chapter eleven: the diversity of bacteria and archaea

myxobacteria

Gram-negative bacteria that form complex multicellular structures called fruiting bodies

prosthecate bacteria

Gram-negative bacteria that have extensions projecting from the cells, thereby increasing their surface area

sulfur-oxidizing bacteria

Gram-negative bacteria that obtain energy by oxidizing elemental sulfur and reduced sulfur compounds, generating sulfuric acid

nitrifiers

Gram-negative bacteria that obtain energy by oxidizing inorganic nitrogen compounds such as ammonium or nitrite

cyanobacteria

Gram-negative oxygenic phototrophs; genetically related to chloroplasts

lactic acid bacteria

Gram-positive bacteria that generate lactic acid as a major end product of their fermentative metabolism

spirochetes

Long, helical bacteria that have flexible cell walls and endoflagella

Azotobacter a) is a hyperthermophile. b) fixes carbon dioxide. c) fixes nitrogen. d) is used as an indicator of fecal pollution. e) forms endospores.

fixes nitrogen

Thermus and Deinococcus a) both serve as the source of Taq polymerase. b) are both radiation resistant. c) survive in extreme environments. d) are both Gram-positive. e) are both thermophilic.

survive in extreme environments

True or False: All coliforms are Enterobacteriaceae, but not all Enterobacteriaceae are coliforms.

true

methanogens

Archaea that obtain energy by oxidizing hydrogen gas, using CO2 as a terminal electron acceptor, thereby generating methane

chemolithotrophs

Organisms that harvest energy by oxidizing inorganic chemicals

chemoorganotrophs

Organisms that harvest energy by oxidizing organic chemicals

anoxygenic phototrophs

Photosynthetic organisms that do not produce O2

oxygenic phototrophs

Photosynthetic organisms that produce O2

Wolbachia are found only in a) arthropods. b) plants. c) marine water. d) mammals. e) hot springs.

arthropods

Identify which of the following genera have members that are disease-causing facultative anaerobes. (choose all that apply) a) Corynebacterium b) Escherichia c) Staphylococcus d) Mycobacterium e) Thermus

corynebacterium escherichia staphylococcus

Which of the following statements about Thiomargarita namibiensis are TRUE? (choose all that apply) a) It stores nitrate, its terminal electron acceptor. b) It stores sulfur, its energy source. c) It produces a sheath that allows it to move between sediment and the water above. d) Its name means "sulfur pearl of Namibia." e) It is a motile bacterium, possessing a tuft of terminal flagella.

it stores nitrate, its terminal electron acceptor it stores sulfur, its energy source its name means "sulfur pearl of Namibia"

Bacteria in aquatic environments have evolved various mechanisms to maximize nutrient uptake and retention. Why? a) The large number of different species in aquatic areas means great competition, even though nutrients are abundant. This provides a selective pressure for maximizing nutrient acquisition and retention methods. b) The abundance of nutrients in such environments has selected for these methods over time. c) There is very little competition in these areas, so relatively few species dominate an area and largely compete with themselves. Increasing nutrient retention allows the most individual cell survival within a species' members over time. d) Most aquatic environments lack a steady supply of nutrients.

most aquatic environments lack a steady supply of nutrients

Methanogens are a group of archaea that generate ATP by a) oxidizing hydrogen gas, using carbon dioxide as a terminal electron acceptor b) oxidizing carbon dioxide, using hydrogen gas as a terminal electron acceptor c) oxidizing hydrogen gas, using methane as a terminal electron acceptor d) oxidizing methane, using carbon dioxide as a terminal electron acceptor

oxidizing hydrogen gas, using carbon dioxide as a terminal electron acceptor

Streptomyces a) resemble fungi in their pattern of growth AND produce a number of antibiotics. b) form endospores AND resemble fungi in their pattern of growth. c) resemble fungi in their pattern of growth AND produce a characteristic blue-green pigment. d) produce a characteristic blue-green pigment AND form endospores. e) produce a number of antibiotics AND form endospores.

resemble fungi in their pattern of growth AND produce a number of antibiotics

Which of the statements is FALSE? a) some prokaryote species can survive autoclave temperatures b) rhizobia transfer some of their dna to the host plant c) bacillus and clostridium species form endospores d) bacteria use quorum sensing to detect cell density e) the agrobacterium ti plasmid is used to genetically engineer plants f) some cyanobacteria can fix nitrogen

rhizobia transfer some of their dna to the host plant

The role of sulfur in the metabolism of Thiomargarita namibiensis is similar to which of the following in human metabolism? a) Water b) Cofactors c) Oxygen d) Sugar e) Vitamins

sugar

Which of the following bacteria can oxidize metal compounds exposed during strip mining of coal, dramatically lowering pH and leading to damaging acid run-off into the surrounding ecosystem? a) Sulfur-oxidizing bacteria b) Nitrifying bacteria c) Hydrogen-oxidizing bacteria d) Facultative anaerobes e) Cyanobacteria

sulfur-oxidizing bacteria

Please select the FALSE statement regarding sheathed bacteria. a) Sheathed bacteria frequently block industrial pipes. b) The sheath allows these bacteria to perform photosynthesis. c) The sheath allows these bacteria to attach to surfaces. d) The sheath protects the bacteria from predators. e) Sheathed bacteria spread by means of swarmer cells.

the sheath allows these bacteria to perform photosynthesis

Which of the following about bacterial diversity are FALSE? (choose all that apply) a) agrobacterium species carry plasmids with genes for a toxin that destroys plant cells b) studies of bioluminescent bacteria lead to the discovery of quorum sensing c) squid and flashlight fish have specialized organs that carry bioluminescent bacteria d) the ti plasmid of agrobacterium species is used to genetically engineer plants e) squid and flashlight fish have specialized organs that carry nitrogen-fixing bacteria f) cyanobacteria are photosynthetic

agrobacterium species carry plasmids with genes for a toxin that destroys plant cells squid and flashlight fish have specialized organs that carry nitrogen-fixing bacteria

Based on what you know about the myxobacteria, for which of the following could they serve as an experimental model? a) growth at very high temperatures b) cell-to-cell communication and cooperation c) plasmid production and manipulation d) nitrogen and sulfur fixation e) pathogenicity of bacteria that infect plants f) pathogenicity of medically important bacteria

cell-to-cell communication and cooperation

Corynebacterium species and Enterobacteriaceae family members are examples of ______ anaerobes, meaning that they preferentially use aerobic respiration if O2 is available, but can ferment if it is not.

facultative

True or False: Obligate aerobes may transform energy via fermentation.

false

True or False: The main difference between purple sulfur bacteria and purple non-sulfur bacteria is that purple sulfur bacteria prefer to use organic molecules rather than hydrogen sulfide to generate reducing power.

false

The rhizobia group of microbes a) produce an endospore structure during times of unfavorable environmental conditions. b) stimulate tumor-like growths in plants to obtain nutrients. c) form a nodule that creates an endosymbiotic relationship between legume plants and the bacterial cells. d) form a nodule that creates an endosymbiotic relationship between the animal and bacterial cells. e) stimulate tumor-like growths in animals to obtain nutrients.

form a nodule that creates an endosymbiotic relationship between legume plants and the bacterial cells

Please select the definition that is INCORRECT. a) Chemotrophs—organisms that obtain energy by oxidizing chemical compounds. b) Anoxygenic phototrophs—photosynthetic organisms that do not produce O2. c) Mycobacteria—Gram-negative bacteria that group together to form complex fruiting bodies. d) Nitrifiers—Gram-negative bacteria that obtain energy by oxidizing inorganic nitrogen compounds. e) Chemolithotrophs—organisms that harvest energy by oxidizing inorganic chemicals.

mycobacteria - gram negative bacteria that group together to form complex fruiting bodies

Cyanobacteria have evolved elaborate mechanisms for preventing O2 from coming into contact with the nitrogenase enzyme. Why? a) All of the given choices are correct. b) Nitrogen-containing organic compounds produced by nitrogenase enzyme complexes are quickly oxidized in the presence of O2. c) Nitrogenase enzyme complexes are damaged or destroyed by O2. d) O2 is a competitive inhibitor of the nitrogenase enzyme complex. e) Nitrogenase enzyme complexes will catalyze oxygen fixation instead of nitrogen fixation there is more O2 present than N2.

nitrogenase enzyme complexes are damaged or destroyed by O2

What distinguishes Staphylococcus, species from Streptococcus, Enterococcus and Lactococcus species? a) The production of catalase. b) All of these. c) The nature of their cell walls. d) Their morphology. e) Their ability to cause disease.

the production of catalase

Members of the genus Mycoplasma have no cell wall, making them somewhat unique in the microbial world. How do they prevent osmotic lysis? a) They are able to synthesize a cell wall when living in a hypotonic environment. b) They only survive in isotonic areas where they're not subjected to osmotic pressures. c) Their cytoplasmic membrane is rich in sterols to help provide added strength and rigidity. d) They possess an intricate S-layer outside of their plasma membrane to provide rigidity. e) They possess a capsule that provides the same protective benefit as a cell wall structure.

their cytoplasmic membrane is rich in sterols to help provide added strength and rigidity

Which of the following are TRUE regarding coliforms? (choose all that apply) a) they characteristically ferment lactose b) they are facultative anaerobes c) they are gram-positive d) they characteristically ferment sucrose e) they are obligate aerobes f) they are used as indicators of fecal pollution g) they are gram-negative h) they belong to the family Enterobacteriaceae

they characteristically ferment lactose they are facultative anaerobes they are used as indicators of fecal pollution they are gram-negative they belong to the family Enterobacteriaceae

Select the TRUE statements about nitrifiers. (choose all that apply) a) they fix nitrogen gas, making it available to other organisms b) they convert nitrite to nitrate c) they use sulfur as an energy source d) they trap nitrogen gas, keeping it from other organisms e) they convert ammonium to nitrite f) they contain the enzyme nitrogenase

they convert nitrite to nitrate they convert ammonium to nitrite

Which of the following is NOT an obligate intracellular parasite? a) Human immunodeficiency virus b) Rickettsia rickettsii c) Treponema pallidum d) Coxiella burnetii e) Chlamydia trachomatis

treponema pallidum

True or False: Nitrogen-fixing cyanobacteria are critically important ecologically.

true

True or False: Rhizobium is considered an endosymbiont with plants.

true

True or False: Staphylococcus species can be distinguished from Streptococcus, Enterococcus, and Lactococcus species on the basis of catalase activity.

true

Which of the following are TRUE regarding purple sulfur bacteria, purple non-sulfur bacteria, and green sulfur bacteria? (choose all that apply) a) They are anoxygenic phototrophs. b) They all preferentially use hydrogen sulfide as an electron source for generating reducing power. c) They all use sunlight as an energy source. d) These organisms, being phototrophic, all contain chlorophyll identical to that found in plants. e) They live in environments rich in oxygen. f) They are aquatic and use water as a source of electrons for making reducing power for biosynthetic reactions.

they are anoxygenic phototrophs they all use sunlight as an energy source these organisms, being phototrophic, all contain chlorophyll identical to that found in plants

Which of the following about Mycoplasma is FALSE? a) They lack peptidoglycan. b) They are the smallest free-living organisms. c) They are pleomorphic. d) They have sterols in their membranes. e) They are killed by penicillin.

they are killed by penicillin

Nitrogen-fixing cyanbacteria are important because... (choose all that apply) a) they can incorporate N2 into organic material, thus generating a form that other organisms can use. b) they can incorporate CO2 into organic material, thus generating a form that other organisms can use. c) they help to limit CO2 buildup in the atmosphere, by using this gas as a carbon source. d) they oxidize sulfur, thus removing it form the environment. e) they oxidize ammonium, converting it to N2.

they can incorporate N2 into organic material, thus generating a form that other organisms can use they can incorporate CO2 into organic material, thus generating a form that other organisms can use they help to limit CO2 buildup in the atmosphere, by using this gas as a carbon source