Chapter 9- Cellular Respiration

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During Glycolysis, _ molecule of glucose, a 6- carbon compound, is transformed into _ molecules of pyruvate, a 3-carbon compound

1 molecule of glucose; 2 molecules of pyruvate

How many calories are in a kilocalorie?

1000

What are the products of Glycolysis?

2 ATP's, 2 molecules of Pyruvate, 2 NADH

The end result of Glycolysis is __ molecules of a 3-carbon compound called ___ __ or ___.

2 molecules; Pyruvic Acid or Pyruvate

At the pathways beginning, __ ATP's are used up. Although _ ATP's are put in, glycolysis produces _ ATP's. this gives the cell a net gain of __ ATP's

2; 2; 4; 2

__ molecules of ATP are "invested" to get the process of Glycolysis going. Overall, _ ATP's are produced for a net gain of __ ATPS.

2; 4; 2

Cellular respiration captures the energy from food in __ main stages: Glycolysis, The Krebs Cycle, and Electron Transport Chain

3

Together, Glycolysis, the Krebs Cycle, and Electron Transport chain release about ___ molecules of ATP.

36

What is the main product of The Electron Transport Chain?

36-38 ATP

In Glycolysis, __ ATP's are synthesized from 4 ADP's. Given that 2 ATP molecules are used to start the process, there is a net gain of just 2 ATP molecules.

4

Carbohydrates and proteins contain approx. ____ calories or ____ Calories of energy per gram

4000 calories; 4 Calories

In Glycolysis, __ high energy electrons are passed to the carrier, NAD+ to produce _____.

4; NADH

As the Krebs Cycle continues, citric acid is broken down into a __ carbon molecule, more carbon dioxide is ___, and electrons are transferred to energy ___.

4; released; carriers

What are the products of the Krebs Cycle?

6 NADH , 2 FADH2 , 2 ATP , 6 CO2

Fats contain approx. ___ calories or ___ Calories per gram.

9000 calories; 9 Calories

The __ __ __ uses high energy electrons from glycolysis and the Krebs cycle to convert ___ to ___.

ADP to ATP

For each turn of the cycle, a molecule of ADP is converted to a molecule of __

ATP

Only a small amount of energy is captured to produce ___ during this stage

ATP

Since cells break down food molecules gradually, is enables cells to use the energy stored in the chemical bonds of foods like glucose to produce compounds such as ___ that directly power the activities of the cell.

ATP

The inter mitochondria membrane contains enzymes known as ___ ___.

ATP Synthases

Humans have 3 main sources of ATP. What are they?

ATP already in muscles, ATP made by lactic acid, and ATP produced by cellular respiration.

Oxygen serves as the final electron ___ of the ETC, thus ____ is essential for getting rid of low energy electrons and hydrogen ions, the wastes of cellular respiration

Acceptor; Oxygen

The other 2 carbon atoms from pyruvic acid rearrange and form ___ acid which is joined to a compound called coenzyme A.

Acetic

The resulting molecule of acetic acid and coenzyme A is ___ ___ .

Acetyl CoA

___ contribues to the sour taste in cheese, yogurt, buttermilk, and sour cream.

Acid

The Krebs Cycle and the ETC are both ___.

Aerobic

pathways that require oxygen

Aerobic

Yeasts and a few other microorganisms use this type of fermentation, which produces ethyl alcohol and carbon dioxide.

Alcoholic Fermentation

this process is used to produce alcoholic beverages and also causes bread dough to rise.

Alcoholic Fermentation

There are 2 forms of Fermentation: ___ and ___.

Alcoholic and Lactic Acid

Glycolysis is said to be ___.

Anaerobic

Pathways that do not require oxygen

Anaerobic

Fermentation is an ___ process that occurs in the ____ of cells.

Anaerobic; cytoplasm

What is the overall chemical equation for cellular respiration?

C6H1206 + 6O2 yields in the presence of enzymes 6Co2 + 6H2O + 36-38 ATP's

the amount of energy needed to raise the temperature of one gram of water, one degree celsius

Calorie

Energy stored in food is expressed in units of ___.

Calories

High energy electrons are then passed from one ___ to the next.

Carrier

For exercise longer than about 90 seconds, ___ ____ is the only way to continue generating a supply of ATP .

Cellular Respiration

If oxygen is available, organisms can obtain energy from food by what process?

Cellular Respiration

process that releases energy from food in the presence of oxygen

Cellular Respiration

What does Cellular Respiration do with carbon dioxide?

Cellular Respiration puts Carbon Dioxide back

What does Cellular Respiration do with Oxygen?

Cellular respiration uses oxygen to release energy from food

Food provides living things with the ____blocks they need to grow and reproduce

Chemical

Cells do not simply burn food and release energy as heat. Instead, they break down food molecules gradually. Because they break down food molecules gradually, is captures a little bit of ___ ___ at key steps.

Chemical Energy

For all organisms, food molecules contain ____ ____ that is released when their chemical bonds are broken.

Chemical Energy

The cell uses ____ to produce ATP.

Chemiosmosis

As the Krebs Cycle begins, acetyl CoA adds the 2 carbon acetyl group to a 4 carbon molecule already present in the cycle, producing a 6-carbon molecule called __ ___.

Citric Acid

Because __ acid is the first compound formed in the Krebs Cycle, the Krebs Cycle is also known as the Citric Acid Cycle

Citric Acid

Photosynthesis is the process that "____" energy, and Cellular Respiration is the process that "____" energy.

Deposits; Withdraws

NADH and FADH2 pass their high energy electrons to the __ __ __ .

ETC

NADH carries high energy electrons to the __ ___ __ .

Electron Transport Chain

Products from both the Krebs Cycle and Glycolysis feed into the last step of cellular respiration- the __ __ __ .

Electron Transport Chain

The bulk of the energy, however, comes from the final stage, _____ ____ _____.

Electron Transport Chain

When a cell generates large amounts of ATP from glycolysis, it runs into a problem. In just a few seconds, all of the cell's available NAD+ molecules are filled up with ____.

Electrons

Even though Glycolysis is an energy-releasing process, the cell needs to put in a little ___ to get things going.

Energy

Although the energy yield from Glycolysis is small, the process is so ___ that cells can produce thousands of ATP molecules in just a few milli seconds.

Fast

Cells use all sorts of molecules for food including what?

Fats, proteins, and carbohydrates

If oxygen is not present, other anaerobic pathways, known as _____ make is possible for the cell to keep Glycolysis running, generating ATP to power cellular activity.

Fermentation

process by which cells release energy in the absence of oxygen; the recycling of NAD+ by passing high-energy electrons back to pyruvic acid.

Fermentation

How does the cell extract the rest of that energy?

First, pyruvic acid enters the second stage, the Krebs Cycle where a little more energy is generated

Organisms get the energy they need from ___

Food

Glycolysis involves many chemical steps that transform ___

Glucose

What is the overall chemical equation in words?

Glucose and oxygen combine in the presence of enzymes to produce carbon dioxide, water and energy

During fermentation, cells convert NADH back into the electron carrier NAD+, allowing ____ to produce a steady supply of ATP.

Glycolysis

Glucose first enters a chemical pathway called ___.

Glycolysis

Without NAD+, the cell cannot keep ___ going, and ATP production stops. This is when fermentation comes in.

Glycolysis

the first set of reactions in Cellular Respiration is called...

Glycolysis

The Electron Transport chain requires reactants from what?

Glycolysis and The Krebs Cycle

Before most of the runners have passed the 50- meter mark, that store of ATP is nearly __.

Gone

Every time 2 high energy electrons pass down the chain, their energy is used to transport ___ ions across the membrane.

H+

The charge differences across the membrane forces ___ ions through channels in these enzymes, actually causing the ATP Synthases to spin.

H+

Where does Glycolysis occur?

In the cytoplasm of a cell

Anytime a cell's demand for energy increases, its use of oxygen ___.

Increases

When oxygen is available, however, pyruvic acid and NADH "outputs" generated during Glycolysis become the "___" for other processes of cellular respiration.

Inputs

How does the Electron Transport Chain extract so much energy?

It uses one of the world's most powerful electron acceptor- oxygen.

The calorie that is used in food labels is a _____

Kilocalorie

Pickles, sauerkraut, and kimono are also produced using __ __ fermentation

Lactic Acid

At this point, the runner's muscle cells are producing most of their ATP by ___ ___ ____.

Lactic Acid Fermentation

Most organisms, including us, carry out fermentation using a chemical reaction that converts pyruvic acid to lactic acid.

Lactic Acid Fermentation

The Krebs Cycle begins when pyruvic acid produced by Glycolysis passes through the two membranes of the mitochondrion and into the ___ .

Matrix

the innermost compartment of the mitochondrion and the site of the Krebs Cycle reactions

Matrix

structures in the cell that convert chemical energy stored in food to usable energy for the cell

Mitochondrion

One of the reactions of Glycolysis removes 4 electrons, now in high energy state, and passes them to an electron carrier called ___.

NAD+

electron carrier involved in glycolysis that is oxidized when G3P is reduced

NAD+

Each NAD+ molecule accepts a pair of high energy electrons. This molecule, now known as ____, holds the electrons until they can be transferred to other molecules.

NADH

Glycolysis generates high energy electrons that are passed to NAD+, forming ____ . Those NADH molecules can enter the mitochondrion, where they join NADH and FADH2, generated by the Krebs Cycle.

NADH

At 5 places, electron carriers accept a pair of high energy electrons, changing NAD+ to ____ and FAD to ____.

NADH; FADH2

Similarly, the matrix side of the membrane, from which those H+ ions have been taken, is now ___ charged compared to the inter membrane space.

Negatively

What happens to each of the Krebs Cycle products - Co2 is ____ _____ to the cell and is expelled every time you exhale. ATP are very useful and become immediately __ to power cellular activities. In the presence of oxygen, carrier molecules are used to ___ huge amounts of ATP.

Not useful; available; generate

The energy in Photosynthesis and Cellular Respiration flow in ____ directions.

Opposite

Glycolysis can quickly supply chemical energy to the cell when ___ is not available.

Oxygen

Most of the energy releasing pathways within cells require ____, and that is the reason we need to breathe.

Oxygen

When oxygen is not present, glycolysis is followed by a pathway that makes it possible to continue to produce ATP without ___.

Oxygen

Without ___, the ETC does not run, so there is nowhere for the NADH molecules to deposit their electrons. Thus, NADH does not get converted back to NAD+.

Oxygen

__ is required at the very end of the ETC.

Oxygen

Cellular Respiration is balanced by another process. What is this process called?

Photosynthesis

What does Photosynthesis do with oxygen?

Photosynthesis releases oxygen into the atmosphere

What does Photosynthesis do with carbon dioxide?

Photosynthesis removes Carbon dioxide from the atmosphere

Photosynthesis only occurs in what?

Plants, algae, and some bacteria

During electron transport, H+ ions build up in the inter membrane space, making it ___ charged relative to the matrix.

Positively

Formula for Alcoholic Fermentation

Pyruvic acid + NADH yields Alcohol + CO2 + NAD+

Formula for Lactic Acid Fermentation

Pyruvic acid + NADH yields Lactic Acid + NAD+

In glycolysis, as the bonds in glucose are broken down and rearranged, energy is ___.

Released

The equations of Photosynthesis and Cellular Respiration are the __ of each other .

Reverse

Glycolysis, however does not directly require oxygen, nor does it rely on an oxygen requiring process to ___.

Run

The elections are then passed from all those carriers to where?

The Electron Transport Chain

In the presence of oxygen, pyruvic acid in glycolysis passes to the second stage of cellular respiration: ___ ___ __ .

The Krebs Cycle

pyruvic acid is broken down into carbon dioxide in a series of energy extracting reactions

The Krebs Cycle

Which 2 processes generate the most ATP during cellular respiration ?

The Krebs Cycle and The Electron Transport Chain

Where do the Krebs Cycle and Electron Transport Chain occur?

The Mitochondrion

The cell has to release the explosive chemical energy in food molecules a little bit at a time and then needs to find a way to ___ those little bits of energy by using them to make ATP.

Trap

At the end of Glycolysis, ___% of the chemical energy that was available in glucose is still ___, locked in chemical bonds of a molecule called ____ ___.

Unused; pyruvic acid

A lot of energy is present in food, although it __ how much in the type of food.

Varies

The energy stored in each of these macromolecules (fats, proteins, and carbohydrates) ____ because of chemical structures, and therefore their energy storing bonds differ.

Varies

At the end of the ETC is an enzyme that combines these electrons with hydrogen ions and oxygen to form __.

Water

When the starting gun goes off in a footrace, the muscles of the runners contain only enough of this ATP for __ ___ ___ __ intense activity.

a few seconds of

Cellular Respiration takes place in nearly all ___: plants, animals, fungi, protists, and most bacteria.

life

Even though the Krebs Cycle does not directly use _____, it is aerobic because it cannot run without the oxygen requiring ETC.

oxygen

Cellular respiration requires ____and a ____ ____ such as glucose, and it gives off carbon dioxide, water and energy.

oxygen and a food molecule

With each spin, the enzyme grabs an ADP molecule and attaches it to a ___ ___ , producing ATP.

phosphate group

Once pyruvate is in the matrix, 1 carbon atom from pyruvic acid becomes part of a molecule of carbon dioxide, which is eventually ___ into the air.

released

Cellular Respiration releases energy more ___ than fermentation does, which is why even well-conditioned athletes have to pace themselves during a long race or over the course of a game.

slowly

Cells normally contain ___ amounts of ATP produced during Cellular Respiration.

small


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