Chapter 8 NOTES
Hormonal sequence that triggers puberty:
the hypothalamus releases a hormone that stimulates the pituitary gland to produce its own hormones, which cause the ovaries in girls and testes in boys to grow and secrete estrogens and testosterone, producing the physical changes of puberty
Physical changes for girls during puberty: for boys during puberty:
the uterus grows, the vagina lengthens, the hips develop a cushion of fat, the vocal cords get longer, the heart gets bigger, and RBCs carry more oxygen, and we become much stronger after puberty. penis and testes growth, voice changes, body hair growth, growth spurt 8 inches compared to 4 inches in girls, stronger because of increased muscle mass, heart's weight increase, more RBCs and oxygen in them compared to girls, big chest, wide shoulders, muscular frame, boost in gross motor skills good for sports, crackly voice from growing larynx, beginning of facial hair, ear and nose growth, acne more than girls
In our culture, we downplay puberty because ____ . In traditional societies, people may celebrate these changes in a ceremony called the ____ .
we don't want teenagers to act on their sexual feelings for years puberty rite
You noticed that your 11-year-old cousin is going from looking like a child to looking like a young woman. (a) Outline the three-phase hormonal sequence that is setting off the physical changes. (b) Name the three classes of hormones involved in puberty.
(a) The initial hypothalamic hormone triggers the pituitary to produce its hormones, which cause the ovaries and testes to mature and produce their hormones, which, in turn, produce the body changes. (b) Estrogens, Testosterone, and the Adrenal Androgens
Examples of puberty rite rituals:
* Children are asked to perform tasks * Amazon males were asked to kill a large animal to become "warriors", and then "die" by drinking a hallucinogen and then "be born again" as an adult * Masai of Africa males undergo circumcision without showing distress, and after passing this they enter a compound to learn military skills, and return to take wives * Navajo Kinaalda females sprint for miles in a long-distance running ritual, which signalized how long they would live based on how far they got * the girl's body was massaged, painted face, and supervised as she prepared a corn cake for fertility * since believed to possess spiritual powers during menstruating, everyone gathers around and gives her a new adult name
The average age that females have sex is ____ . males ____ .
17.8 18
Boys reach puberty ___ years later than girls, but reach spermarche only ____ months after females reach menarche.
2 6
Binge eating disorder affects ___ in 100 people. Bulimia affects ___ in 100 people. Anorexia nervosa affects ____ in 1,000 people.
3 2.6 8
___ % of girls, and ____ % of boys reported that their first sexual encounter was with a steady partner. Others who reported that their first encounter was with a nonromantic sexual partner, ___ out of 4 reported it to be with a close friend.
70 56 3
Testosterone in males is approximately ____ times higher after puberty than it is in girls.
8
You are on an international advisory committee charged with developing programs to help children cope emotionally with puberty. What recommendations might you make?
Pay special attention to providing nurturing schools in sixth and seventh grade. Push for more adequate, "honest" puberty education at a younger age, possibly in a format such as online, where children can talk anonymously about their concerns. Institute a public awareness program encouraging parents to talk about puberty with a same-sex child. Encourage mothers to speak positively about menstruation and have dads discuss events such as spermarche with sons. Make everyone alert to the dangers associated with being an early-maturing girl and develop formal interventions targeted to this "at-risk" group. Institute sensitive, school based "respect your body" discussions (based on the UNESCO guidelines) for children, beginning in the early elementary school years.
In contrast to earlier times, give the main reason why our culture can't celebrate puberty today.
Today, puberty occurs a decade or more before we can fully reach adult life.
(T/F) Body insecurity issues may come from biological forces, and hormonal changes cause them to be sensitive to social cues.
True
(T/F) Boys who develop early are more likely to abuse substances, but provides popularity and a self-esteem boost. (T/F) Girls who develop early are at a higher risk for depression due to bullying by others.
True True
What two command centers is puberty controlled by?
adrenal androgens: releases hormones at 6-8, located in adrenal glands at top of kidneys, responsible for pubic hair development, skin changes, body odor, and sexual desire HPG axis: kicks in 2 years later, involves the hypothalamus, the pituitary glands, and the gonads, produces the major body changes
When a mother asks you when her son may experience his first sexual feelings, you should answer? around age 10, before the physical signs of puberty occur around age 13 or 14 in the middle of puberty toward the end of puberty
around age 10, before the physical signs of puberty occur
Imagine you are designing a "model" sex-education program. According to this section, you should focus on: a. encouraging abstinence b. providing information about birth control and STDs c. discussing how to have loving relationships
c. discussing how to have loving relationships
Although it seems as if boys just want sex, and girls are looking for a committed relationship, most teens reported that:
feeling emotionally intimate was the main deciding factor, and it was just as difficult for guys than girls.
Kimberly, an eleventh grader, tells you, "I am ugly," but knows she is terrific in sports and academics. According to Harter's studies, is Kimberly likely to have high or low self-esteem?
low self-esteem
During puberty, instead of cephalocaudal and proximodistal growth sequences, what happens?
the hands, feet, and legs grow first- especially in boys, along with ear and nose growth before the rest of his face
When does sexual desire begin?
Although scientists had long assumed that the answer was during puberty, when testosterone is pumping through the body, research with homosexual adults caused them to rethink this idea. When gay women and men were asked to recall the age when they first realized that they were attracted to a person of the same sex—their responses centered around age 10. At that age the output of the adrenal androgens is rising but testosterone production has not yet fully geared up. So, our first sexual feelings seem programmed by the adrenal androgens and appear before we undergo the visible changes of puberty, by about fourth grade.
Based simply on knowing a child's puberty timetable, spell out who is most at risk of getting into trouble (ex. doing drugs or having unprotected sex) as a teen.
An early maturing girl
In regards to anorexia nervosa, what are the 2 primary factors?
Being 85% of your ideal body weight, and leptin levels becoming too low to support fertility- stop menstruating
Kendra has recently begun to menstruate. Calista has just shot up in height. Carl is developing facial hair. Statistically speaking, which child is at the beginning of puberty?
Calista
Pick which three female teens seem protected from developing an eating disorder: Cotonya whose role model is Beyonce Carolina who has high self-efficacy Cora who has a twin brother Connie who exercises for an hour every day
Cotonya, Caroline, and Cora (We don't know about Connie- but, if she obsessively exercises just to stay thin, she might be at a higher risk)
What is a generally effective treatment for eating disorders?
Dialectic Behavior Therapy, which teaches meditation as well as strategies to promote self-efficacy
(T/F) Eating disorders are very hard to treat.
False (new research suggests eating disorders are treatable) ??? what ???
(T/F) Susan Harter found that the driving factor of adolescents being unhappy with themselves is their personality.
False; it's their looks, such as weight.
Amy is regularly on a diet, trying for that barbie-doll figure. Jasmine, who is far below her ideal body weight, is always exercising and has cut her food intake down to virtually nothing. Sophia, whose weight is normal, goes on eating sprees followed by purges every few days. Clara also has regular, out of control eating sprees, after which she says she feels like a bloated blimp. Identify which girls have an eating disorder, and name each person's specific problem.
Jasmine, Sophia, and Clara have eating disorders. Jasmine has the symptoms of anorexia nervosa; Sophia has the symptoms of bulimia nervosa; Clara has binge eating disorder
3 categories of Physical changes from Puberty:
Primary sexual characteristics: changes involves in reproduction; ex. penis growth and menstruation Secondary sexual characteristics: hundreds of other changes; ex. breast development, pubic hair, voice changes, skin texture Growth spurt: dramatic height and weight increase
Why is having sex as a teenager considered normal in agrarian cultures, such as Nigeria?
Puberty is a signal to find a spouse
Goal of Chapter 8: Physical Development
Puberty, Body Image (Eating Disorders), and Adolescent Sexuality
(T/F) Teens who reported watching a heavy diet of programs with sexually oriented talk were twice as likely to have intercourse in the next year as the children who did not. (T/F) Teens sexual interests are bidirectional, meaning if they are already interested in sex, they will gravitate towards media that fits this passion. (T/F) Men tend to make more sexually advanced comments on photos of women than women do on photos of men. (T/F) Sex education in schools puts students at a higher risk of having earlier sex.
True True False False
(T/F) Girls having a higher BMI during elementary school predicts early puberty, but Boys can be one end or the other. (T/F) A rough family life in girls can cause them to have earlier puberty. (T/F) BMI is the most important force determining your puberty timetable.
True True False; it's genetics- when your parents started puberty
Tom is discussing trends in teenage sex and pregnancy. Which two statements should he make? a) today, sex often happens in a committed relationship b) today, the united states has lower teenage pregnancy rates than other western nations c) in recent decades, rates of teenage births in the united states have declined d) today, we know that abstinence programs work
a) today, sex often happens in a committed relationship c) in recent decades, rates of teenage births in the united states have declined
How long does puberty last?
about 5 years, beginning at pre-teen/adolescence
Your friend thinks her teenage daughter may be having sex, so she asks for your opinion. All of the following questions are relevant for you to ask except: a) are your daughter's friends having sex? b) is your daughter's school teaching abstinence? c) is your daughter watching sexually explicit cable channels and reading cosmo? d) does your daughter have an older boyfriend?
b) is your daughter's school teaching abstinence?
The age of puberty is (on the rise/declining). Reasons why:
declining * nutrition plays an effect; poor nutrition leads to starting puberty at later ages * life stress * body weight * exposure to light * climate * genetics * growth
Adrenal androgens and testosterone are the ____ hormones.
desire; sexual arousal
Briana, an overweight second grader, has a harsh, rejecting family life. Based on this chapter, you might predict that Briana should enter puberty (earlier/later) than her peers.
earlier
What is the first sign of puberty in girls, known as the "peak velocity" phase? When do girls develop breasts and pubic hair? When does menarche occur? (T/F) When they reach menarche, girls can still get pregnant.
growth spurt 6 months after the growth spurt in the middle-final stages of breast and pubic hair development when growth is winding down True- but there is often a window of infertility until the system fully gears up