Chapter 9

static tests

- measure a child's current abilities

self efficacy beliefs

- student who are high in self efficacy ( who believe that they can master schoolwork and regulate their learning) are more likely to succeed than students who do not believe in their abilities

conservation

1. Concrete operational children can answer conservation problems in their heads 2. Identity, reversibility, and decentering are important aspects 3. Horizontal decalage- inability to transfer knowledge of conservation a. Solids vs. liquids

7 kinds of intelligence

1. Linguistic- writing, editing, translating 2. Logical mathematical- sciences, business, medicine 3. Spatial- art 4. Musical 5. Bodily kinesthetic- dancing, athletics, surgery 6. Interpersonal-teaching, acting, politics 7. Intrapersonal- counseling, psychiatry, spiritual leader

Kaufman Assessment Battery for Children (K-ABC-2)

1. Nontraditional individual intelligence test designed t provide fair assessments of minority children and children with disabilities 2. Autism, language disorders

componential

According to Robert Sterberg's Triarchic theory, IQ test measure _______ element of intelligence

Concrete Operational

Age 7-12 less egocentric, more proficient a tasks requiring logical reasoning. Reasoning however is limited to here and now

Otis Lennon School Ability Test (OLSAT8)

Asked to classify items, show understanding of verbal and numerical concepts, display general information, and follow directions group test

Concrete operations

Begin to discard the idea that there is single absolute standard of right and wrong Begin to develop own sense of justice based on fairness or equal treatment

Third stage

Belief that everyone should be treated alike

Gifted Children

IQ 130 or higher

Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children (WISC-III)

Measures verbal and performance abilities yielding separate scores for each as well as total score individual test

Preoperational stage

Rules can not be bent. Behavior is right or wrong, and that offenses deserve punishment

transitive inference

ability to infer a relationship between two objects from the relationship between each of them and a third object.

seriation

ability to order items along a dimension. I.e./ lightest to darkest

class inclusion

ability to see the relationship between a whole and its parts i.e./ are there more roses or more flowers?

Creativity

ability to see things in a new light, to produce something never seen before or to discern problems others fail to recognize and find new ways for solution

whole language approach

approach hat emphasizes visual retrieval and the use of contextual cues

phonetic approach

approach to teaching reading that emphasizes decoding of unfamiliar words

metacognition

awareness of a persons own mental processes

visually based retrieval

child simply looks at the word and then retrieves it

decoding

child sounds out the word translating it from print to speech before retrieving it from long term memory

inductive reasoning

children in the stage of concrete operations only use this type of reasoning aReasoning the moves from particular observations about members of a class to a general conclusion about a class My dog barks, her dog barks..... all dogs bark

Divergent Thinking

come up with a wide array of fresh possibilitties listening unusaly uses for a paper clip writeing down what a song brings to mind

executive function

conscious control of thoughts, emotions, and actions to accomplish goals or solve problems

Enrichment programs

deepen knowledge and skill through extra classroom activates, research projects, field trips, or expert coaching

Dyslexia

developmental language disorder in which reading achievement is substantially below the level predicted by IQ and age tends to run in families most common

mnemonic strategies

devices to aid memory. Most common is use of external memory aids, rehearsal, organization, and elaboration

Theory of multiple intelligences

each person has several distinct forms of intelligence

Individual with Disabilites Education Act

ensures a free approriate public education for all children with disabilities

hypertension

high blood pressure

body image

how one believes one looks becomes important early in middle childhood, especially for girls and may develop into eating disorders in adolescence

Triarchic theory of intelligence

identifies three elements, or aspects, of intelligence: componential, experiential, contextual

elaboration

imagining items associated with something else

organized sports

improve motor skills, sports programs should: offer a variety of sports, coach towards skill building not winning boys play more often than girls

working memory span

improvemntnt in processing speed and in storage capacity

tacit knowledge

information that is not formally taught or openly expressed but is necessary to get ahead

experiential element

insightful or creative, it determines how people approach novel or familiar tasks

metamemory

knowledge abut the processes of memory

Brain Development

loss in density of gray matter,pruning of unused dendrites Increase in white matter, axons or nerve fivers that transmit information between neurons t distant regions of the brain

External memory aids

making a list, setting timer. Something outside the person

organization

mentally placing information into categories to make easier for recall

ADHD

most common mental disorder in childhood

social capital

networks of community resources children and families can draw on

acute medical conditions

occasional short term conditions such as infections and warts, flu, allergies

chronic medical conditions

physical, development, behavioral, or emotional conditions that persist for three months r more Asthma-chronic respiratory disease,12% of children Shuttering- regarded as neurological condition, four times more common in boys than girls

dynamic tests

potential rather than present achievement

pragmatics

practical use of language to communicate

contextual element

practical, determines how people deal with their environment

social promotion

promoting students who do not meet standards to keep them with there are mates

Deductive Reasoning

reasoning does not develop until adolescence a. Reasoning that moves from a general premise about a class to a conclusion about a particular member or members of the class i. All dogs bark. Spot is a dog. Spot barks

rehearsal

repeating phone number in head

categorization

seriation, transitive inference, class inclusion are all part of ____

successful intelligence

skills and knowledge needed for success within a particular social and cultural context

Acceleration programs

speed up their education through early school entrance, grade skipping, placement in fast paced classes, or advanced courses

mental Retardation

subnormal cognitive functioning IQ of 70 or less coupled with deficiecy in age appropriate adaptive behavrio

cultural bias

tendency to include questions that us vocabulary or call for information or skills more familiar to some cultural groups than to others

culture fair tests

test consisting only of experiences common to people in various cultures

cultural relevant test

tests that take into account the adaptive tasks that confront children in particular cultures

culture free tests

tests with no culture linked content. Posing tasks that do not require language such as tracing mazes, putting right shapes in right holes, completing picture

selection attention

the ability to deliberately direct ones attention and shut out distractions. Hinges on the executive skill of inhibitory control i. Inhibitory control- voluntary suppression of unwanted responses

componential element

the analytic aspect of intelligence: it determines how efficiently people process information

convergent thinking

the kind IQ test measure, seeks a single correct answer

rough and tumble play

wrestling, kicking, tumbling, grappling, and chasing, often accompanied by laughing and screaming. Universal