Chapter 9
fluid intelligence
ability to solve novel problems. ex: solve verbal analogies, remember unrelated pairs of words, recognize relationships among geometric figures.
Longitudinal studies of the relationship between IQ and both income and occupational prestige indicate that IQ is related to both income and prestige, ________ .
and that the gap between low and high IQ groups increases over time.
motor scale
measures the infant's ability ex: grasp a cube and throw a ball
Verbal IQ
measuring vocabulary, general knowledge, arithmetic reasoning, and the like
Who rejects the idea of measuring intelligence with a single score, arguing that there are many distinct intellectual abilities?
Howard Gardner
IQ and Health
IQ related to better health and longer lifespan -IQ is related to health. Individuals with a higher IQ have better health. Fewer problems with health.
The changes in IQ with Age
IQ remains relatively stable, falls later in life -More decline in fluid compared to crystallized IQ -Drop in intelligence & older adulthood. Studies have shown that not all types of intelligence will be affected. Crystallized intelligence(factual knowledge), people don't lose that. A little bit of decline comes from fluid intelligence (related to memory, problem solving, sensation, perception, brain development). the reasoning for this decline is the processing isn't fast, there is a timing component.
What is one reason for an individual's IQ score to increase and what is one reason for an individual's IQ score to decrease during childhood?
IQ scores might decrease if children experience significant health problems that affect their ability to learn, process information, or perform well on tests. Scores might increase if children are moved from an impoverished environment to an enriched environment that promotes their physical and mental development.
intelligence as defined by psychometric theorists
a trait of set of traits that characterizes some people to a greater extent than others
Mental age
the level of age-graded problems that the child is able to solve Ex: ten year old can solve like a 12 year old. ex: a child who passes all items at the 5-year-old level but does poorly on more advanced items—regardless of the child's actual age—is said to have a MA of 5.
Which task is considered to measure crystallized intelligence?
word comprehension
Savant Syndrome
the phenomenon in which extraordinary talent in a particular area is displayed by a person otherwise intellectually disabled. ex: Leslie Lemke, one such individual, is affected by cerebral palsy, blindness, and intellectual disability, and could not talk until he was an adult. Yet he can hear a musical piece once and play it flawlessly on the piano or imitate songs in perfect German or Italian even though his own speech is still primitive. He apparently has a high level of musical intelligence. ex: Other savants, despite IQs below , can draw well enough to gain admittance to art school or can calculate on the spot what day of the week it was.
practical component
the aspect of intelligence that varies from one sociocultural context to another. -People who are high in this practical component of intelligence can adapt to the environment that they find themselves in, and they can shape the environment to optimize their strengths and minimize their weaknesses. These people have "street smarts," or common sense. ex: Practical Patty is not terribly creative, nor does she get the best grades in the classroom. However, if you want to get something done, enlist Patty's help; she can figure out a way to get a job done or get from point A to point B efficiently.
creativity
*Ability to produce novel responses appropriate in context valued by others *IQ and creativity don't correlate well -May reflect different types of thinking *IQ - convergent thinking *Creativity - divergent thinking -But likely still related *E.g., minimum IQ for creativity - someone who comes up with a novel and useful idea is considered creative, whereas someone who comes up with a novel idea that has no apparent value may not be considered creative. -IQ scores and creativity scores do not correlate very well because they measure two different types of thinking
Infant intelligence and later intelligence
*Best predictors of IQ -Attention, speed of habituation, preference for novelty -Fast information processing --> higher IQ -the infant who does well on the Bayley scales or other infant tests may or may not obtain a high IQ score later in life -the infant who scores low on an infant test often turns out to be intellectually disabled, but otherwise there seems to be a good deal of discontinuity between early and later scores—at least until a child is 4 or older. - there is continuity in intelligence from infancy to childhood. Fagan and other researchers have found that certain measures of infant attention predict later IQ better than do the rather misnamed infant intelligence tests ex:speed of habituation (how fast the infant loses interest in a repeatedly presented stimulus) and preference for novelty (the degree to which an infant prefers a novel stimulus to a familiar one), assessed in the first year of life, have an average correlation of about 0.45 with IQ in childhood, particularly with verbal IQ and memory skills -the infant who quickly becomes bored and likes novelty over familiarity is likely to be brighter in childhood than the infant who is slow to habituate and does not like novelty.
Continuity between childhood and adulthood
*Brain growth spurt at age 11/12 -Improved memory and processing skills -Stability in IQ scores -Brain development may give children the information-processing speed and working-memory capacity they need to perform at adultlike levels on IQ tests -During the teen years, IQ scores become even more stable than they were in childhood and strongly predict IQ in middle age
Fostering Creativity
*Creativity typically increases, but can vary with age and task *Training can improve *Both nature and nurture contribute -One measure of creativity, however, does continue to increase across adolescence. The ability to elaborate on ideas—provide details—tends to increase in middle school and does not begin to drop until adulthood -Creative feelings include curiosity, imagination, and willingness to take calculated risks. -Training studies indicate that people can learn techniques to improve their creativeness. But training may only be effective if the person's environment supports and rewards creativity. -Researchers have looked at individuals who demonstrate creativity in a particular field to try to identify the factors that contribute to their accomplishments. -David Feldman for ex:has studied children and adolescents who are prodigies in such areas as chess, music, and mathematics.
Causes of Gains and Loss
*IQ gains due to parents who foster achievement *IQ drops due to -poverty -Cumulative deficit hypothesis: impoverished environments inhibit intellectual growth and negative effects accumulate over time *Interventions *Head Start Program -immediate gains in IQ -IQ advantages don't last more than 3-4 years -Different attitudes about achievement *Successful interventions start early, last long, and involve several components -we do see some stability, but you also see individual trajectory (those that are high stay high and those that are low stay low) decline of intelligence may happen due to kids living in poverty.
IQ and school achievement
*IQ score a good predictor of school achievement -Not as good at predicting college GPA -original purpose of IQ tests was to estimate how well children would do in school, and they do this fairly well. - IQ scores do not predict college grades as well as they predict high school grades. Most college students probably have at least the average intellectual ability needed to succeed in college; success is therefore more influenced by personal qualities such as motivation. -Overall, an IQ score is a good predictor of academic achievement, but it does not reveal everything about a student. Factors such as work habits, interests, and motivation to succeed also affect academic achievement.
The emergence of creativity
*Preschool- high levels of divergent thought *Creative output declines in school-age *Rise again after 12 *May reflect demands of school *Personality
What is the average correlation between infant speed of habituation and childhood IQ scores?
+0.45
Normal Distribution
-A symmetrical (bell-shaped) curve that describes the variability of a characteristic within a population. -Most people fall at or near the average score; there are relatively few high or low scores. -standard deviation is 16 points for Stanford-Binet standard deviation is 15 points for the Wechsler Scales.
Gardner's Theory of Multiple Intelligence
-Many forms of intelligence -Traditional IQ tests emphasize linguistic and logical -can explain savant syndrome ex: friends that are very intelligent, but not so much when it comes to the real world.
Researchers in Scotland tracked the health and survival of individuals who has taken IQ tests and found that, 65 years later and in comparison to those who scored in the bottom 25% of intelligence, children who scored in the top 25% of intelligence at age 11 were ________ .
2 to 3 times more likely to be alive
developmental quotient (DQ)
A numerical measure of an infant's performance on a developmental test relative to the performance of other infants the same age. -summarizes how well or how poorly the infant performs in comparison with a large norm group of infants and toddlers the same age. -Correlations with child IQ are low to zero
The Wechsler Scale
A set of widely used, individually administered intelligence tests that yield verbal, performance, and overall IQ scores. *Widely used today *Three IQ scores derived -Verbal IQ -Performance IQ -Full-scale IQ -The Wechsler Preschool and Primary Scale of Intelligence is for children between ages 3 and 8 -The Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children is appropriate for schoolchildren ages 6-16 - the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale is used with adults.
How does creativity compare or relate to intelligence and how is it typically measured?
Creativity is the ability to produce novel responses. It is typically measured with tasks that assess divergent thinking, or the ability to come up with a variety of ideas in response to a problem when there is no single correct answer. -In contrast, measures of intelligence typically require coming up with a single correct answer.
What is the difference between fluid and crystallized intelligence?
Fluid intelligence involves using your mental skills to solve novel problems. Crystallized intelligence is using knowledge you have acquired through school or experience to answer questions.
Average IQ scores increased throughout the 20th century in all countries in which they were studied. This is called the ________ .
Flynn effect
Once children reach elementary school, how stable are their IQ scores as a group?
From elementary school on, IQ scores are fairly stable, at least in terms of a person's place within the group of individuals initially assessed. That is, a person's relative ranking within a group stays much the same over time unless something dramatic alters his or her circumstances and leads to a marked increase or decrease in performance.
What is the main point of Gardner's theory of intelligence?
Gardner's theory emphasizes that there are multiple—at least 8—types of intelligence and there are many possible intellectual profiles based on each individual's set of strengths and weaknesses.
IQ and Occupational Success
Higher IQ related to income and occupational prestige.
Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scale
One of the most widely used, individually administered intelligence tests, which yields an IQ score. -Age-graded items used -IQ = MA/CA X 100 -MA = mental age -CA = chronological age -Modern scales -Test norms from large, representative samples -IQ score of 100 is average
How stable are IQ scores during childhood?
Stability -IQ at age 4 predicts later IQ *BUT individual trajectories *Motivation/ testing conditions -start to get a measure of intelligence. Is the intelligence of a 4 year old will be related to a 6 yr old later in life? Will we be able to make predictions? -The shorter the interval between two testings, the higher the correlation between children's IQ scores on the two occasions. Even when several years have passed, however, IQ seems to be a stable attribute: The scores that children obtain at age 7 are clearly related to those they obtain 5 years later, at age 12. -But many individual children experience drops or gains in IQ scores over the years. Remember, however, that this relates to performance on IQ tests rather than underlying intellectual competence -IQ scores are influenced not only by people's intelligence but also by their motivation, testing procedures and conditions, and many other factors -As a result, IQ may be more changeable over the years than intellectual ability.
Bayley Scales of Infant Development
Standardized test to measure the mental, motor, and behavioral progress of infants and young children. Bayley scales: ages 1-42 months *Motor scale *Mental scale *Behavior rating scale -instead of an IQ we get a DQ (developmental quotient)
Sternberg's Triarchic Theory
Successful Intelligence- establishing goals, optimizing strengths & minimizing weaknesses, adapting, using 3 components(practical,analytical,creative)
What does a developmental quotient (DQ) assess?
The DQ assesses how well (or poorly) an infant performs on motor skills, behaviors, and simple tasks relative to other infants of the same age.
What characteristics or behaviors of infants are associated with later intelligence?
The speed with which infants process information shows some relationship to later intelligence as intelligence across the life span seems related to being able to process information quickly.
mental scale
adaptive behaviors ex: reaching for a desirable object, searching for a hidden toy, and following directions ex: if we hide something do they look for it
When do individuals generally establish a characteristic level of intellectual performance that will follow them into their later life?
adolescence
creative component
aspect of intelligence that varies with experience on a task. ex: Creative Cathy does not get as "deep" into understanding the material as her classmate Alice. But she generates lots of new ideas and can be counted on to offer a different perspective in class discussions.
A surgeon would score particularly high on which aspect of Gardner's theory?
bodily-kinesthetic
catell & horn
both distinguished b/w two broad dimensions of intellect, fluid intelligence, and crystallized intelligence
Studies of interventions intended to increase creativity show that creativity ________ .
can be increased, but only if the environment supports and rewards creativity
Which of the following has the lowest correlation with scores on intelligence tests?
college grades
Full-scale IQ
combination of the verbal and performance
divergent thinking
coming up with a variety of ideas or solutions to a problem when there is no single correct answer.
Finding the "best" solution to a problem illustrates
convergent thinking
What three factors contribute to intelligence according to Sternberg?
creativity or ability to respond to novelty, practical skills that facilitate adaptation to one's sociocultural context, and analytic skills for solving problems.
Studies of age-related changes in intelligence suggest that ________ .
cross-sectional studies overestimate age-related differences
analytic component
focuses on the information-processing skills that produce answers to questions in traditional intelligence tests. -thinking critically and analytically ex: Many people rate Analytic Alice as a gifted student, and teachers love having her in their classrooms. Although not very imaginative, she is able to analyze a collection of ideas and provide a logical critique of them.
2-factor theories
g factor , s factor
g factor
general intelligence
About how much of the variation in IQ scores within a group of individuals is due to genetic differences between them?
half
head start program
helps those that are in poverty, find those that are in preschool and provide them with enriched environment to help them. problem with head start , it doesn't last forever. -immediate gains in IQ -IQ advantages don't last more than 3-4 years -Different attitudes about achievement
Chronicle age
how old they are
The number of different ideas an individual can generate is called ________
ideational fluency
Cumulative deficit hypothesis
impoverished environments inhibit intellectual growth and negative effects accumulate over time.
convergent thinking
involves "converging" on the one best answer to a problem; what IQ tests measure. Contrast with divergent thinking. ex:person who wants to know the correct answer to a problem.
fluid intelligence
involves using your mind in new and flexible ways, whereas crystallized intelligence involves using what you have already learned through experience.
crystallized intelligence
knowledge acquired through schooling/ life experience. ex: at what temp. does water boil?(general info) what is the meaning of duplicate?(word comprehension), what is 23x3?(numerical abilities)
Which scales on the Bayley Scales of Infant Development are used to compute the developmental quotient?
motor and mental
Performance IQ
nonverbal skills as the ability to assemble puzzles, solve mazes, reproduce geometric designs with colored blocks, and rearrange pictures to tell a meaningful story
Which aspect of home environment best predicts high IQ scores in children?
parental involvement
In which field does creative productivity peak in the 60s?
philosophy
Intelligence quotient
procedure for comparing a child's MA with his chronological age -consisted of MA divided by CA and then multiplied by . 100(IQ=MA/CA*100). -IQ score of 100 indicates average intelligence, regardless of child's age.
behavior rating scale
rating of the child's behavior on dimensions ex: goal-directedness, emotional regulation, and social responsivity ex: can they calm themselves down, do they get really upset
psychometric approach
research tradition that spawned standarized tests of intelligence and that views intellgience as a set of traits that can be measured and that varies from person to person.
Researchers tested the IQs of children who had participated in early intervention, when those children were in the middle of grade school. How did their IQ scores compare to the children in the control group?
same
Fred has an IQ of 25. He needs close supervision, but can participate in his own self-care. What level of intellectual disability does he have?
severe
general mental ability(g factor)
spearman's observation that people were often consistent across a range of tasks. ex: general intelligence has been found to correlate with performance on exams in 25 different academic subjects. however, spearman also noticed that a student who excelled at most tasks might score low on a particular measure(for ex: memory for words)
s factor
special abilities
special ability(s factor)
special ability which is specific to a particular kind of task.
test norms
standards of normal performance expressed as average scores and the range of scores around the average—are based on the performance of a large, representative sample of people (2-year-olds through adults) from many socioeconomic and racial backgrounds. -individuals receive scores that reflect how well or how poorly they do compared with others of the same age -the higher the IQ score an individual attains, the better the performance is in comparison with that of age-mates.
Rita is in the gifted program at her high school. According to research, which of the following is most likely to describe her?
well-adjusted
