Chapter 9 A&P

Fossa

Elongated basin

COXAL JOINT

HIP JOINT (ball and socket joint) Diarthrosis (moving) - three categories - uniaxial joint (hinge joint=knee, elbow) - one plane eg bending and extending - biaxial joint (bend, move side to side) - two planes eg metacarpophalangeal joint- between hand bone and finger: bend/extend, move side to side - multiaxial joint - three types of movement: anterior-posterior, medial- lateral, and rotational (forwards, backwards, circle)

GLENOHUMERAL JOINT

SHOULDER JOINT - a ball-and-socket joint that - providesthewidestrangeofmotions - surrounded and supported by a loose articular capsule, ligaments, and the rotator cuff muscles - head of humerus fits with glenocavity (contains cartilage filled with synovial fluid)/ fossa of scapula - acromioclavicular ligament :acroian to clavicle

ANKLE JOINT

The talocrural (ankle) joint is a uniaxial hinge joint between talus and leg. - Supported by ligaments that unite the medial or lateral malleolus with the talus and calcaneus bones Movements at the subtalar joint, between the talus and calcaneus bones, combined with motions at other intertarsal joints, enables eversion/inversion movements of the foot. - sprain : ligament to tear (bruising because of bv)

Process

prominence surface

Head

prominent round surface

Crest

ridge

Tuberosity

rough surface

condyle

rounded surface

Spine

sharp process

Fissure

slit through bone

KNEE JOINT

supported by the: - tibial and fibular collateral ligaments located on the outside of the articular capsule - anterior and posterior cruciate ligaments found inside the capsule - medial and lateral menisci provide padding and support between the femoral condyles and tibial condyles - lateral and medial condyle of femur and lateral and medial condyle of tibia )largest joint in the body) - when injured, ACL takes meniscus to because its connected when injured

FUNCTIONAL CLASSIFICATION

determined by the amount of mobility - 3 functional classifications - synarthrosis: immobile - amphiarthrosis: slightly moveable (wiggle) - diarthrosis: freely moveable joint - fibrous and cartilaginous joints may be functionally classified as a synarthrosis or an amphiarthrosis - all synovial joints are also classified as a diarthrosis joint

Facet

flat surface

TEMPOROMANDIBULAR JOINT

"TMJ" jaw joint- hinge joint with small slide - articulation between the mandibular fossa of the temporal bone of the skull and the condyle of the mandible - with an articular cartilage disc located between these bones

6 TYPES OF SYNOVIAL JOINTS

(a) Pivot joints (rotate- between C1 and C2=how we say "no") allow for rotation around an axis, such as between the first and second cervical vertebrae, which allows for side-to-side rotation of the head. (b) The hinge joint of the elbow and knee works like a door hinge. (c) The articulation between the trapezium carpal bone and the first metacarpal bone at the base of the thumb is a saddle joint. (thumb) (d) Plane joints, such as those between the tarsal bones of the foot, allow for limited gliding movements between bones. (flat, glide) wrist and ankle (e) The radiocarpal joint of the wrist is a condyloid joint. radius and one of your carpals (one grounded and one not really) (f) The hip (coral) and shoulder (glenohumeral) joints are the only ball-and-socket joints of the body.

ELBOW JOINT

(a) a hinge joint that allows only for flexion and extension of the forearm (b) supported by the ulnar and radial collateral ligaments (c) The annular ligament supports the head of the radius at the proximal radioulnar joint, the pivot joint that allows for rotation of the radius. - the humeroulner articulation between the trochlea of humerus and trochlear notch of the ulna- synovial - open/close- a little pivot - head of radius head of radius notch of ulna

FIBROUS JOINTS

(a) sutures (b) interosseous membrane forms a syndesmosis between the radius and ulna bones (c) A gomphosis anchors a tooth to its socket in the jaw. tooth=bone, socket=second bone. periodontal ligament= dense connective tissue that keeps tooth with socket (jaw) synarthrosis

JOINT

- aka articulation (connected) - is any place where bones come together - allows for movement in other wise hard tissue - varies in amount of movement - greater range of motion = weaker. for example, glenohumeral= shoulder joint (commonly dislocated because its weak) - classified both structurally and functionally

OSTEOARTHRITIS

- bone- joint- inflammation - stiffness and pain at first, then once you move around it feels better - aging or prolonged joint wear and tear - erosion and loss of the articular cartilage - inflammation with joint stiffness and pain exposed bone: with nerves, every time you move, rubs against bones. articular cartilage wears down and shows bone. hyaline cartilage with in articular cartilage wears down

INTERVERTEBRAL DISC

- functionally classified as amphiarthrosis - structurally form a cartilaginous joint, specifically a symphysis - intervertebral disc, cartilaginous pad

SUTURE JOINTS OF SKULL

- functionally classified as synarthrosis - structurally classified as fibrous joint (dense connective tissue)

ATLANTOAXIAL JOINT

- neck: C1 and C2 - pivot type of joint - between the dens portion of the axis (C2 vertebra) and the anterior arch of the atlas (C1 vertebra) - dens (pivot- shake your head "no") held in place by a ligament- holds everything in place

SYNOVIAL JOINTS

- surrounded by an articular capsule that defines a joint cavity filled with synovial fluid - secreted by synovial membrane (secretes fluid into cavity- clear, slippery fluid) - articulating surfaces of bones covered by articular cartilage (hyaline cartilage) - ligaments support the joint by holding the bones together (digits=finger, knuckle) -articular capsule: dense connective tissue - pivot, hinge, saddle(first metacarple), gliding(carpals), condyloid(radoiocarpal joint), ball and socket(hip)

CARTILAGINOUS JOINTS

=epiphyseal line/plate (a) The hyaline cartilage of the epiphyseal plate forms a synchondrosis that unites the diaphysis and epiphysis of a long bone. (b) The pubic portions of the right and left hip bones are joined together by fibrocartilage, forming the pubic symphysis.

KNEE INJURY

A strong blow to the lateral side of the extended knee: - tearing of the tibial collateral ligament - damage to the medial meniscus - rupture of the anterior cruciate ligament - can't fully heal, have to take dead persons to heal

STRUCTURAL CLASSIFICATION

Based on the presence of connective tissue or fluid-filled cavity 3 structural classifications - fibrous joint (acts like glue) - adjacent bones are united by fibrous connective tissue (aka dense connective tissue) - cartilaginous joint - bones are joined by hyaline cartilage or fibrocartilage - synovial joint - bones come together (but do not touch) within a joint cavity filled with a lubricating fluid - most common (digits)

ACCESORY STRUCTURES

KNEE JOINT: - posterior cruciate ligament, anterior cruciate ligament- prevent femur and tibia together. - bursitis = gets inflamed - supra patellar bursa : fluid filled sac to reduce friction with muscle around it (study slide)

MOVEMENTS OF THE BODY

SHOULDER: flexion- raise arm up, extension- move back down. neck: look up (extension) down (flexion). hip: kick ball. extended: 108 degrees, flex is decreased in the angle : 90 degrees. ABDUCTION: take limbs away ADDUCTION: bring limb back to body ROTATION: internal medial: toes inward external lateral: foot outward SUPNATION: palm up PRONATION: palm down DORSIFLEXION: pick up toes PLANTARFLEXION : point toes towards bottom (tip toes) INVERSION: bottom of foot inward EVERSION: bottom of foot outward RETRACTION: stick something back in (chin) PROTRACTION: stick something out (chin) ELEVATION: bring up DEPRESSION: bring down OPPOSITION: thumb touching all fingers (only primates, not animals)

Tubricle

Small rounded projection or process