Chapter 9 The Industrial Revolution 1700-1900

What was the work day like for children in factories?

*14 hours a day 6 days a week *Machines injured workers and there was no government program to provide aid in case of injury

Where did the small village farmers go when enclosures happened?

They either became tenant farmers or moved to cities and became factory workers

Who was a member of Parliament who led the fight for abolition—the end of the slave trade and slavery in the British Empire— and continued to fight for free slaves?

William Wilberforce

What does the agricultural revolution pave the way for?

agriculture paved the way for Industrialization

Under ___________ , individuals and businesses own property and the means of production and Progress results when individuals follow their own self-interest.

capitalism

What did some socialists advocate for?

change through extension of the right to vote

Industrialization led to what types of reforms?

economic, social, and political reforms

What was born out of the cycle of industrialization?

imperialism

Because England's cities grew rapidly, what were the living conditions like? What did this cause?

no development plans, sanitary codes, or building codes; Widespread sickness was caused

What is the industrial revolution?

refers to the greatly increased output of machine-made goods that began in England in the middle 1700s

What do utilitarian's also pushed for?

reforms in the legal and prison systems and in education

Under __________ , the community or the state should own property and the means of production and progress results when a community of producers cooperate for the good of all.

socialism

What changed the way people lived and worked, introducing a variety of problems?

the factory system

Who saw labor unions as a threat to social order and stability. Indeed, the Combination Acts of 1799 and 1800 outlawed unions and strikes?

the government

Define revolutionize.

to completely change something around

What revolutionized Britain? How?

~railroads revolutionized Britain *Gave manufacturers a cheap way to transport materials and finished products *Created hundreds of thousands of new jobs for both railroad workers and miners. *Boosted England's agricultural and fishing industries, which could transport their products to distant cities *By making travel easier, railroads encouraged country people to take distant city jobs

English philosopher Jeremy Bentham modified the ideas of Adam Smith. What philosophy did he introduce?

*Utilitarianism *His theory was that people should judge ideas, institutions, and actions on the basis of their utility, or usefulness. He argued that the government should try to promote the greatest good for the greatest number of people.

What did David Ricardo write in Principles of Political Economy and Taxation?

*a permanent underclass would always be poor *In a market system, if there are many workers and abundant resources, then labor and resources are cheap. If there are few workers and scarce resources, then they are expensive

What did Marx call a classless society? How is it described?

*communism *Marx called this final phase pure communism. Marx described communism as a form of complete socialism in which the means of production—all land, mines, factories, railroads, and businesses—would be owned by the people. Private property would in effect cease to exist

What are the positive effects of the industrial revolution?

*created jobs for workers *contributed to the wealth of the nation *fostered technological progress and invention *greatly increased the production of goods and raised the standard of living *Perhaps most important, it provided the hope of improvement in people's lives

What is the Factory Act passed in 1819 by the British government?

*exerted little control over child labor in Manchester and other factory cities *The act restricted working age and hours.

What were the benefits of the industrial revolution?

*healthier diets *better housing *cheaper, mass-produced clothing

Who had immediate prosperity? Who gained prosperity gradually?

*middle and upper classes prospered immediately *Laborers eventually won higher wages, shorter hours, and better working conditions after they joined together to form labor unions.

What did laissez faire thinkers believe?

*opposed government efforts to help poor workers *They thought that creating minimum wage laws and better working conditions would upset the free market system, lower profits, and undermine the production of wealth in society.

Who was Adam Smith? What did he do? Why is he historically significant?

*professor at the University of Glasgow, Scotland, defended the idea of a free economy, or free markets, in his 1776 book The Wealth of Nations *He believed economic liberty guaranteed economic progress *three natural laws of economics

Who supported Adam Smith and why?

*supported by British economists Thomas Malthus and David Ricardo *They believed that natural laws governed economic life. Their important ideas were the foundation of laissez-faire capitalism.

What are the three natural laws of economics?

*the law of self-interest—People work for their own good *the law of competition—Competition forces people to make a better product *the law of supply and demand—Enough goods would be produced at the lowest possible price to meet demand in a market economy.

Define imperialism. What did it do for the wealthy?

*the policy of extending one country's rule over many other lands *it gave even more power and wealth to these already wealthy nations

Define union. What did unions do?

*voluntary labor associations workers joined to press for reforms *They engaged in collective bargaining, negotiations between workers and their employers. They bargained for better working conditions and higher pay. If factory owners refused these demands, union members could strike, or refuse to work.

What did the natural resources needed for industrialization include?

*water power and coal to fuel the new machines *iron ore to construct machines, tools, and buildings *rivers for inland transportation *harbors from which merchant ships set sail

What did John McAdam create?

A new way to build roads that could be travelled without someone sinking in the mud. This invention was named "mcadam" roads. Most people call it blacktop, but in some areas it is still called mcadam.

Which French writer had contrasted the brutal conditions in American prisons to the "extended liberty" of American society?

Alexis de Tocqueville

Who was Eli Whitney?

An American who created the cotton gin

According to Marx and Engels, who did the Industrial Revolution enriched and who did it impoverished?

Enriched the wealthy and impoverished the poor

In what way did Marx believe capitalism would eventually destroy itself?

Factories would drive small artisans out of business, leaving a small number of manufacturers to control all the wealth

What new law made it illegal to hire children under 9 years old, children from the ages of 9 to 12 could not work more than 8 hours a day, and young people from 13 to 17 could not work more than 12 hours?

Factory Act of 1833

Where did the industrial revolution begin?

Great Britain

What did Thomas Malthus write in "An Essay on the Principle of Population?"

He argued that population tended to increase more rapidly than the food supply. Without wars and epidemics to kill off the extra people, most were destined to be poor and miserable

What did James Watt do?

He figured out a way to make the steam engine work faster and more efficiently while burning less fuel.

What U.S. reformer favored free public education for all children?

Horace Mann

Why was there global inequality?

Industrialization widened the wealth gap between industrialized and non-industrialized countries

Why did they use crop rotation?

It exhausts and restores nutrients into the soil

In the United States, college-educated women like ______ ran settlement houses. These community centers served the poor residents of slum neighborhoods.

Jane Addams

What is an enclosure?

Large village farmers enclosing fields with fences or hedges

What entrepreneur did Watt become business partners with?

Matthew Boulton

Define urbanization

Movement of people into cities

What halted trade, interrupted communication, and caused inflation in some parts of the continent. European countries watched the gap widen between themselves and Britain?

Napoleonic wars between 1789 and 1815

What committee was organized to end child labor?

National Child Labor Committee

Was the middle class rich or poor? Who was in the middle class?

Neither rich nor poor; consisted of government employees, doctors, lawyers, and managers of factories, mines, and shops

Did laborers see great improvement in their living conditions and working conditions?

No, the working class had little improvement

How does industrialization change lives?

People's wages increased so they could now afford to heat their homes with coal from Wales and dine on Scottish beef. Not only did the workers benefit from this, but the business they bought their products from did as well.

What is a negative secondary effect of industrialization?

Pollution on a scale the world never saw before

What is a long term effect of the industrial revolution?

Profits derived from industrialization produced tax revenues. These funds have allowed local, state, and federal governments to invest in urban improvements and raise the standard of living of most city dwellers.

What were the push and pull factors of the factory system on those living in rural areas moving to urban areas?

Push- enclosures in rural areas Pull- jobs in urban areas

Who ordered a steam engine from Watt and Boulton and built the steam boat, Clermont?

Robert Fulton

What resources did the United States have?

Similar to Britain, fast-flowing rivers, rich deposits of coal and iron ore, and a supply of laborers made up of farm workers and immigrants. These can be identified as the factors of production (land, labor, capital).

What did Richard Trevithick use to haul ten tons of iron over ten miles of track?

Steam-driven locomotive

What act prevented women and children from working underground?

The Mines Act of 1842

What act limited the workday to ten hours for women and children who worked in factories?

The Ten Hours Act of 1847

What held back others from industrialization? List examples.

The accidents of geography held back others. In Austria-Hungary and Spain, transportation posed great obstacles. Austria-Hungary's mountains defeated railroad builders. Spain lacked both good roads and waterways for canals.

What is the textile industry?

The textile industry is primarily concerned with the design, production and distribution of yarn, cloth and clothing.

Define socialism. Who created it?

*The factors of production are owned by the public and operate for the welfare of all. *grew out of an optimistic view of human nature, a belief in progress, and a concern for social justice *Charles Fourier and Saint-Simon

Why were factories developed in clusters? Where were they located?

*Entrepreneurs built them near sources of energy such as water and coal *London, Birmingham and Sheffield, and Liverpool, Manchester

What inventions boosted textile production?

*Flying shuttle *Spinning jenny *Water frame *Spinning mule

Define laissez-faire

*French term meaning let alone. *the economic policy of letting owners of industry and business set working conditions without interference *This policy favors a free market unregulated by the government

Who began to copy Britain's model and were coal-rich? How did they discover Britain's methods? What is the most important thing they constructed?

*Germany *They imported British equipment and engineers. German manufacturers also sent their children to England to learn industrial management. *Most important, Germany built railroads that linked its growing manufacturing cities to coal-rich areas

What did British factory owner Robert Owen prohibit? What did he found?

*He prohibited children under ten from working in the mills and provided free schooling. *He founded a cooperative community called New Harmony in Indiana. . He intended this community to be a utopia, or perfect living place. New Harmony lasted only three years but inspired the founding of other communities.

Who was a philosopher and economist that led the utilitarian movement in the 1800s? What did he believe along with questioning unregulated capitalism?

*John Stuart Mill *He believed it was wrong that workers should lead deprived lives that sometimes bordered on starvation *He also favored a cooperative system of agriculture and women's rights, including the right to vote

What are the factors of production?

*Land *Labor *Capital (wealth)

What mill had both the best and worst of industrialization? Explain.

*Manchester Mills *Worst: Manchester's rapid, unplanned growth made it an unhealthy place for the poor people who lived and worked there. Additionally, workers labored under terrible conditions. Children as young as six joined their parents in the factories. Machines injured these children. The mills also polluted the air. *Best: But wealth flowed from its factories. Many erected gracious homes on the outskirts of town.

What are the results of the enclosure movement?

*New agricultural methods *Movement of people into cities *Trying to boost crop yields

In what ways did industrialization transform society?

*Revolutions in agriculture, production, transportation, and communication changed the lives of people. *Tremendous economic power *higher life expectancy *wealth eventually rose dramatically *education opportunities

In the 1900s, Marxism inspired revolutionaries such as ______, ______, and _____. These leaders adapted Marx's beliefs to their own specific situations and needs.

*Russia's Lenin *China's Mao Zedong *Cuba's Fidel Castro

German journalist named Karl Marx introduced the world to a radical type of socialism called Marxism. Marx and Friedrich Engels, outlined their ideas in a 23-page pamphlet called____________. What did they argue in this pamphlet?

*The Communist Manifesto *argued that human societies have always been divided into warring classes *there were two classes in this time period (employers- bourgeoisie; workers- proletariat)

Who led Europe in adopting Britain's new technology? What natural resources did this country have?

Belgium; It had rich deposits of iron ore and coal as well as fine waterways for transportation

Who led in exploiting its overseas colonies for resources and markets?

Britain

Who forbade their engineers, mechanics, and toolmakers from leaving the country?

Britain did in order to keep technological advancements to themselves

What transformed the social structure of Britain? What did this group wield due to wealth?

The middle class, and they wielded both political and social power