CHAPTER 9: RHEOTICAL CRISTICSM : HOW TO INTERPRET PERSUASIVE TEXTS AND ARTIFACTS.

Warrants for rhetorical analysis (within Metaphoric, genre, etc.)

- Evidence adequacy of evidence- evaluating whether critic reviewed enough relevant materials so that sufficient and legitimate ?????? -Warrants for rhetorical analysis (within Genre) - A traditional approach that analyzes a common pattern in rhetorical texts across similar types of contexts, certain situations calls for particular types of rhetoric.

-neoclassical criticism: Aristotle cannon of rhetoric: 5. memory

- the devices speakers use to help them remember significant ideas and illustrations throughout their speeches; not used as often as in the past do to technological advances (i.e. teleprompters, etc.)

-neoclassical criticism: Aristotle canons of rhetoric: 3. style

- the language the speaker uses; as a critic one has to evaluate how certain words are used by the rhetor to create effect, and whether the language style contributes to the rhetor's goal

-neoclassical criticism: Aristotle's canons of rhetoric: 1.invention

- the speaker's major ideas, lines of argument, or context; as a critic one has to explore the rhetor's argument is supported by 2 proofs: 1) artistic proof (internal constructions of the speaker's which include logos, ethos, pathos, enthymeme) 2) Inartistic proof (external forms of evidence such as testimony from witnesses or key documents; i.e FACTS/TANGIBLE EVIDENCE)

Warrants for rhetorical analysis (within Metaphoric, genre, etc.)

--all 3 perspectives share the interpretive paradigm assumptions about what constitutes a claim, and hoe it should be evaluated through the warranting process. -reality is socially constructed out of many possible interpretations

PENTAD ANALYSIS

--method for exploring general motivation for rhetorical act. - applying the pentadic elements of drama (act, scene, agent, agency, purpose) to any symbolic act or text to understand the underlying motivation. KAYLOR USING PENTAD ANALYSIS TO CONTRAST 2 DIFFERENT SPEECH ACTS: Mitt romneys "faith in america" and JFK'S address to the Greater Houston Ministerial Alliance.

Genre criticism

-discovery and critical paradigm - a traditional approach that analyzes a common pattern in rhetorical texts across similar types of contexts, certain situation calls for particular types of rhetoric. -Having certain types of rhetoric speeches on different situation. Ie if some one died you could do a speech for mourning, for a situation for crimes you will make a speech for arguing for or against an opponent

neoclassical

-discovery paradigm - Accuracy (construct accurate representation, accurately apply one more more canons to demonstrate skill/weakness, assess speech effects by reconstructing them historically). Logical consistency -neoclassical critics do not use the terms validity and reliability but still rely on accuracy and logical consistency. -Accuracy = reconstruct the speech so it is an accurate representation of the original rhetorical act -accurately apply one or more of the canons to demonstrate still or weakness of the rhetor -assess speech effects by reconstructing them historically.

-neoclassical criticism: Aristotle's canons of rhetoric:

-discovery paradigm method -neoclassical criticism: Aristotle relied on practice and teaching (techne),on empiricism, on the central elements (speaker, audience, situation, issue, time),and on the available means of persuasion (pisteis).

TRADITIONAL ASSUMPTIONS OF RHETORICAL METHODS.

-earliest of the more contemporary approaches: sophists. -neoclassical rhetorical critics: greek and roman concepts: 1. the classical writings about rhetorics provide a "single monolithic paradigm" of a rational and empirical system for constructing and analyzing persuasive arguments. 2. rhetorical principles are "atemporal" permitting classical analyses to be mapped onto other cultures and time periods. 3. the practice of rhetoric is essentially neutral (value-free) used equally

rhetoric

-explanations and interpretations of the ways in which messages and texts are persuasive. : the human use of symbols to communicate; art of using words effectively; skills of speaking persuasively -three dimensions: 1. humans are creators of rhetoric 2. symbols are medium for rhetoric 3. communication as purpose of rhetoric

pentad: agency

-means by which act carried out: -EXAMPLE: JFK and Romney both addressed an audience in a public context that was televised and repeated in broadcast for a much larger viewership.

dramatism: claims and data burkes crit: purification process 1. mortification 2. victimage 3. transcendence

1. by _________, the person's act of self- sacrifice to expiate guilt and find redemption. 2.relief from this guilt can be accomplished by _______, which happens when a scapegoat suffers so that society cane redeemed. (ie. nazi germany ) 3. the third way that purification is accomplished is through ______, the state of transforming the social hierarchy into a higher moral order through the REDEMPTIVE CYCLE. EXAMPLE: Messner used burkes redemptive cycle to explain the social significance and effectiveness of 12-step program.

-three characteristics of rhetorical criticism:

1. inductive analysis of persuasive communication 2. messages in the broadest sense as the focus of analysis 3. interpreting and understanding the rhetorical processes as the purpose of criticism

dramartism: claims and data burkes criticism: first, identification

1. the process of finding common ground and acting in concert with other individuals by following an established set of rules or principles. failure to follow values and rules in organization that we are identified with, causes POLLUTION...

the point of the pentad!

1. to identify and interpret the 5 elements. 2. the apply ratios or the relationships among the elements, 3. to identify the motive based on examination of ratios.

purification rituals: the act of redemption. redemptive cycles

: a repeating social drama characterized by the stages of order, pollution, guilt, purification and redemption. -redemptive cycle: drama of modern life. the heart of literary genres, tragedy and comedy, theoretic explanation of how we manage guilt. -step 1: select social dramas depicted in rhetorical texts such as narratives of books, films, series of events, and identify claim that links the text to the analytic framework. -step 2: analyze the rhetorical texts by application of the redemptive cycle in the required sequence. a: POLLUTION through social transgression b: Experience of guilt c: redemption through purification EXAMPLE: Messner asses the significance of the redemptive cycle application in deepening the understanding of the rhetorical texts for society.

-neoclassical criticism: Aristotle's canons of rhetoric: 2. organization

: arrangement; the structure or general pattern of the various components in a rhetorical speech; as a critic one has to determine whether the order placement of main claim/major evidence/warrants change the effectiveness of the rhetor's argument.

genres criticism: rhetoric 2: forensic

: legal discourse of courtroom proceeding; oriented toward the past; concerned with actions already committed. A construct for people seeking justice in the courtroom, by employing strategies of accusation and defense past

pentad: act

: thought or behavior around which drama occurs. -to name an ___, gives it a particular identity. EX: Mitt romneys "faith in america" and JFK'S address to the Greater Houston Ministerial Alliance

genre criticism: . rhetoric 3: epideictic

:Ceremonial speeches given on special occasions to praise or blame another's actions, to uphold an individual as virtuous, or condemn an individual as corrupt; present oriented; present -*Ceremonial speeches; praise or blame someone

pentad: scene

:setting or situation where act occurred. EX: this is comprised of 3 elements: timing in the election, audience characteristics, and permitting questions. IE: Kennedy permitted and answered critical questions from audience, while romney spoke to an invited audience without questions.

Burkean Criticism

Burke's claims of dramatism are primarily interpretive but may be evaluative. -humans are immersed in language, symbol creators and users, and every action is rhetorical. He believed that the essential drama of our society was its hierarchy, and its members associate social structure with order and value. -humans can accept or reject hierarchy, and accepting leads to IDENTIFICATION.

WARRANTS FOR RHET ANALYSIS: dramatism

adequacy of evidence ; coherence; change in awareness and praxis

cluster analysis

as a means of exploring the concepts of identification and redemption: burke states that "language that speakers use reveals the speakers meanings, attitudes and motives." - a form of analysis in which the rhetor examines key terms, groupings of those terms and whole language patterns in one or several rhetorical texts, which are presumed to reflect the rhetors meanings, motives and attitudes and the attempt to identify with or alienate the audience. -use cluster analysis to determine and reflect the speakers attempts in which relationship they are creating with the audience: ALIENATION OR IDENTIFICATION? example: DR. deaths's specific terms, (experimentation, organ harvesting) these are experimental terms, not humanistic terms.

what is Evidence adequacy of evidence? (warrant)

evaluating whether critic reviewed enough relevant materials so that sufficient and legitimate

genre crit: forensic epideictic deliberative

example: In order, Forensic-->Epideictic-->Deliberative Example: Scenario; you are investigating a murder scene. First, you would conduct work trying to see who committed the crime (past) Second, you would place the blame on someone (Present) Third, you would punish them as you see fit. (future)

pentad agent

person (s) who commit the act. -must have power or will to commit the act. EXAMPLe: Kennedy and Romney were members of religions, and came from politically connected families.

dramatism: claims and data burkes crit:

process by which people who have become polluted correct their condition of being alienated; - accomplished through mortification, victimage, or transcendence. INCLUDES: -mortification -victimage -transcendence and then: -purificstion rituals -redemptive cycle -pentad analysis -*ie: ACT, SCENE AGENT, AGENCY, REASON, PURPOSE

pentad: purpose

reason for the action readily provided by the agent. -"taylor claimed that by keennedys refusal to discuss his personal religious beliefs and his effort in keeping his religion private was reassuring t an audience acutely aware go his difference as catholic, since he was talking to a catholic GROUP."

-neoclassical criticism: Aristotle canons of rhetoric: 4. delivery

the mode of presentation adopted by the speaker, including verbal and nonverbal behavior;

Genres critisicm: rhetoric 1: DELIBERATIVE

used for political speeches for legislative assembly for the purpose of establishing or changing a law; oriented toward the future; concerned with actions that will address unmet social needs. -future

warrants for rhet anaylysis: neoclassical

validity and reliability

warrants for RHET analysis: within GENRE

validity and reliability ; coherence and change in awareness

warrants for rhet analysis: narrative

validity and reliability terms not used Narrative = coherence and fidelity

warrants for RHET analysis: within METAPHORIC

warrants: adequacy of evidence; coherence; change in awareness and praxis

dramatist:claims and data burkes crit: pollution

when people reject any hierarchical order; when people act out of synch with their surroundings; these violations of rules come with guilt because they are no longer unified though identification. the only way they can get out of thus, is PURIFICATION