2. It can store adipose tissue. 3. It is only a few cells thick. 4. It may have villi, folds, and projections 5. It secretes and reabsorbs synovial fluid. 6. It produces the articular cartilage.
2, 3, 4, 5
Which movements are allowed at the knee? 1. elevation 2. extension 3. adduction 4. flexion 5. abduction
2, 4
What best describes the surface of the articulating bones in a hinge joint?
A convex surface of one bone fits into the concave surface of another.
What is a bursa?
A fluid-filled sac that decreases friction between two structures.
What best describes the surface of the articulating bones in a condylar joint?
An ovoid condyle on one bone end and an elliptical cavity on the other.
What types of movement is characteristic of a hinge joint?
It allows for a bending and straightening movement; it is uniaxial.
Where does the fluid found within the synovial joint cavity come from?
It is secreted by the synovial membrane.
What type of joint connect bones with hyaline cartilage or fibrocartilage?
a cartilaginous joint
What best describes the surfaces of bones in a ball-and-socket joint?
a globular head articulating with a deep cup
What type of articulation forms between the head of the radius and the capitulum of the humerus in the elbow joint?
a plane articulation
When you spread your fingers apart, you are ______ them.
abducting
Lifting your arm horizontally to form a right angle with the side of the body involves a movement called _________ of the arm.
abduction
Moving a part away from the midline of the body or the axial line of a limb is called
abduction
Dorsiflexion is a movement of the ______ that brings the foot closer to the ______.
ankle; shin
The word root ______ means ring and the word root ______ means bag or purse.
anul-; burs-
The thin layer of hyaline cartilage covering the ends of bones in a synovial joint is called _________ cartilage.
articular
Match each letter with the correct structure within a synovial joint- C
articular cartilage
A functional junction between bones is called a(n) ______.
articulation
Abduction is defined as a movement of a limb ______ the midline of the body.
away from
burs-
bag, purse
A synovial joint consisting of a bone with an egg-shaped head that articulates with the cup-shaped cavity of another bone is called a ______ joint.
ball-and-socket
Fluid-filled sacs associated with synovial joints are called
bursae
The joint, or articular _________, of a synovial joint encloses the joint and prevents bone ends from being pulled apart
capsule
Flexion is a movement where the two bones or parts of the body are moved ______ each other.
closer to
A ______ joint consists of one ovoid bone end that fits into the elliptical cavity of another bone.
condylar
There are six major types of synovial joints based on their shapes and the movements they permit ball-and-socket joints, __________ joints, plane joints, __________ joints, pivot joints, and saddle joints.
condylar, hinge
The lateral and medial menisci of the knee form depressions upon the condyles of the tibia that fit the corresponding ______ of the femur.
condyles
Where is articular cartilage located?
covering the bone ends in a synovial joint
The two ________ ligaments (anterior and posterior) serve to prevent displacement of the articulating surfaces of the knee joint.
cruciate
The two __________ ligaments (anterior and posterior) serve to prevent displacement of the articulating surfaces of the knee joint.
cruciate
What holds bones ends together within a fibrous joint?
dense connective tissue
What two bony structures articulate to make the shoulder joint? 1. head of the humerus 2. greater tubercle of the humerus 3. glenoid cavity of the scapula 4. acromion process of the scapula
1, 3
Indicate three functions of the synovial fluid. 1. It contains stem cells. 2. It helps distribute body weight onto the surfaces of the joint. 3. It provides nutrients to the articular cartilage. 4. It contains hemoglobin to provide oxygen to joint structures. 5. It moistens and lubricates the cartilaginous surfaces in the joint.
1, 3, 5
