chapter 8 sleep

A) surgical modification of the airways.

A common treatment for sleep apnea is A) surgical modification of the airways. B) sleeping medication. C) sleep deprivation. D) antidepressant medication. E) a drug that activates brain norepinephrine synapses

B) symptoms of narcolepsy.

A genetic mutation of the hypocretin gene in mice results in A) intrusion of slow-wave sleep during the awake period. B) symptoms of narcolepsy. C) prolonged sleeping. D) hypnagogic hallucinations. E) excessive overeating.

B) eye movements.

An electro-oculogram measures A) heart rate over time. B) eye movements. C) changes in blood pressure. D) electrical potentials within the brain. E) the resistance of the skin to electrical current.

B) hypnagogic hallucinations

An example of ________ is a person who dreams while lying awake, but is temporarily paralyzed. A) somnambulism B) hypnagogic hallucinations C) cataplexy D) night terrors E) a daydream

B) this brain wave pattern also appears during sleep.

Beta brain wave activity is not a reliable indicator of being awake because A) this pattern is seen in children but not adults. B) this brain wave pattern also appears during sleep. C) this wave form waxes and wanes during the day. D) it can be induced by certain drugs such as alcohol. E) This wave form is recorded in coma victims.

A) strong emotions or physical exertion.

Cataplexy may be brought on by A) strong emotions or physical exertion. B) overuse of caffeine. C) high blood levels of carbon dioxide in the blood. D) damage to neurons that initiate REM sleep. E) staying awake for long periods of time

C) REM sleep; impotence

Changes in blood flow to the genitals are noted during ________ and can be used clinically for the diagnosis of ________. A) slow-wave sleep; cardiac failure B) the day hours; hypertension C) REM sleep; impotence D) non-REM sleep; narcolepsy E) the day hours; cocaine abuse

C) produce insomnia.

Damage to the ventrolateral preoptic area would be expected to A) produce persistent REM sleep. B) alter male reproductive behavior. C) produce insomnia. D) impair the control of temperature regulation. E) reproduce the symptoms of narcolepsy.

Zeitgeber

German meaning "time giver"; refers to the stimulus that resets the circadian rhythm ( they are environment ques to what cycle we are in)

B) non-REM sleep; slow-wave sleep

Sleep stages 1-4 are termed ________, whereas stages 3-4 are referred to as ________. A) REM sleep; non-REM sleep B) non-REM sleep; slow-wave sleep C) slow-wave sleep; non-REM sleep D) paradoxical sleep; REM sleep E) arrhythmic sleep; paradoxical sleep

C) sleepwalking.

Somnambulism is synonymous with A) sleep attack. B) dreaming while awake. C) sleepwalking. D) cataplexy. E) night terrors.

B) an attack of sleep during the day.

The key symptom of narcolepsy is A) dreaming in color. B) an attack of sleep during the day. C) anxiety and fear during the waking period. D) rapid movements of the eyes. E) the inability to fall asleep

C) narcolepsy

The major disorder suffered by Michael, the subject of the chapter prologue, was A) a nighttime eating disorder. B) an anxiety disorder. C) narcolepsy. D) a slow-wave sleep behavior disorder. E) insomnia.

D) Only very loud stimuli will awaken a person from stage 4 sleep.

Which of the following is a reason why stage 4 is considered to be the deepest sleep stage? A) A person in this stage is easily roused by meaningful stimuli. B) A person who awakes from stage 1 is groggy and confused. C) A person who awakes from this stage is alert and attentive. D) Only very loud stimuli will awaken a person from stage 4 sleep. E) Napping in stage 4 reduces the amount of sleep required per night.

A) a single non-REM/REM sleep cycle

Which of the following is a rhythm that tends to occur over a 90 minute period? A) a single non-REM/REM sleep cycle B) heart rate rhythm C) stomach motility rhythm D) smoking rhythm E) menstrual cycle

D) EEG synchrony

Which of the following is absent during REM sleep? A) eye movements B) dreaming C) genital changes associated with arousal D) EEG synchrony E) muscle paralysis

B) eating.

In the text example of narcolepsy, the Doberman dog showed cataplexy while A) playing with each other. B) eating. C) drinking. D) engaging in reproductive behavior. E) running along the beach

¡Acetylcholine & Glutamate

pontomesencephalon:When it is activated it will project axons to a different pathway to like the thalamus, hypothalamus, and basal forebrain which release ?

endogenous circadian rhythms

self-generated rhythm that lasts about a day

locus coeruleus

¡is a small structure in the pons ( hindbrain) whose axons release "norepinephrine" to arouse various areas of the cortex and "increase wakefulness"

functions of circadian rhythm

¡is to keep our internal workings in synch with the outside world

Examples of Environment Ques

¡sunlight, tides, exercise, meals, arousal of any kind, meals, temperature of environment, etc.

C) slow-wave sleep.

) Sleep stages 3 and 4 are also called A) REM sleep. B) high-frequency sleep. C) slow-wave sleep. D) paradoxical sleep. E) rhythmic sleep

A) the tongue.

4) The only movements that are characteristic of sleep involve A) the tongue. B) rapid movements of the eyes. C) restlessness of the legs. D) slow movements of the neck. E) the fingers and arms.

E) an episode of cataplexy.

A person who exhibits sudden paralysis while remaining conscious may be suffering from A) REM without atonia. B) somnambulism. C) a sleep attack. D) situational insomnia. E) an episode of cataplexy.

A) jet lag.

A person who travels across several time zones is likely to experience A) jet lag. B) elevated secretion of melatonin at night. C) a craving for chocolate. D) a permanent change in mood and sleep pattern. E) a desire to take on a factory night job

A) in either stage 3 or 4 of slow-wave sleep.

A person whose brain waves contain high-amplitude delta waves is most likely A) in either stage 3 or 4 of slow-wave sleep. B) in stage 1 of slow-wave sleep. C) dreaming. D) in stage 2 of slow-wave sleep. E) awake.

B) melatonin; bedtime

A potential treatment for jet lag is to administer ________ at ________. A) amphetamine; noon B) melatonin; bedtime C) alcohol; boarding time D) amphetamine; bedtime E) melatonin; noon

E) the use of sleeping pills can lead to daytime grogginess.

A serious issue associated with sleeping medications is that A) the use of sleeping pills can lead to a fatal form of insomnia. B) people use these pills to get high. C) their short duration of action does not ensure a full night of sleep. D) these pills are in short supply, leaving some people without adequate insomnia treatment. E) the use of sleeping pills can lead to daytime grogginess. Answer: E

C) 90 minutes.

A single cycle of non-REM/REM sleep lasts about A) 10 minutes. B) 30-40 minutes. C) 90 minutes. D) 360 minutes. E) 8 hours.

suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN)

A small brain structure that uses input from the retina to synchronize its own rhythm with the daily cycle of light and dark; the body's way of monitoring the change from day to night.

D) clonazepam.

A treatment for REM sleep behavior disorder involves A) antidepressant medications. B) stimulant drugs. C) antipsychotic medications. D) clonazepam. E) drugs that block hypocretin receptors

¡Increase neuron activity it will be release from the basal forebrain ¡Produce excitatory effects to widespread areas of the cortex

Acetylcholine & Glutamate increase what?

A) alternating delta and beta EEG activities.

All of the following are characteristics of REM sleep EXCEPT A) alternating delta and beta EEG activities. B) loss of muscle tonus. C) presence of beta wave EEG activity. D) occasional twitching. E) rapid eye movements

D) in relation to a person's particular need for sleep.

Insomnia is defined A) as a problem in rapidly reaching REM sleep. B) as the inability to fall asleep within one hour of going to bed. C) as awakening 4 or more times during the night. D) in relation to a person's particular need for sleep. E) as a relative lack of slow-wave sleep compared to REM sleep

A) produced by a mutation of the hypocretin gene.

Narcolepsy in dogs is A) produced by a mutation of the hypocretin gene. B) due to a flaw in the lateral hypothalamus. C) a mutation of the leptin gene. D) an environmental disorder. E) associated with overeating to obesity

C) narcoleptics generally enter REM sleep directly from the waking state.

Narcolepsy is a considered to be a neurological disorder in that A) narcoleptics are prone to develop mania. B) narcoleptics show no problems in staying asleep. C) narcoleptics generally enter REM sleep directly from the waking state. D) slow-wave sleep intrudes into the awake state in narcoleptics. E) narcoleptics show problems in eye tracking.

C) sleepwalking.

Narcolepsy is characterized by all of the following EXCEPT A) awaking refreshed from a sleep attack. B) sleep attacks. C) sleepwalking. D) hypnagogic hallucinations. E) sleep paralysis.

C) stage 4 of slow-wave sleep.

Night terrors are most likely to occur during A) REM sleep. B) high-frequency sleep. C) stage 4 of slow-wave sleep. D) paradoxical sleep. E) stage 1 of slow-wave sleep

B) movement is to paralysis

REM sleep behavior disorder is to cataplexy as A) dreaming is to logic. B) movement is to paralysis. C) logic is to dreaming. D) paralysis is to movement. E) sleep is to awake. .

D) acetylcholine antagonists.

Signs of cortical arousal in the EEG are reduced by A) dopamine agonists. B) GABA agonists. C) serotonergic drugs. D) acetylcholine antagonists. E) adenosine.

C) act as catecholamine agonists.

Sleep attacks are effectively treated by drugs that A) facilitate serotonin. B) damage hypocretin neurons in the brain. C) act as catecholamine agonists. D) facilitate GABA activity. E) block hypocretin2 receptors

E) narcolepsy.

Sleep disorders that occur during or involve REM sleep include A) sleepwalking. B) night terrors. C) sleep-related eating disorder. D) bedwetting. E) narcolepsy.

C) changes in the electrical activity of the brain.

Stages of sleep are easily distinguished by A) changes in respiration. B) the quality and quantity of dreams. C) changes in the electrical activity of the brain. D) changes in consciousness. E) changes in motor movements.

D) are commonly used to treat depression.

Symptoms of narcolepsy involving REM sleep (such as cataplexy) are effectively treated by drugs that A) block serotonin receptors. B) impair the release of hypocretins in the brain. C) act as catecholamine antagonists. D) are commonly used to treat depression. E) promote GABA activity.

A) feedback loops of intracellular protein production.

The "ticking" of a clock cell within the SCN appears to involve A) feedback loops of intracellular protein production. B) the rhythmic opening of sodium channels in the membrane. C) interactions between two adjacent clock cells. D) the rhythmic opening of calcium channels in the membrane. E) the buildup of sodium in the clock cell over time.

A) beta

The ________ pattern of EEG activity is characterized by irregular, high-frequency (13-30 Hz), low-amplitude waves. A) beta B) delta C) theta D) sleep spindle E) alpha

A) paradoxical sleep.

The appearance of rapid eye movements in the sleep record is an indicator of A) paradoxical sleep. B) cold, methodical dreams. C) muscle paralysis. D) slow-wave sleep. E) gastric distress.

important of circadian rhythm

The human circadian clock generates a rhythm slightly longer than 24 hours when it has no external cue to set it

C) adenosine; slow-wave sleep

The metabolism of glycogen increases the brain levels of ________, which in turn promotes ________. A) GABA; slow-wave sleep B) GABA; REM sleep C) adenosine; slow-wave sleep D) a benzodiazepine ligand; slow-wave sleep E) adenosine; wakefulness

pontomesencephalon

part of the midbrain, contributes to cortical arousal

D) the ability of a person to move during REM sleep.

The primary symptom of REM-sleep behavior disorder is(are) A) attacks of cataplexy. B) a depressed mood upon awakening. C) motor movements during slow-wave sleep. D) the ability of a person to move during REM sleep. E) loss of dreams during REM sleep

D) sleeping at inappropriate times.

The primary symptom of narcolepsy is A) recurring nightmares. B) abnormal slow-wave sleep. C) dreaming while awake. D) sleeping at inappropriate times. E) sleep paralysis.

D) cataplexy

The symptom known as ______ is an abnormality of REM sleep. A) night terror B) insomnia C) enuresis D) cataplexy E) apnea

D) theta

The transition between wakefulness and sleep is marked by the appearance of ________ waves in the sleep record. A) alpha B) delta C) gamma D) theta E) beta

C) Narcolepsy involves the intrusion of REM sleep components into the awake state.

Which of the following is true of human narcolepsy? A) Narcolepsy is a non-genetic disorder. B) An autoimmune disease damages ghrelin neurons resulting in narcolepsy. C) Narcolepsy involves the intrusion of REM sleep components into the awake state. D) Narcolepsy is a stress disorder. E) Narcolepsy is a disorder of childhood

C) Humans spend about a third of their lives asleep.

Which of the following is true of sleep? A) Strong movements accompany each sleep stage. B) Sleep is preceded by a feeling of dizziness. C) Humans spend about a third of their lives asleep. D) Sleep is a state of unconsciousness. E) The function of sleep is to suppress memory consolidation.

C) As the night goes on, the relative length of REM sleep increases in each successive cycle

Which of the following is true of the sleep cycle during a night of sleep? A) Each non-REM/REM cycle lasts about 45 minutes. B) Subjects first enter REM sleep and then transition to non-REM sleep. C) As the night goes on, the relative length of REM sleep increases in each successive cycle. D) Stages 3 and 4 of slow-wave sleep mostly occur in the early morning hours. E) Sleep cycles are random across the night.

B) Sleep apnea

________ is a sleep disorder that involves a buildup of carbon dioxide in the blood during sleep. A) Situational insomnia B) Sleep apnea C) REM disorder D) Narcolepsy E) Cataplexy

A) Cataplexy

________ is a sleep disorder that is the opposite of REM-sleep behavior disorder. A) Cataplexy B) Situational insomnia C) Somnambulism D) Nocturnal enuresis E) Sleepwalking

C) Cataplexy

________ is(are) considered to be an abnormality of REM sleep. A) Sleep apnea B) Somnabulism C) Cataplexy D) Night terrors E) Insomnia

jet lag

a disruption of circadian rhythms due to crossing time zones

Orexin

a hormone that releases acetylcholine-releasing cells in the basal forebrain to stimulate neurons responsible for wakefulness and arousal