Chapter 8 Vocabulary

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departmentalization

Dividing of organizational functions into separate units

work specialization

Dividing work activities into separate job tasks; also called division of labor

geographic divisions

Divisional structure based on location of operations

product divisions

Divisional structure based on products

process divisions

Divisional structure based on the major steps of a production process

customer divisions

Divisional structure that focuses on customers or clients

flat organizations

Organizations with a wide span of management and few hierarchical levels

free riders

People who benefit from the group but give little in return

nonverbal cues

Pieces of information acquired by observing rather than listening to other people

authority

Power that has been institutionalized and is recognized by the people over whom it is exercised

network structure

Structure in which individual companies are connected electronically to perform selected tasks for a small headquarters organization

hybrid structure

Structure of a large organization that has many divisions and simultaneously uses many different organizational structures

matrix structure

Structure that simultaneously groups people and resources by function and by product

commitee

Team that may become a permanent part of the organization and is designed to deal with regularly recurring tasks

self-managed teams

Teams in which members are responsible for an entire process or operation

virtual teams

Teams that use computer technology to tie together physically dispersed members in order to achieve a common goal while working online. Absence of paraverbal and nonverbal cues; limited social context; and ability to overcome time and space constraints--differ from face-to-face

functional teams

Teams whose members come from a single functional department and that are based on the organization's vertical structure

cross-functional teams

A group of people from different departments or areas working together

team

A group of people who work together to set goals, make decisions, solve problems, and put ideas into action

formal organization

A large secondary group organized to achieve its goals efficiently

staff

A position in an organization that is only indirectly related to the achievement of the organization's basic objectives

conflict

A struggle between opposing forces

problem-solving team

A team from the same department or functional area that's involved in efforts to improve work activities or to solve specific problems

task force

A temporary team or committee formed to solve a specific short-term problem involving several departments

cohesiveness

A unified sense of purpose among all of the members; the single most important goal for any interest group

organization chart

A visual device that shows relationships among people and divides the organization's work; it shows who reports to whom

groupthink

An excessive tendency to seek concurrence among group members

task-specialist role

An individual who focuses on helping the team reach its goals

responsibility

An obligation or duty for which a person is held accountable

divisional structure

An organizational structure composed of separate business units within which are the functions that work together to produce a specific product for a specific customer

line-and-staff organization

An organizational structure that includes staff specialists who assist management

chain of command

An unbroken line of authority that links all individuals in the organization and specifics who reports to whom

delegation

Authorizing subordinates to make certain decisions

business units

Autonomously operating sub-organizations that encompass all the major functional resources required to achieve their goals, such as research and design, manufacturing, finance, and marketing

accountability

Being responsible and accepting consequences for what you do and say

centralization

Concentration of decision-making authority at the top of the organization

decentralization

Delegation of decision-making authority to employees in lower-level positions

functional structure

Grouping workers according to their similar skills, resource use, and expertise

special-purpose teams

Groups that address issues of paramount concern to management, labor, or both

vertical structure

How many layers the chain of command is divided into from the top of the company to the bottom

horizontal structure

How the various business functions and work specialties are divided across the company

socio-emotional role

Individuals who focus on supporting the team's emotional needs and strengthening the team's social unity

norms

Informal standards of conduct that guide team behavior

tall organizations

Organizations with a narrow span of management and many hierarchical levels

relationship managers

Managers in charge of delegating and negotiating between other employees

decision-making meetings

Meetings involving persuasion, analysis, and problem-solving

informational meetings

Meetings that allow for you to determine the project's purpose, the client's image, the intended audience, and a way for the application to be used by the audience

informal organization

Network, unrelated to the firm's formal authority structure, of everyday social interactions among company employees

span of management

Number of people under one manager's control

line organization

Organization with a clear line of authority flowing from the top down

organization structure

The framework in which the organization defines how tasks are divided, resources are deployed, and departments are coordinated

quality circles

Voluntary groups of people drawn from various production teams who make suggestions about quality


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