Chapter 9 - Adolescence: Body and Mind

Estradiol

A sex hormone, considered the chief estrogen (female hormone)

Between what ages does puberty normally start?

Between ages 8 and 14

Spermarche

First ejaculation of sperm

How do hormonal increases affect psychopathology in sex-specific ways?

Psychological disorders in both sexes increase at adolescence, but males are twice as likely as females to become schizophrenic, while females are twice as likely to become depressed

What was the secular trend of puberty?

Puberty has occurred at younger ages every century. More food has allowed biological advances. Over most of the 20th century, each generation experienced puberty a few weeks earlier and grew a centimeter or so taller than the previous one

Adolescent egocentrism

A characteristic of adolescent thinking that leads young people (ages 10 to 13) to focus on themselves to the exclusion of others

Menarche

A girl's first menstrual period, signaling that she has begun ovulation

When do most physical growth and maturation end?

About 4 years after the first signs appear, though some individuals add height, weight, and muscle until age 20 or so

Why should athletic training and weight lifting be tailored to an adolescent's size the previous year?

Because both weight and height increase BEFORE muscles and internal organs do. Tailoring to the previous year protects immature muscles and organs

Why will many contemporary teenagers develop osteoporosis?

Because of too little calcium and too much soda, day in and day out. Osteoporosis is a major cause of disability in late adulthood

Hormone

Body chemicals that regulate hunger, sleep, moods, stress, sexual desire, immunity, reproduction, and many other bodily reactions, including puberty

Cyberbullying

Bullying that occurs when one person spreads insults or rumors about another by means of technology (emails, texts, videos, etc)

Although the daily recommended intake of calcium for teenagers is 1300 mg a day, the average North American teen consumes how much calcium per day?

Fewer than 500 mg a day.

How do growth spurts proceed in children?

From the extremities to the core. Fingers and toes lengthen before hands and feet, hands and feet before arms and legs, arms and legs before the torso.

How does the heart change during growth spurts?

Heart doubles in size. The heartbeat slows, decreasing the pulse rate while increasing blood pressure. Red blood cells increase in both sexes, but dramatically more so in boys, which aids oxygen transport during intense exercise.

Typical age of spermarche

Just under 13 years

In the 21st century, the beverage most often consumed by US 2 to 18 years olds is what?

Soda, with 11% of high school students drinking three or more glasses each day

Positive school climate and cyberbullying

Students consider their school a good place to be, with supportive teachers, friendly students, opportunities for growth. Students less likely to engage in cyberbullying and also disapprove of it

Negative school climate and cyberbullying

Those with high self esteem are often bullies

What three symptoms lead to bulimia officially being diagnosed?

1) Binging and purging at least once a week for three months 2) Uncontrollable urges to overeat 3) Sense of self inordinately tied to body shape and weight

What is the sequence of observable changes of puberty in boys?

1) Growth of the testes 2) Initial pubic hair growth 3) Growth of the penis 4) Spermarche 5) Appearance of facial hair 6) Peak growth spurt 7) Deepening of the voice 8) Final pubic hair growth

What is the sequence of observable changes of puberty in girls?

1) Nipple growth 2) A few pubic hairs are visible 3) Peak growth spurt 4) Widening of the hips 5) Menarche 6) Full pubic hair pattern 7) Breast maturation

What three symptoms lead to anorexia officially being diagnosed?

1) Significantly low body weight for developmental stage (BMI 17 or lower) 2) Intense fear of weight gain 3) Disturbed body perception and denial of the problem

What are two reasons why teenagers do not consume enough vitamins or minerals?

1) Their hormones affect their diurnal rhythms, including their appetites 2) They seek independence, which may mean refusing to sit down to a family dinner

When is the average age of menarche among normal weight girls?

12 years, 8 months, although variation in time is quite normal

In 2011, only ____ percent of U.S. twelfth graders drank even three glasses of milk daily

15

In 2011, only ______ percent of high school seniors ate the recommended three or more servings of vegetables per day

15

When did the secular trend stop in developed nations?

1990

Pituitary

A gland in the brain that responds to a signal from the hypothalamus by producing many hormones, including those that regulate growth and that control other glands, among them the adrenal and sex glands

HPA (Hypothalamus-Pituitary-Adrenal) axis

A sequence of hormone production that originates in the hypothalamus, moves to the pituitary, and then to the adrenal glands

HPG (Hypothalamus-Pituitary-Gonad) axis

A sequence of hormone production that originates in the hypothalamus, moves to the pituitary, and then to the gonads

Testosterone

A sex hormone, the best known of the androgens (male hormones)

Is bulimia more or less common than anorexia?

Bulimia is about three times as common

As bones lengthen and harden, what do children do?

Eat more and gain weight. Exactly when, where, and how much they gain depends on heredity, hormones, diet, exercise, and gender

Anorexia nervosa

Eating disorder characterized by sever calorie restriction and the fear of being fat. Affected individuals undereat, or overeat and then overexercise or purge, depriving their vital organs of nutrition. Anorexia can be fatal for between 5 and 20 percent of sufferers

Why are middle schools considered to be "developmentally regressive?"

Grades are lower, achievement tests show less learning, students are less motivated to study and learn. However, this is not due to the middle schools, it is due to the biological and psychological stresses of puberty

What is the effect of body fat on the onset of puberty?

Heavy girls reach menarche years earlier than malnourished ones do. Studies have found that it may be the opposite for boys; ones who are heavy in childhood reach puberty later than others

Leptin

Hormone that stimulates the appetite, causes increased body fat, then triggers puberty. Leptin levels in the blood show a natural increase over childhood with a peak at puberty. Leptin affects appetite of females more than it does of males

Incremental approach to intelligence (mastery motivation)

Intelligence can be directly influenced by effort. Believe they can master whatever they seek to learn if they pay attention, participate in class, study, complete their homework, etc.

Why is anemia more likely among adolescent girls than among people of any other age or gender?

Menstruation depletes iron. This is true everywhere, especially in South Asia and sub-Saharan Africa, where teenage girls rarely eat iron-rich meat and green vegetables

What is by far the most common cause of teenage death?

Motor vehicle crashes

Bulimia nervosa

Overeat compulsively, wolfing down thousands of calories within an hour or two, and then purge via vomiting or laxatives

Secondary sex characteristics

Physical traits that are not directly involved in reproduction but that indicate sexual maturity, such as a man's beard and a woman's breasts

Entity approach to intelligence

Sees ability as innate, a fixed quantity present at birth; those who hold this view do not believe that effort enhances achievement. Hopeless to study, convinced they are innately stupid and always will be, reduces stress but also reduces achievement

Personal fable

The belief that one is unique, destined to have a heroic, fabled, even legendary life. Ex: 12 year olds plan to star in the NBA, become billionaires, or cure cancer

Invincibility fable

The idea that, unless fate wills it, they will not be hurt by driving fast, unprotected sex, or addictive drugs

Why does early puberty lead to emotional rushes, unchecked by caution?

The limbic system, including the amygdala (where intense fear and excitement originate) matures before the prefrontal cortex (where planning, emotional regulation, and impulse control occur)

What is the one organ system that decreases in size?

The lymphoid system (includes the tonsils and adenoids). Teenagers are less susceptible to respiratory ailments. Mild asthma often disappears at puberty and teenagers have fewer colds than younger children do

Primary sex characteristics

The parts of the body that are directly involved in reproduction, including the vagina, uterus, ovaries, testicles, and penis

Puberty

The years of rapid and physical growth and sexual maturation that end childhood, producing a person of adult size, shape, and sexuality. A cascade of hormones produce external growth and internal changes, including heightened emotions and sexual desires

How can boys be anemic too?

They may be iron deficient if they push their bodies in physical labor or sports: muscles need iron for growth and strength. The cutoff for anemia is higher for boys than for girls because males require more iron to be healthy

How do the lungs change during growth spurts?

They triple in weight. Consequently, adolescents breathe more deeply and slowly

At age 17, the average girl has _____ the percentage of body fat as her male classmate.

Twice. Male classmate's increased weight is mostly muscle.

Adrenal glands

Two glands, located above the kidneys, that produce hormones including the "stress hormones," epinephrine (adrenaline) and norepinephrine

What health problems do people with bulimia face?

Unlikely to starve, but face damage to their gastrointestinal systems and cardiac arrest from electrolyte imbalance. Also risk compulsive disorders and depression, including thoughts of suicide

What does urban vs rural have to do with the onset of puberty?

Urban children are often overfed and under exercised than rural children. Puberty starts earlier in the cities of India and China compared to the remote villages, a year earlier in Warsaw than in rural Poland, and earlier in Athens than in other parts of Greece

In what order do the three growth spurts occur?

Weight spurt, then height spurt, then muscle spurt

Imaginary audience

When an adolescent believes that people are watching and taking note of his or her appearance, ideas, and behavior. Makes teenagers very self conscious