Chapter 9: Physical and Cognitive Development in Middle Childhood

What is the recommended calories per day for schoolchildren aged 9 to 13 (depending on gender and activity level)?

1,400 to 2,600

Nine-year-old Allison needs a little more than ______ hours of sleep per night.

10

Sleep declines from 12.5 hours in early childhood to approximately hours in middle childhood.

10

People who are gifted have high general intelligence, or an IQ of _____ or higher.

130

Approximately ______% of children in the United States between the ages of 2 and 19 are obese

18.5

What is the average growth in inches per year for children between ages 6 and 11?

2 to 3 inches

Children typically have acute medical conditions about ______ times per year.

6 to 7

Intellectual disability is indicated by an IQ score of _____ or less, coupled with a deficiency in age-appropriate adaptive behavior, appearing before age 18.

70

Critics of Gardner argue that his multiple intelligences are actually more accurately labeled as

Blank 1: talents or talent Blank 2: abilities

(Boys/Girls) engage in higher levels of rough-and-tumble play.

Boys

Which of the following statements is TRUE regarding the trends in overweight children?

Boys are slightly more likely to be overweight than girls.

Select all that apply In middle to late childhood, increased pathways and circuitry in the prefrontal cortex are related to improvements in which of the following?

Cognitive control Attention Reasoning ability

True or false: The traditional definition of giftedness includes highly creative children.

False

Who tends to perform better in elementary school?

Girls

Select all that apply How does the performance of girls in school generally compare to that of boys? (Choose every correct answer.)

Girls outperform in national reading tests. Girls have fewer school problems. Girls make better grades.

_____ children are most likely to have untreated cavities in the United States.

Hispanic

A nontraditional individual intelligence test designed to provide fair assessments for students with diverse needs (e.g., autism, hearing impairments, and language disorders and varying cultural and linguistic backgrounds) is the

Kaufman Assessment Battery for Children.

Select all that apply Rough-and-tumble play consists of which of the following?

Kicking Chasing Wrestling

Select all that apply Which of the following are included in Gardner's theory of multiple intelligences? (Select all that apply.)

Linguistic Musical Naturalist Bodily Kinesthetic Spatial Intrapersonal Logical-mathematical Interpersonal

Select all that apply What are commonly used mnemonic devices?

Organization External memory aids Rehearsal

Select all that apply Which of the following can be identified through the use of an intelligence test?

Performance skills Individual differences Verbal skills

____ is when children make progress in understanding how to use language in a culturally sensitive way.

Pragmatics

What best describes the media's influence on children's food choices?

Strong

The use of a device to improve memory is called

a mnemonic strategy.

A 9-year-old child who can think logically but not abstractly is in the ______ stage, according to Piaget's theory

concrete operational

The gap between the IQ scores of black and white children has in recent years.

decreased

In the past 20 years, the number of U.S. children aged 6 to 18 with untreated cavities has

dropped dramatically.

A test that emphasizes one's potential rather than one's present abilities, which is based on Vygotsky's theories, is a(n) test.

dynamic

A person who can consciously control his thoughts, emotions, and actions to accomplish goals or solve problems is displaying function.

executive

During the school years, children make significant gains in , the conscious control of thoughts, emotions, and actions to accomplish goals or solve problems.

executive function

In countries like the United States, _____ on IQ is/are more important for wealthy children but _____ may matter more for children of lower socioeconomic status.

genetic influences; environment

A criticism of IQ tests is that they do not measure native ability but

infer intelligence from what the child displays.

Growth of selective attention may hinge on the executive skill of , the voluntary suppression of unwanted responses.

inhibitory control

According to Gardner, the ability to understand the self is called intelligence.

intrapersonal

The approach to reading instruction that emphasizes visual retrieval and the use of contextual cues is called the ______ approach.

whole-language

The improvement in processing speed and storage capacity leads to improvements in memory.

working

Select all that apply Which of the following are involved in efficiency of working memory?

Storage capacity Processing speed

What is the leading cause of death among school-age US children?

Accidental injuries

Children of which ethnic group tend to grow most rapidly?

African American

Select all that apply Which of the following are common causes of death among school-age US children?

Automobile accidents Bicycle accidents

True or false: The death rate in middle childhood is the lowest in the life span.

True

By fourth grade, boys begin to outperform girls in

mental rotations.

Rough-and-tumble play peaks during

middle childhood.

The use of intelligence testing for diagnosing learning disabilities is seen as

not always appropriate.

Bilingualism has a(n) _______ effect on children's cognitive development.

positive

Children make progress in understanding how to use language in a culturally appropriate way, which is known as

pragmatics

During middle and late childhood, changes in brain functioning include

pruning of gray matter.

A child who can deliberately direct his attention and shut out distractions is displaying attention.

selective

Research on Piaget's theory indicates that

some skills develop sooner than Piaget believed.

Select all that apply Some changes that occur with concrete operational thinking include the ability to

sort into categories. conserve.

Separate subtest scores on intelligence tests pinpoint a child's and help diagnose specific problems.

strengths

A child's ability to understand the rules of language demonstrates the better use of

syntax

Abby is very good at forming complex sentences. She is showing improved use of

syntax.

Most pediatricians recommend that parents should not buy and that children should only be allowed to use them as part of a structured training program.

trampolines

In _____ learning, English-speaking and foreign-speaking children learn together in their own and each other's languages.

two-way

Ms. Rodriquez teaches children together who speak Spanish and English. The goal is for all the children to learn both languages. She is using the ______ method of bilingual education.

two-way

In 30% to 50% of cases of intellectual disability, the cause is

unknown.