chapter 9
What new skills do children gain upon entering school? (Select all that apply)
Increasing use of language to talk about things that are not physically present Ability to recognize and talk about sounds Knowledge of what a word is
Which statements are true about fast mapping? (Choose every correct answer.)
It allows children to learn word meanings in a deeper sense. It explains children's ability to quickly learn the connection between a word and its referent.
Which of the following statements about the role of TV in language development is accurate?
It is only effective if a caregiver cowatches it and communicates about it with the child.
______ is naming objects that children seem interested in.
Labeling
______ is a form of communication that is based on a system of symbols.
Language
Which term refers to an implied comparison between unlike things?
Metaphor
______ refers to the units of meaning involved in word formation.
Morphology
What cognitive ability is especially important for good writing?
Organization
Jeffrey is an infant who has learned the word dada. To his mother's embarrassment, Jeffrey calls his father, his uncle, his brother, and any male stranger he sees "dada." What is Jeffrey engaging in?
Overextension
______ involves how sounds are used and how sounds are combined.
Phonology
Which of the following can teachers use to encourage writing skills? (Choose every correct answer.)
Strategy instruction Summarization Peer assistance
Some immigrant children go from being monolingual in their home language to being bilingual in that language and in English, only to end up as monolingual speakers of English. What is the term for this phenomenon?
Subtractive bilingualism
Which statement is true regarding telegraphic speech?
Telegraphic speech is not limited to two words.
If an infant exhibits a lack of pointing in his communication system, which statement is most likely to be true?
The infant might have a problem in his communication system and should be assessed for possible developmental disabilities.
Which view of language acquisition emphasizes both the biological and the experiential contribution to language development?
The interactionist view
With what is Broca's area associated?
The production of words
Which of the following statements is true regarding language development in childhood?
The timing of a child's first word and the timing of the vocabulary spurt vary.
True or false: According to some experts, between 18 months and 6 years of age, young children learn words at the rate of one new word every waking hour.
True
True or false: Before learning to read, children generally learn to use language to talk about things that are not present, learn what a word is, and learn how to recognize sounds and talk about them.
True
MacKenzie is 18 months old. Her family has a white poodle for a pet, and MacKenzie has learned that the poodle is a puppy. She refuses to call any other dog "puppy." In what is MacKenzie engaging?
Underextension
Before learning to read, which must a child be able to do? (Select all that apply)
Use language to talk about things that are not present Learn how to recognize and talk about sounds Learn what a word is
Someone who has poor comprehension and often produces fluent but incomprehensible speech may have damage to what region of the brain?
Wernicke's area
What region of the brain is associated with comprehension of language?
Wernicke's area
Which of the following is LEAST likely to increase students' writing competence?
Whole-language instruction
Which of the following are components of language?
Words used by a community Rules for varying words Rules for combining words
Which statements describe the advances in pragmatics in early childhood? (Select all that apply)
Young children can learn rules regarding politeness in conversations. Young children are able to present competent narratives. Young children can adapt their speech based on their setting.
Categorization becomes easier for children because their vocabulary increases from an average of about ______ words at age 6 to an average of about ______ words by age 11.
14,000; 40,000
The "vocabulary spurt," when it happens, usually occurs between ______ and 24 months.
18
The word helper has ______ morphemes.
2
At what age do children begin to transition from simple sentences to complex sentences?
24 to 36 months
Michael is beginning to print his first name; Michael is most likely how old?
4
By as early as ______ months of age, an infant can recognize his or her name when someone says it.
5
At 18 months, the average infant can speak about ______ words.
50
At what age do infants begin gesturing?
8-12 months
Which of the following is NOT an example of telegraphic speech?
A child says "My daddy gives Carter the cookie."
Which statement is true of children in early elementary grades that reverse letters such as b and d and p and q?
Absent other developmental problems, it does not predict literacy problems.
When learning a second language, which group tend to learn faster but attain a lower final level of second-language attainment?
Adults
Adolescents can think abstractly. This enables them to create a comparison between unlike things, which is called a:
Aphasia
What is the term for the production of strings of consonant-vowel combinations such as "ma-ma-ma"?
Babbling
Which of the following terms refers to the appropriate use of language in different contexts?
By their first birthday, infants lose the ability to recognize differences in sounds not important in their own language.
Which of the following are social interactions that are important in language development? (Select all that apply)
Caregiver responsiveness Gaze following Joint attention
Which of the following are characteristic of the whole-language approach? (Choose every correct answer.)
Children are given material in its complete form, such as stories and poems. Reading is integrated with other skills and subjects, such as science and social studies. Reading is connected with listening and writing skills.
Select all of the following that are ways to learn words. (Select all that apply)
Children learn words for things that interest them. Children learn words when grammar and vocabulary are considered. Children learn words when they hear them often.
Which of the following is key to the development of young children's vocabulary?
Consideration of grammar and vocabulary
Which activity do infants first demonstrate to get their needs met?
Crying
Which of the following is NOT a metacognitive strategy of effective reading teachers?
Focusing on each individual word
Chomsky believed that children are born into the world with a language:
acquisition device.
As children enter school, they learn the ______ principle—the fact that the letters of the alphabet represent sounds of the language.
alphabetic
A byproduct of subtractive bilingualism is that children:
become ashamed of their home language.
Which skills are most important to becoming a good writer? (Choose every correct answer.)
being receptive to feedback monitoring writing progress organization and logical reasoning skills
A good example of satire is:
caricatures.
child-______ speech consists of language spoken in a higher pitch than normal with simple words and sentences.
directed
The addition of information to a child's incomplete utterance is identified as
expanding
In statistical learning, infants soak up statistical regularities in the world through:
exposure.
For an infant, statistical learning involves:
extracting information from the world to learn about the environment.
True or false: Because child-directed speech is like "baby talk," it is linked to stunted language development in children.
false
______ mapping describes the ability of children to make an initial connection between a word and its referent after limited exposure.
fast
As children's processing of words and passages becomes more automatic, their reading becomes more:
fluent
An infant waving bye-bye is an example of a(n):
gesture.
Parents and teachers who provide a rich verbal learning environment for children do which of the following to attain positive outcomes? (Choose every correct answer.)
label things in the their environment pay attention to what children try to say read to them
Compared to adults who are learning a second language, childhood second-language learners are ______. (Select all that apply)
less sensitive to feedback more likely to learn from large amounts of input less likely to use explicit strategies
Which of the five systems of rules of language has the function of marking tense and number?
morphemes
The use of plural and possessive forms of nouns, prepositions, and the various forms of the verb to be demonstrates a child's understanding of:
morphology rules.
The first words for English-speaking and Romance-language-speaking infants are usually:
nouns.
According to research, which of the following methods should be emphasized in reading instruction?
phonics
An increasing number of experts in the field of reading now conclude that a key aspect in learning to read is direct instruction in
phonics
In the ______ approach to reading instruction, the main focus is learning the rules for translating written symbols (the printed alphabet) into sounds.
phonics
The approach to reading instruction that emphasizes the importance of teaching the basic rules for translating written symbols into sounds is called the ______ approach
phonics
An example of ______ is how in English some words start with sch as in school, but no words start with the cluster chs.
phonology
The appropriate use of language in different contexts refers to the ______ of language.
pragmatics
During middle and late childhood, children also make progress in understanding how to use language in culturally appropriate ways, which is best described as:
pragmatics.
If you say "Hey, Buddy!" when greeting your friend but "Hello, Mrs. Berra" when greeting your teacher, you are demonstrating that you understand:
pragmatics.
Rebecca, a 6-year-old, is very good at carrying on conversations with people. Her two-year-old brother Jack is not very good at carrying on conversations. This is primarily due to Rebecca's greater understanding of:
pragmatics.
The rephrasing of something the child has said, perhaps by turning it into a question or restating an immature utterance in a grammatically correct sentence, describes:
recasting.
Words a child understands constitute ______ vocabulary.
receptive
______ vocabulary refers to words a child understands.
receptive
Kuhl's research showed that in the first six months of life infants are "citizens of the world," meaning they:
recognize sound changes no matter what the language.
The use of irony, derision, or wit to expose folly or wickedness is described as:
satire.
We understand that the word boy refers to a child and the word man refers to an adult because we understand:
semantics.
Language experts consider pointing to be an important index of the ______ aspects of language.
social
Words a child uses are called the _____ vocabulary
spoken
"The car talked the girl into buying an apple" is ______ correct but ______ incorrect.
syntactically; semantically
The way words are combined to form acceptable phrases and sentences is called:
syntax.
We realize that the sentence "You didn't stay, didn't you?" is unacceptable and ambiguous because we understand:
syntax.
Young children learn early to place a wh- word at the beginning of a sentence when properly asking a question. This shows advances in:
syntax.
The use of short and precise words without grammatical markers such as articles, auxiliary verbs, and other connectives is called
telegraphic speech.
The only technologically advanced Western nation that does NOT have a national foreign-language requirement at the high school level is:
the United States
The difficulty in retrieving words that occurs more often in late adulthood is referred to as
the tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon.
True or false: According to Chomsky, children's language acquisition device provides them with the ability to form plural words.
true
True or false: Researchers suggest that instruction to enhance U.S. children's ability to read and write should be built on skills that the children already know.
true
True or false: Students in the United States are far behind their counterparts in many developed countries in learning a second language.
true
For late language learners like adolescents and adults, it is easier to learn new ______ than it is to learn new sounds or new grammar.
vocabulary
Which of the following is LEAST likely to decline as someone reaches late adulthood?
vocabulary
By the time a child is 3 years old he or she can produce all of the ______ sounds.
vowel
Which of the following activities is LEAST likely to aid in the development of preschoolers' literacy skills?
watching TV
In classrooms adopting a ______ approach, beginning readers are taught to recognize words or even entire sentences and to use the context of what they read to guess at the meaning of words.
whole-language