Chapter 9 PART 2

Slow twitch red fibers

Also known as Type 1 fibers

Fast twitch white fibers

Also known as Type 2x fibers

Fast switch Red Intermediate type

Also known as type 2a fibers

Slow twitch red fibers

Are red because of the increased umber of hemoglobin and myoglobin that are a result of the many capillaries

Lockjaw

Caused by toxic bacteria which causes complete tenting in jaw, neck, and respiratory muscles

All the individual fibers in single motor unit must contract once or not at all. However, when a muscle contracts, sometimes only a few motor units that innervate a muscle may contract. When this happens, there is not as strong of a contraction. However, when Multiple motor units contract at once, you get a far more powerful contraction than if a single motor unit was contracting on its own. The number of motor units that contracted is based on the sensory input the brain receives. If your sensory info tells the brain you need to lift a pillow, this is going to cause a lot fewer motor units to contract than the sensory info telling your brain you want to lift a car.

Compare the "All or Nothing" principle of muscle cells/fibers with the graded strength principle of entire muscle contraction.

Fast switch Red Intermediate type

Contain a mix of the characteristics of both fast and slow twitch fibers

Muscle contracts, then suddenly relaxes

Define twitch

1. In muscle atrophy, the size of a muscle is decreased due to a decrease in the amount of Myosin and Actin inside of muscle cells. 2. Muscle atrophy will result in weaker, smaller muscles. 3. Muscle atrophy generally occurs due to a lack of using the muscle for a long period of time

Describe the concept of muscle atrophy?

Fast twitch white fibers

Don't have any mitochondria

The all or nothing principle states that individual muscle fibers in a motor unit either all contract, or none of them contract. There is no way for only "some" muscle fibers within a motor unit to contract while others do not. If one muscle fiber in a in a motor contracts, they all do.

Explain the "all of nothing" principle of muscle cells/fibers

When an exercise requires more Oxygen for muscles than the body is able to breathe in. The lack of Oxygen for muscles results in the build up lactic acid, a lesser ability to create ATP, and a weaker and weaker contraction ability by the muscles. After the intense activity is ceased, Oxygen Debt is the amount of Oxygen needed to get rid of built up Lactate, Replenish Creatine Phosphate, and increase the levels of Oxygen in the body back to normal levels.

Explain the relationship between oxygen debt and muscle fatigue

Fast twitch white fibers

Fatigue very quickly

Slow twitch red fibers

Fibers that are used primarily for aerobic actives like endurance training

After you finish a run, you are still breathing hard because your body is still trying to make up for the Oxygen you used during exercise. This Oxygen will be used to eliminate Lactic Acid which will help eliminate muscle fatigue. This Oxygen will also be used to bring ATP stores that were used back to normal resting levels.

Give an example of oxygen debt and explain its effects.

Fast twitch white fibers

Have less capillaries since there is less of need to supply oxygen

Slow twitch red fibers

Have lots of mitochondria and capillaries

Resistance training; through this, muscles will increase in both power and size

How is hypertrophy usually achieved?

Tetanus

Increased, sustained contractions

Fast switch Red Intermediate type

Most skeletal muscles are made of these fibers

Twitch

Muscle contracts, then suddenly relaxes

Isometric

Muscles are contracting and causing a force, but they are not lengthening or shortening a muscle. No movement of an object is occurring,

Twitch

Rapid single response to one stimulus

Slow twitch red fibers

Resist fatigue and have long contraction times

Oxygen debt

The oxygen needed after exercise to bring body back to regular homeostatic levels.

Where muscle is partially contracted, but not fully. Happens during things like standing or sitting where the muscle contract just enough to hold you upright.

Tonus

Isotonic

Type of contraction where your muscle shortens or lengthens (limb flexes and extends).

Fast twitch white fibers

Used primarily for very quick powerful movements such as hitting a baseball or performing a jump which involve anaerobic ATP production

1. Most human skeletal muscles use this type 2. Contain various combinations of slow twitch red and fast twitch white from muscle to muscle 3. More fast twitch fibers produces a quick response (EX. eye muscles) 4. Slow twitch used more in posture and endurance activities (EX. calf muscles, standing for long periods of time) 5. Number and distribution of fibers is partially determined by genetics

What are 5 characteristics of Fast switch Red Intermediate type?

1. Long contraction time 2. Resist fatigue 3. Perform for long time periods 4. Aerobic ATP production 5. Extensive capillaries 6. More mitochondria 7. Red due to increased myoglobin, hemoglobin, and cytochromes 8. Dark meat

What are 8 characteristics of the Slow Twitch Red Fibers?

1. Partial includes some relaxation 2. Complete has no relaxation due to Temporal summation (stimulus applied again before muscle can relax) and Spatial summation (stimulus at same time but different end plate) 3. Most of our motions are partial tetany; smooth sustained contraction (Calcium remains present as more is added... Ex. biceps flexion) 4. Tetanus or Lockjaw

What are characteristics of Tetanus?

1. Minimal shortening but increased tension in muscle as muscle contraction is counteracted by stretching 2. Amount of tension is determined by the number of fibers involved 3. Muscle training is easy with no equipment, time-saving, boring, and static 4. May tend to raise blood pressure

What are characteristics of isometric contraction

1. Abnormal tonus- rhythmic jerks 2. Indicate fatigue, excitement, anxiety, or fear 3. Brain can initiate to produce heat and warmth 4. "Screws up" sequence of nerve stimulation as it causes exaggerated back and forth pull of stretch reflex

What are characteristics of the contraction, Clonus?

1. Muscle contracts more forcefully in response to same stimulus after is has contracted a few times 2. Due to increased availability of calcium ions and improved internal conditions such as higher temperatures and optimal pH levels

What are characteristics of the muscle contraction, Treppe?

1. Short contraction 2. Increased sarcoplasmic reticulii which increases calcium release 3. Anaerobic ATP production 4. Fewer mitochondria 5. Less capillaries because they are less oxygen dependent 6. Fatigue quickly 7. White meat

What are the 7 characteristics of the Fast twitch white fibers?

Twitch, tonus, clonus, treppe, tentany of tetanus, isotonic, isometric

What are the 7 types of muscle contractions?

1. Normal firmness/tension in muscle (posture) 2. Where muscle is partially contracted, but not fully. Happens during things like standing or sitting where the muscle contract just enough to hold you upright. 3. Occurs during sleep 4. Absent only in deep anesthesia or severe unconsciousness; limp, intent, flaccid 4. Rotating system- a number of fibers in the muscle are contracting while other fibers relax 5. Spindle fibers- stretch receptors; via feedback to brain- modifies stimulus, maintains tone 6. Hypertonic- spastic or rigid muscles 7. Hypotonic- flaccid muscles

What are the characteristics of the contraction, tonus?

1. Contract quickly 2. High myoglobin content 3. Contain many mitochondria and capillaries 4. Fatigue at an intermediate rate 5. Used for actives like walking and sprinting

What are the characteristics that fast twitch red intermediate type share with slow twitch red fibers and fast twitch white fibers?

Treppe

What contraction has the following characteristics? 1. Muscle contracts more forcefully in response to same stimulus after is has contracted a few times 2. Due to increased availability of calcium ions and improved internal conditions such as higher temperatures and optimal pH levels

Tetanus

What contraction has the following characteristics? 1. Partial includes some relaxation 2. Complete has no relaxation due to Temporal summation (stimulus applied again before muscle can relax) and Spatial summation (stimulus at same time but different end plate) 3. Most of our motions are partial tetany; smooth sustained contraction (Calcium remains present as more is added... Ex. biceps flexion)

Clonus

What contraction has the following characteristics? 1. Abnormal tonus- rhythmic jerks 2. Indicate fatigue, excitement, anxiety, or fear 3. Brain can initiate to produce heat and warmth 4. "Screws up" sequence of nerve stimulation as it causes exaggerated back and forth pull of stretch reflex

Tonus

What contraction has the following characteristics? 1. Normal firmness/tension in muscle (posture) 2. Where muscle is partially contracted, but not fully. Happens during things like standing or sitting where the muscle contract just enough to hold you upright. 3. Occurs during sleep 4. Absent only in deep anesthesia or severe unconsciousness; limp, intent, flaccid 4. Rotating system- a number of fibers in the muscle are contracting while other fibers relax 5. Spindle fibers- stretch receptors; via feedback to brain- modifies stimulus, maintains tone 6. Hypertonic- spastic or rigid muscles 7. Hypotonic- flaccid muscles

Treppe

What contraction is the staircase phenomenon- warm up effect?

1. More actin and myosin result in bigger muscle fibers and stronger contractions. This also results in an increase in muscle size. 2. increased mitochondria, sarcoplasmic reticuli, ATP, and CP

What happens in hypotrophy?

Testosterone and growth hormone

What influences hypertrophy in muscles?

A bodybuilder or Power lifter who stops lifting for 6 months will go through a high amount of muscle atrophy. This will result in smaller, weaker muscles.

What is an example of atrophy?

Pushing a wall, performing planks, holding a squat position.

What is an example of isometric contraction?

The loss of muscle

What is atrophy?

Oxygen Debt

What is heavy breathing after an exercise due to?

An increase in muscle mass

What is hypertrophy?

The oxygen needed after exercise to bring body back to regular homeostatic levels.

What is oxygen debt?

The belief behind this principle is that in order to improve in strength or any kind of athletic performance, you must challenge the body. Doing the same workout over and over will eventually lead you to no longer get results. This means increasing repetitions, duration, intensity, or weight in order to improve in a workout.

What is the belief behind the progressive principle overload?

1. Individual cells/fibers decrease in size due to progressive loss of myofibrils (actin and myosin) 2. Nerve innervation occurs causing loss of mass with nonuse of muscle 3. Denervation occurs after 6 months to 2 years of no use as the muscle becomes a quarter of the original size and lost muscle fibers are replaced with fibrous connective tissue

What is the physiology behind why atrophy occurs?

In order for a muscle to grow, strength to be gained, performance to increase, or for any similar improvement to occur, the human body must be forced to adapt to a tension that is above and beyond what it has previously experienced.

What is the progressive principle overload?

Contraction, Muscle shortens, tension constant, pulls tendon, pulls bone, motions results

What is the sequence of steps for an isotonic contraction?

Isotonic

What is the type of muscle training that works all of he muscles over entire range?

Clonus

What muscle contraction is responsible for shivering?

Slow Twitch Red Fibers

What muscle fiber has the following characteristic? 1. Long contraction time 2. Resist fatigue 3. Perform for long time periods 4. Aerobic ATP production 5. Extensive capillaries 6. More mitochondria 7. Red due to increased myoglobin, hemoglobin, and cytochromes 8. Dark meat

Fast twitch white fibers

What muscle fiber has the following characteristics: 1. Short contraction 2. Increased sarcoplasmic reticulii which increases calcium release 3. Anaerobic ATP production 4. Fewer mitochondria 5. Less capillaries because they are less oxygen dependent 6. Fatigue quickly 7. White meat

Fast switch Red Intermediate type

What muscle fiber has the following characteristics: 1. Most human skeletal muscles use this type 2. Contain various combinations of slow twitch red and fast twitch white from muscle to muscle 3. More fast twitch fibers produces a quick response (EX. eye muscles) 4. Slow twitch used more in posture and endurance activities (EX. calf muscles, standing for long periods of time) 5. Number and distribution of fibers is partially determined by genetics

Slow twitch fibers

What type of muscle fibers do elite endurance runners have?

Fast twitch fibers

What type of muscle fibers do elite powerlifters have?

When you push weight during a bench press

What's an example of isotonic contraction?

Isotonic

When force caused from muscle contraction is enough to overcome an opposing force.

Smooth

Which type of muscle can be multi unit whose individual fibers are stimulated motor-end units (eye or hair muscle)

Smooth

Which type of muscle can be single unit sheet that contracts entirely (blood vessels, walls of organs)

Cardiac

Which type of muscle contains intercalated disks made of gap junction that separate fibers (which allows it to contract all at once)

Smooth

Which type of muscle has 1 central nucleus?

Cardiac

Which type of muscle has T-tubules that get larger going into Z-line?

Cardiac

Which type of muscle has fibers that branch and interconnect rather than parallel; network

Cardiac

Which type of muscle has more mitochondria?

Smooth

Which type of muscle has no striations?

Cardiac

Which type of muscle has one centralized nucleus

Cardiac

Which type of muscle has sarcoplasmic reticulii that is present, but less developed

Smooth

Which type of muscle has smaller tapered fibers?

Smooth

Which type of muscle has some fibers attached to z-line?

Smooth

Which type of muscle is innervated (has nerves)?

Cardiac

Which type of muscle is intrinsic-auto rhythmic- external innervation not required- pacemaker is only neural control needed to initiate contraction

Cardiac

Which type of muscle is involuntary?

Smooth

Which type of muscle is involuntary?

Smooth

Which type of muscle is non striated- have thick and thin filaments but not orderly sarcomere arrangement

Cardiac

Which type of muscle is striated?