Chapter 9 Quiz

According to Collins and Quillian's semantic network model, it should take longest to verify which statement below? a. A turtle is an animal. b. Turtles are turtles. c. A turtle is an amphibian. d. A turtle is related to a fish.

a. A turtle is an animal.

Which of the following is an example of the sentence verification technique? a. Indicate whether the following statement is true: An apple is a fruit. YES NO b. Indicate whether the following statement was previously presented: An apple is a fruit. YES NO c. Fill in the blank in the following sentence: An apple is a(n) ______. d. Fill in the blank in the following sentence: A(n) ______ is a fruit.

a. Indicate whether the following statement is true: An apple is a fruit.

Which of the following is not one of the types of units found within a parallel distributed processing model? a. Working units b. Hidden units c. Input units d. Output units

a. Working units

Two different definitions of ________ offered by your book include (a) "the mental representation of a class or individual," and (b) "the meaning of objects, events, and abstract ideas." a. concepts b. prototypes c. units d. exemplars

a. concepts

Which of the following is NOT a property of the connectionist approach? a. The operation of connectionist networks is not totally disrupted by damage. b. Before any learning has occurred in the network, the weights in the network all equal zero. c. Connectionist networks can explain generalization of learning. d. The connectionist model is rather complex, and involves components like units, links, and connection weights.

b. Before any learning has occurred in the network, the weights in the network all equal zero.

People playing the parlor game "20 Questions" often use hierarchical organization strategies. One player asks up to 20 yes/no questions to determine the identity of an object another player has selected. The player's questions usually start as general and get more specific as the player approaches a likely guess. Initial questions asked by a player are often one of three questions: "Is it an animal?" "Is it a vegetable?" and "Is it a mineral?" Each of these three questions describes which level of categorization? a. Subordinate b. Superordinate c. Basic d. Typical

b. Superordinate

The connectionist network has learned the correct pattern for a concept when a. the connection weights add up to exactly +1.00. b. the error signals are reduced to nearly none and the correct properties are assigned. c. the output pattern matches the initial input pattern and this symmetry becomes "locked" into the system. d. the output unit response is greater than zero and the input signal has to compensate.

b. the error signals are reduced to nearly none and the correct properties are assigned.

Which of the following members would most likely be ranked highest in prototypicality in the "birds" category? a. Goose b. Hummingbird c. Sparrow d. Crow

c. Sparrow

Olin and Bob are neighbors. Olin loves birds and his father works for the zoo. He has been to a dozen bird sanctuaries, and he and his dad go on bird watching hikes once a month. In contrast, Bob doesn't think much about birds. His only contact with them is in his backyard. It would be correct to say that Olin's standard probably involves a. more prototypes than Bob's. b. more prototypes and more exemplars than Bob's. c. more exemplars than Bob's. d. the same prototypes and exemplars as Bob's.

c. more exemplars than Bob's.

Spreading activation a. inhibits unrelated concepts. b. weakens the link between unrelated concepts. c. primes associated concepts. d. creates new links between associated concepts.

c. primes associated concepts.

Rosch found that participants respond more rapidly in a same-different task when presented with "good" examples of colors such as "red" and "green" than when they are presented with "poor" examples such as "pink" or "light green." The result of this experiment was interpreted as supporting the _____ approach to categorization. a. exemplar b. network c. prototype d. parallel processing

c. prototype

The _____ model includes associations between concepts and the property of spreading activation. a. neural network b. parallel distributed processing c. semantic network d. connectionist network

c. semantic network

If we were conducting an experiment on the effect knowledge has on categorization, we might compare the results of expert and non-expert groups. Suppose we compare horticulturalists to people with little knowledge about plants. If we asked the groups to name, as specifically as possible, five different plants seen around campus, we would predict that the expert group would primarily label plants on the _____ level, while the non-expert group would primarily label plants on the _____ level. a. superordinate; subordinate b. basic; subordinate c. subordinate; basic d. superordinate; basic

c. subordinate; basic

In evaluating retrieval rates for category information for a concept, Collins and Quillian's semantic network approach would predict the slowest reaction times for which of the following statements using a sentence verification technique? a. A field sparrow is a sparrow. b. A field sparrow is a field sparrow. c. A field sparrow is a bird. d. A field sparrow is an animal.

d. A field sparrow is an animal.

_______ are actual members of a category that a person has encountered in the past. a. Icons b. Units c. Prototypes d. Exemplars

d. Exemplars

The process of back propagation is most closely associated with a. semantic networks. b. spreading activation. c. reasoning about categories. d. connectionist networks.

d. connectionist networks.

If a system has the property of graceful degradation, this means that a. it can be set to operate at "low efficiency" or "high efficiency" depending on the demand of the current task. b. it loses information at a very slow rate. c. it is either functioning at 100 percent, or it is not functioning at all. d. damage to the system doesn't completely disrupt its operation.

d. damage to the system doesn't completely disrupt its operation.

Which approach to categorization can more easily take into account atypical cases such as flightless birds? a. Prototype b. Definitional c. Network d. Exemplar

d. Exemplar

The prototype approach to categorization states that a standard representation of a category is based on a. category members that have been encountered in the past. b. a universal set of category members. c. a defined set of category members. d. the definition of the category.

a. category members that have been encountered in the past.

It may be difficult for young Matthew, who is only 4 years of age, to understand the difference between the iPad that his mother uses, the Kindle that his brother uses, and the Galaxy tablet that his sister uses. After all, all of them are tablets, have touch screens, are electronic technology, and run "apps" that include games and educational programs. These similarities remind us of the concept of ________, which refers to the fact that animals tend to share many different properties. a. crowding b. convergence c. obstruction d. overlapping

a. crowding

Not all of the members of everyday categories have the same features. Most fish have gills, fins, and scales. Sharks lack the feature of scales, yet they are still categorized as fish. This poses a problem for the _______ approach to categorization. a. definitional b. prototype c. family resemblance d. exemplar

a. definitional

Rosch and coworkers conducted an experiment in which participants were shown a category label, like car or vehicle, and then, after a brief delay, saw a picture. The participants' task was to indicate as rapidly as possible whether the picture was a member of the category. Their results showed a. the priming effect was most robust for superordinate level categories. b. no measurable priming effect. c. the priming effect was the same for superordinate and basic level categories. d. the priming effect was most robust for basic level categories.

a. the priming effect was most robust for superordinate level categories.

For the category "fruit," people give a higher typicality rating to "banana" than to "kiwi." Knowing that, we can also reason that a. the word "fruit" will lead to a larger priming effect for banana than for kiwi. b. people will have a similar number of exemplars for kiwi and banana. c. neither kiwi nor banana are likely to be the fruit "closest" to the prototype of the fruit category. d. when people are asked to list all the fruits they can think of, kiwi will usually appear on their list before banana.

a. the word "fruit" will lead to a larger priming effect for banana than for kiwi.

How is cognitive economy represented in the following example? The property _____ is stored at the _____ node. a. bird; penguin b. can fly; bird c. has feathers; ostrich d. can fly; canary

b. can fly; bird

Research suggests that the _____ approach to categorization works best for small categories (e.g., U.S. presidents). a. semantic network b. exemplar c. definitional d. prototype

b. exemplar

According to the typicality effect, a. objects that are not typical stand out and so are more easily remembered. b. items that are high in prototypicality are judged more rapidly as being in a group. c. objects in a category have a family resemblance to one another. d. we remember typical objects better than non-typical objects.

b. items that are high in prototypicality are judged more rapidly as being in a group.

Collins and Quillian's semantic network model predicts that the reaction time to verify "a canary is a bird" is _____ the reaction time to verify "an ostrich is a bird." a. slower than b. faster than c. the same as d. interfered with by

c. the same as

The principle illustrated when most people are able to recognize a variety of examples of chairs even though no one category member may have all of the characteristic properties of "chairs" (e.g., most chairs have four legs but not all do) is a. prototypicality. b. graded membership. c. instance theory. d. family resemblance.

d. family resemblance.

According to the S-F hypothesis, our ability to differentiate living things and artifacts depends on a semantic memory system that distinguishes ________ and one that distinguishes ________. a. sensations; facts b. sequential networks; familial resemblance c. serial nodes; familiar concepts d. sensory attributes; function

d. sensory attributes; function

Based on the information your textbook provided about different category types, jumping from _______ categories results in the largest gain in information. a. basic level to superordinate level b. basic level to subordinate level c. subordinate level to basic level d. superordinate level to basic level

d. superordinate level to basic level