Chapter 9, 10, 11: Quiz 3 Review
profiling
- organized nonsocial killers plan then offenses, transport their victims, and keep trophies ( socially competent)
offense specialization
Degree to which burglars are professionals or spontaneous, low-level offenders
Typology of Workplace Violence
Type 1 - violent acts by criminals with no connection Type 2 - violence directed at employees by those for whom an organization provides services Type 3 - violence against coworkers, supervisors, or managers, by a presentation former employee Type 4 - violence committed in the workplace by someone who doesn't work there but who has a personal relationship with an employee
Rationality
- activities identified by their impersonal, methodological, efficient, and logical components - Burglars employ a " limited, temporal, rationality" - partial and limited, not total
Phases of the criminal career of property offenders:
- break in period - stable period - burnout phase
Stolen Property
- buying, receiving, and possessing stolen property, including attempts
Burglary is affected by:
- changes in technology - changes in production and distribution of services and goods - changes in population structure
Two Primary Types of Stranger Violence
- crimes that involve exploiting a setting - spontaneous encounters between stranger in routine settings - stranger assaults are more likely to involve victims and offenders of similar ages
Rape Shield Laws
- first introduced in the 1970s - protect the victims ( victims prior sexual conduct) - intended to protect rape victims by ensuring that irrelevant facts were not introduced into evidence
Gangs
- gang homicides are more likely to: - involve minority males - involve gun use - occur in public places - involve victims and offenders with no prior relationship
Gang affiliated violence
- individual gang members are involved in crime but not as a purposeful result of gang activity
victim precipitation
- intimate- partner homicide has gender patterns of victim precipitation. - many homicides committed by women are victim precipitated. - only a small number of homicides committed by men are victim precipitated. - there is a positive significant association between alcohol use and victim precipitated homicides.
availability
- issues surrounding how access to guns may increase their presence in all types of interactions, including criminal ones.
Stanger Assault
- law probability of serious by stranger
Female Serial Killers
- less research because less common - black widows (kill husbands/family members for financial gain) - angels of death (nurses who kill patients) - more likely to have no prior criminal history, have an accomplice, use poison, kill for money, and kill family/known victims.
Apprehending serial killers
- mass murder killing more than three people at the same time. - Levin and Fox's typology - Revenge - Love - Profit - Terror
Prevalence and Profile of Lacerny Theft
- most frequently occurring property offense - theft of motor vehicle is the largest category - pocket picking and purse snatching fairly rare - thefts from larger structures ( buildings generate greater losses than petty- level personal thefts - over 1/3rd of all losses are under $50
Criminal career of robbers
- most robbers are generalist with lengthy but varied careers - few inmates specialize exclusively in robbery
Burglary Locales
- night time residential and day time commercial burglary are considered the most serious - burglary is a "cold crime" - little physical evidence to link the offender to the crime - the burglar is gone before the victims realize they have been burglarized and call the police
Instrumental and Expressive Homicide
- not all homicide offender intends to kill their victims - instrumental homicide: Robbery Ex: robbing a bank ( a reward) - expressive homicide: argument ( a accident)
Expedience-directed killers
- profit or protection ( they kill for profit or protection)
Patterns of female serial killers
- rarely hedonistic - generally target victims they know - generally have longer careers - tend to be more systematic
persistent thief
-a person who continues in property crimes despite no better than an ordinary level of success
Professional criminal
-a person who pursues crime as a day-to-day occupation, developing skilled techniques and enjoying a certain degree of status among other criminals.
economic compulsion
Crimes are committed to support a drug habit
power seekers
kill to exert power over stranger
Bank Fraud
a federal crime in which a person fraudulently attempts to obtain a bank loan or funds from a bank
hedonistic serial killer
a killer that kills for the pure thrill and joy of it
Robbery
- robbery combines elements of violence and property crime
The Terrible Triad
Bed wetting, fire starting, animal torture
occurrence or lethal nature of violence
( decision making impaired) - the disinhibiting effect of alcohol is social. - alcohol significantly predicts most types of primary homicide. - alcohol makes their emotions stranger. ( increase the occurrence of violence. Ex: boyfriend talking to his friends. ( girls may bother you more when you are drunk than when you are sober).
victim precipitation
( the role of the victim in provoking or encouraging criminal behavior) - contributes by the victim to the criminal event. ( the victim did something that started a chain of events that caused the homicide). - focus on victim characteristics - intent is not victim blaming, although this has occurred. ( wrong place at the wrong time) Example: road rage and ends as a homicide. OR Example: two guys in the bar one is drunk and gets loud with the wrong guy.
commercial burglary
(one that involves churches, schools, barns, public buildings, shops, offices, stores, factories, warehouses, stables, ships, or railroad cars. ) - suitability - real establishments preferred - merchandise is exposed - merchandise is new and has a high resale value - offender does not need to spend intrusion time searching for the loot
Separation Assault
- a type of violence inflicted by a partner on a significant other who attempts to leave an intimate relationship
Primary Homicide
- A murder involving a family member, friend, or acquaintance. - expressive crimes: result from acts of interpersonal hostility. Example: an argument
exposure-reduction theory of intimate homicide
- A theory of intimate homicide that claims that a decline in domesticity, accompanied by an improvement in the economic status of women and a growth in domestic violence resources, explains observed decreases in intimate-partner homicide. - Dugan, Nagin, and Rosenfeld.
Intimate- Partner Assault
- Assault between individuals in an intimate relationship
Three Factors that reduce intimate partner homicide
- Declining domesticity ( people not living together) - improved economic status of women ( women is not as dependent to men like they were in the past) - increase in domestic violence resources ( women can go for safety such as warehouse or even counseling).
Costs of Burglary
- Economic loss very common in burglary: - property/ money stolen - time lost from work - property crimes have a greater affection the decision to move than violent crimes
Apprehending serial killers
- FBI's Violent Criminal Apprehension program ( VICAP)
Typologies of Serial Killers
- Fox and Levin's typology
alcohol and drug use
- Goldsteins typology of drugs and crime.
psychopathological perspective
- Grath's typology of Rapists - power rape ( most common) - anger rape - sadistic rape ( fairly rape)
Typologies of Serial Killers
- Holmes and Deburger's taxonomy
Residential Selection
- Key Factors in target selection: - knowledge of occupants - receive tip - observe potential target
Non- Primary Homicides
- Occur during another crime/pursuit of some goal Victim/offender usually have no prior relationship - instrumental crimes: involve premeditation less likely to be victim precipitated. - ( have no relationship and happened as a result to another crime or during another crime).
Structural Explanations of Homicide
- Regional variations in patterns of violent crimes exist. - some suggest the high homicide rate in the South is due to violence related norms that are outdated elsewhere. - others claim that the influence of structural variables such as poverty may provide alternative explanations. - There is evidence that the South differs from other regions in the frequency of homicide.
The Social Ecology of Burglary
- Routine Activities Theory - Motivated offender - suitable target - absence of capable guardians
Lacerny- Theft
- UCR Definition - the unlawful taking, carrying, leading, or riding away of property from the possession, or constructive possession, of another. - does not involve force or others means of illegal entry - generally less frightening than burglar - a crime of opportunity
The Subcultures of Violence Thesis
- Wallgang and Ferracuti's subcultures of violence thesis is the primary perspective used to understand homicide. - Victims and offenders have similar socio- demographics characteristics. - Victims and offenders intimately known to each other are disproportionately represented. - The racial composition of an area alone does not have a significant effect on homicide rates.
The Victim Offender Relationships
- Wolfgangs research into homicide. - found 25% of homicide were between family members. - males more likely to be killed by friends or strangers rather than family members. - if a male was killed by a female, it was most likely their spouse. ( women were the victim + offender) ( the victim + offender relationship) - about 50% of all violent crimes are committed by strangers - women are much more likely to be victimized by someone they know -
Fence
- a buyer and seller of stolen merchandise - most common method used by professional burglars
Violent Crime Typologies: - Crime Typology:
- a classification of crimes along a particular dimension on set of defined characteristics. - Legal Categories: ( what are the laws that exist about the type of crime) - Offender motivation:( motivation of the offender) - victim behavior:( what was the behaviors of the victim) - situational factors: ( what is going on in the environment that contributed to the crime) - offender characteristics: ( characteristics of the offender)
Rape ( Sexual Assault)
- a crime that involves sexual activity without consent - estimates of the extent of rape vary depending on the data source used. - UCR accuracy is hampered by victim reporting. - NCVS accuracy questions due to problems with measurement and disclosure. - National Violence Against Women Survey
Common Themes in Rape Law Reforms
- refining rape - changing the consent standard - eliminating the need that the victims testimony be corroborated - placing restrictions on the introduction of evidence of the victims prior sexual conduct - some states have changed the terminology from rape to sexual assault.
Mission-oriented killers
- reformist or visionary orientation ( killer who seeks to improve the world by his or her own standards and vision. They target specific groups of individuals) think about the man we learned about and how Charles Manson had his " followers to crimes for him since he made them believe his way of life and how he wanted life to be and if they killed certain people life would be just the way he and his followers believed it should be.
lethal robbery
- robbery carries threat of injury to the victim - most likely felony to result in homicide
Acquaintance Rape
- sexual assault by someone known to the victim, such as a date or neighbor - frequently underreported
Other factors influencing target selection
- signs of occupancy - security devices - dogs - accessible area
Aggravated assault
- simple assault ( most common) - most aggravated assaults are spontaneous.
Arson
- the criminal act of deliberately setting fire to property - motives vary from profit to thrill seeking - church arson prevention act of 1996
Definitional Evolution of White-Collar Crime
- the early definitions focused on the violator, rather than the persons or occupations involved - Herbert Edelhertz defined white collar crime as: - any illegal act or series of illegal acts committed by non physical means and by concealment or guile, to obtain money or property, to avoid the payment or loss of money or property, or to obtain business or personal advantages
Rape Myth
- the false belief that, deep down, women enjoy forcible sex and find it sexually exciting - culturally based; inhibit victim reporting of rape. - Examples: Women bring false charges just to get even with men. - women and false charges - women asking for it - women saying " no" when they mean yes.
cafetria- style offending
- the heterogenous and unplanned nature of offending among gang members
Sibling offense
- the incident that begins the homicide - helps explains why some incidents end in murder.
Homicide
- the killing of one person by another - Statues distinguish between types of homicide based on intent, circumstances, age, etc. - Fairly rare; not as reported. - most involving family. - preceded by an argument. - offending patterned by socio- demographics.
Serial Murder
- the killing of several victims in three or more separate events
The Motivation for Burglars
- the most prevalent rationale is the need for fast cash - selection of burglary as the " crime of choice" - burglary is familiar, the " main line" - it is less likely than other offenses - the offender may not own the necessary equipment for robbery
Instrumentality
- the type of weapon used in an encounter can affect whether the encounter becomes lethal.
Fire Setters
- the vast majority of those involved in arson are juveniles - general groups of juvenile fire settlers > children under 7 - start fires accidentally/ curiosity> children between 8-12 - fire setting represents > underlying psychosocial conflict> children between 13-18 - have history of fire setting usually undetected
Assault
- threat or attempt to injure ( most common violent crime and starting paint for more serious interpersonal violence).
psychopharmacological model
- use of the certain drugs produce violent behavior by lowering inhibition's of elevating aggressive tendencies.
Rules of evidence required
- victim demonstrate physical resistance - victim have corraboration that rape occurred - victims sexual history could be admitted into evidence
Gang motivated violence
- violent crime as the direct result of gang activity
Typical offender
- young males (more than 75% in some offense categories), aged 15-24, lower socioeconomic status, unemployed, or temporarily unemployed - white male, late 20s or 30s, targets strangers near their home or work.
common law definition of rape
-"unlawful sexual intercourse committed by a man with a woman who is not his wife through force and against her will" - did not recognize male victims - did not recognize within marriage - did not allow for others acts of sexual perception ( penetration) - did not allow for various means by which force could occur
White Collar Crime
-crime committed by people of high social position in the course of their occupations - Edwin Sutherland's Definition: white collar crime " a crime committed by a person of respectability and high social status in the course of his occupation - today's criminal are more sophisticated - white collar criminals are less likely to be investigated, arrested, or prosecuted than other types of offenders
thrill motivated (power)
-exercise authority/dominate victim
The Motivation of Robbers
-main motivation: financial/gain and need - other motives: - desire to fight - desire to right a perceived injustice - desire to enhance street credibility - for fun
cycle of violence
-pattern of repeating violent or abusive behaviors from one generation to the next
the motivation of robbers
-research tends to support the idea that there is very little planning in most robberies -fast cash is the direct need that robbery satisfies
Visionary serial killer
A killer that feels impelled to commit murder by visions or "voices in my head"
selective disinhibition
A loss of self-control due either to the social setting or to drugs or alcohol, or a combination of both
criminal career
Engaging in antisocial acts early in adolescence and continuing illegal behaviors into adulthood. A pattern of persistent offending across the life course
Disorganized Serial Killer
Killer is usually of lower intelligence, stands out as undesirable in society, usually abused as a child, lives alone, poor hygiene, will kill spontaneously and randomly without much pre-meditation.
Burglary
UCR definition - unlawful entry of a structure to commit a felony or theft - residential burglaries do not involve direct confrontation - commercial burglaries can affect the continued viability of the business
personal robbery
a robbery that occurs on a highway or a street or in a public place (also called a mugging) or a robbery that occurs in a residence.
Comfort serial killer
commit their crimes for financial gain
institutional robbery
includes robbery that occurs at businesses and commercial settings, such as banks or convenience stores
Disciple killers (Manson)
murder as the result of the influence of a charismatic personality
Inside Trading
the illegal trading of a company's stock by people using confidential company information ( ex: the movie we watched in criminology and how Seth told the doctor about a drug called Benadryl to get him to invest in the companies stock)
Mass Murder
the intentional, unlawful killing of four or more people at one time and place
occasional offenders
those who commit crimes when the occasion is favorable for the crime
workplace violence
violence such as assault, rape, or murder committed at the workplace
systematic violence
violence that arises from the traditionally aggressive patterns of behavior within a network of illicit drug trafficking and distribution.
