Chapter Five

Which of the following statements were included in the Equal Rights Amendment (ERA)?

"Equality of rights under the law shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or by any State on account of sex."

The number of people who identify as transgender in the United States is approximately ______ percent

0.5

Currently, there are ______ million undocumented immigrants in the United States, ______ percent of whom have lived in the U.S. for over 10 years.

11; 66

How many states had ratified the Nineteenth Amendment one year after its passage?

36

Which considerations are now required, due to the ADA?

A public school must consider access. An employer must consider reasonable accommodations.

Which of the following was the result of the march from Selma and Bloody Sunday?

A renewed focus on voting rights pressured Congress to pass the Voting Rights Act of 1965. Public opinion swayed in favor of civil rights.

Because the Black Lives Matter movement has no central organizing structure like previous civil rights movements, which of the following have happened?

Activists identified with the movement through the #BlackLivesMatter hashtag. Other groups with similar fears and concerns were able to join with the movement. The movement expanded beyond issues of police violence to included environmental racism.

Which events helped create momentum for equality of African Americans in the first half of the 20th century?

African American soldiers returning home after fighting in World War II Supreme Court decisions declaring some types of segregation unconstitutional

Which of the following statements accurately reflects the impact of African American voters in the South during the Reconstruction era?

African American voters elected a substantial number of other African Americans to offices in local, state, and federal governments.

During the first century of our nation's history, which of the following groups was involved in the national debate about equality?

African Americans

Which of the following statements about the income of Asian American are accurate?

Asian Americans have the highest median income as compared to the population as a whole. Asian American income varies greatly within Asian groups.

de _____ segregation refers to legally mandated segregation of the races, whereas, de _____ segregation refers to segregation in employment, housing, and education.

Blank 1: jure Blank 2: facto

in 1971 using the _____ scrutiny test established in the 1873 Bradwell case, the Court ruled that discriminatory treatment of women was unconstitutional.

Blank 1: ordinary

In the 1800s, what limitations were faced by women who graduated from college and aspired to a career?

Choosing a career meant giving up the possibility of marriage. Career choices were largely limited to teaching, nursing, social work, or missionary work.

Which law, passed by Congress and also known as the Anti-Ku Klux Klan Act, made it a federal crime to deprive individuals of their rights, privileges, and immunities?

Civil Rights Act of 1872

In the Civil Rights Cases of 1883, the Supreme Court declared which act unconstitutional?

Civil Rights Act of 1875

Which of the following founded the Agricultural Workers Organizing Committee (AWOC) and the National Farm Workers Association (NFWA)?

Dolores Huerta Jessie Lopez Cesar Chavez

What was the name of the case on which the Supreme Court ruled that African Americans were not citizens with legal rights?

Dred Scott v. Sandford

Which of the following women played an important role in securing legal and political rights for women in the United States?

Elizabeth Cady Stanton Abigail Adams Lucretia Mott

The Black Lives Matter movement grew from protests in ______ following the shooting death of an unarmed teenager by a white police officer.

Ferguson, MO

In Obergefell v. Hodges (2015), the Supreme Court ruled that the right to marry is a fundamental liberty protected by which amendment of the Constitution?

Fourteenth

Which constitutional amendment did the Commission on the Status of Women urge the federal government to pursue in lawsuits in order to encourage proper interpretation of the equal protection clause?

Fourteenth Amendment

Which of the following was the basis of the ruling in the case of Lawrence v. Texas (2003)?

Fourteenth Amendment right to privacy

Which of the following represents the de facto imbalances argument used by Chief Justice Roberts?

Government should not use laws to remedy racial imbalances caused by economic inequalities, individual choices, and historical biases.

Which U.S. Supreme Court case upheld the Bakke decision and utilized the strict scrutiny test by stating that universities can use race as a factor in admissions decisions, but not as the overriding factor?

Grutter v. Bollinger

Which of the following is the earliest group that actively campaigned for full suffrage for native peoples?

Indian Rights Association

What did President Lincoln's Emancipation Proclamation accomplish?

It abolished slavery in the states that had seceded from the Union. It prevented Britain and France from intervening in the Civil War on the southern side.

What happened to the Equal Rights Amendment?

It fell short of the number of states required for ratification.

Which of the following accurately describe the Fourteenth Amendment to the Constitution?

It overturned the Dred Scott decision. It mandated due process and equal protection for all people. It provided all persons with the privileges and immunities of national citizenship.

In most cases during the late 1800s, what was the purpose of education for girls?

It prepared them to be good wives and mothers.

Which of the following is true of the decision in Obergefell v. Hodges?

It recognized same-sex marriage as a fundamental liberty under the Fourteenth Amendment.

Which of the following statements about Japanese Americans during World War II are true?

Japanese Americans from the West Coast were placed in internment camps. The civil rights of Japanese Americans were violated. Many relocated Japanese Americans lost their homes and businesses.

Which of the following was a key turning point in the Civil War?

Lincoln's issuance of the Emancipation Proclamation

Which of the following individuals propelled the civil rights movement onto the national stage?

Martin Luther King, Jr. Rosa Parks

What important discriminatory issues were women raising by the 1960s?

Men had more educational opportunities. Men had better employment opportunities and higher pay. Women were unable to obtain credit without having a male cosign the loan.

What federal case challenged the segregated school systems in California, which provided Mexican children with separate schools that were of lower quality than the schools for white children?

Mendez v. Westminster

What was the Chicano Movement?

Mexican American Civil Rights Movement that included student demonstrations to press for bilingual education, the hiring of more Chicano teachers, workers' rights, and the creation of Chicano studies programs

The shooting death of an African American teenager named ______, in the fall of 2014, caused many young activists around the country to come together and organize the Black Lives Matter movement.

Michael Brown

Which Supreme Court case decreed that state governments, not the U.S. Constitution, established voting rights?

Minor v. Happersett

Which association, founded in the early 20th century, focused on the inequalities brought forth by the separate but equal doctrine?

National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP)

Which groups were formed to advocate for full recognition of the civil rights of lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgendered citizens?

National Gay and Lesbian Task Force Lambda Legal

Which of the following occurred in the 1960s as the result of the civil rights movement?

Public accommodations were desegregated. Universal suffrage was promoted. Segregation in public schools ended.

What was the central finding of Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka (1954)?

Segregated schools violate the equal protection clause of the Fourteenth Amendment.

At the time that the U.S. Constitution was adopted, how did some states continue to permit persons of African descent to be enslaved?

Some of the most important provisions of the new federal Constitution treated enslaved African Americans as property.

Which of the following did proponents of the Equal Rights Amendment (ERA) argue regarding the strict scrutiny test?

The Constitution should be amended to explicitly guarantee equality of rights under the law regardless of sex. The test should be used in sex-based discrimination cases.

Which woman founded the National Women's Party, which adopted more radical tactics in fighting for women's suffrage?

alice paul

How did the Republicans with a radical view toward Reconstruction differ from their more moderate colleagues?

They believed that those southerners who had supported the Confederacy should be kept out of national and state politics.

Which figure is an accurate representation of Latinos in the United States?

They make up about 17 percent of the total U.S. population.

How do counter-protests like "All Lives Matter" or "Blue Lives Matter" misunderstand the Black Lives Matter movement?

They see it as merely a challenge to law enforcement.

Which part of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 was written by Congress to prohibit discrimination in all personnel decisions based on gender as well as other categories?

Title IX Title VII

Which 2003 Supreme Court decision overturned an earlier case in which it had upheld Georgia's anti-sodomy law?

Which 2003 Supreme Court decision overturned an earlier case in which it had upheld Georgia's anti-sodomy law?

Intentional efforts to diversify the student body in higher education are known as

affirmative action

Which policy requires that an organization make intentional efforts to diversify by providing equal opportunity to classes of people that have been historically, and often are currently, subject to discrimination?

affirmative action

voting rights act

aggressively sought to counter nearly one hundred years of disenfranchisement

One of the provisions of the 1950 Internal Security Act

allowed the government to imprison citizens deemed enemy collaborators during a crisis.

Which landmark Supreme Court case declared affirmative action constitutional but invalidated the use of racial quotas?

bakke

Which of the following was not included in the provisions of the Civil Rights Act of 1964?

banning poll taxes and literacy tests

civil rights act of 1964

barred racial discrimination in accommodations and private employment

What is the name of the set of laws that limited the rights of "freemen," or former slaves, that was passed immediately after the Civil War by the various southern states?

black codes

the ___ Movement was composed of numerous Latino organizations focusing on a variety of issues, including rights to equal employment and educational opportunities.

chicano

Which term refers to the rights and privileges guaranteed to all citizens under the due process and equal protection clauses of the Fifth and Fourteenth Amendments?

civil rights

The first wave of the fight for women's civil rights focused on

gaining the right to vote

A type of segregation that is mandated by law is called

de jure segregation.

Which document listed many rights and opportunities that the law did not guarantee to women, including the right to vote and educational and employment opportunities equal to those of white men?

declaration of sentiments

In Plessy v. Ferguson, the Supreme Court determined that separate but equal facilities

did not violate the Fourteenth Amendment's equal protection clause.

Affirmative action policies have been used by ______ to expand opportunities for women and minority group members.

employers educational institutions

Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 mandated equality in the which of the following areas?

employment

Which of the following areas has been affected by the civil rights movement?

employment voting rights education housing

Thirteenth Amendment

ended slavery throughout the United States and prohibited it in the future

List the following achievements of the civil rights movement in chronological order from first to last.

ending segregation in public schools barring racial discrimination in accommodations and private employment desegregation in housing

Which issues are central to the third wave of the womens' rights movement in the United States?

ending sexual violence unequal access to legal rights

Which clause of the Fourteenth Amendment prohibits a state from denying any person equal protection of the laws?

equal protection clause

In order to ensure equal employment opportunity for all, the federal government in the 1960s began to require agencies and businesses

establish policies aimed at giving minority-group members equal opportunities to obtain jobs.

One outcome of the Coalition of Federated Organization's work in the 1964 Summer Project was the

establishment of the Freedom Democratic Party and a promise to integrate future delegations to the Democratic Convention.

The immigration policies and proposals of President Trump include which of the following?

expanded grounds of who is considered a "removable alien" building a wall along the U.S.-Mexico border increased deportations

Fifteenth Amendment

expanded voting rights to former slaves

Americans with Disabilities Act

extended the ban on discrimination against people with disabilities in education, employment, health care, housing and transportation to all programs and organizations

True or false: By the dawn of 20th century, African Americans had successfully achieved civil rights protections from the federal government.

false

In practice, in early America, women had

fewer rights than men

What was the focus of the National Women's Suffrage Association?

gaining female suffrage by amending the Constitution

Which of the following groups enforced the laws that prevented African Americans from exercising their right to vote?

government agents law enforcement officers Ku Klux Klan (KKK)

The rule that exempted individuals from conditions on voting if they or their ancestors had been eligible to vote before 1870 is called the

grandfather clause.

Which type of crime is one that is committed against a person, property, or society as a whole, where the offender is motivated by his or her bias against the victim because of race, religion, disability, sexual orientation, or ethnicity?

hate crime

The ______ scrutiny test for sex-based discrimination was established by the Supreme Court in Craig v. Boren in 1976.

heightened

In the late 20th century, the main focus of gender-equity activism was on

how the law could prevent or punish private behavior that harmed women based on their gender.

The law passed by Congress that called for the forced relocation of all native peoples to lands west of the Mississippi was called the

indian removal act

Characteristics such as race, religion, national origin, or sex, which are protected by government assurances of civil rights, are called

inherent characteristics

civil rights act of 1968

prohibited racial discrimination in housing

Which of the following does affirmative action require?

intentional efforts to diversify

The experience of multiple forms of oppression simultaneously is referred to as

intersectionality

Under the intermediate scrutiny test (also known as the heightened scrutiny test), sex-based discrimination

is legal if the government can prove that it is substantially related to the achievement of an important public interest.

Which four of the following are particularly relevant to the third wave of the women's rights movement?

issues arising from intersectionality the glass ceiling sexual harassment unequal pay

Which of these required the strict separation of racial groups in education, employment, and public accommodations, such as transportation and restaurants?

jim crow laws

Which of the following voting requirements was declared illegal by the Voting Rights Act of 1965?

literacy requirements

Fourteenth Amendment

mandates the same privileges and immunities for all citizens and due process protections for all people

Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr., advocated which of the following to protest government-sanctioned discrimination?

mass marches peaceful boycotts acts of civil disobedience

When did most of the momentous victories made by civil rights activists finally begin?

mid-20th century

Which of the following events was a direct result of Rosa Parks's conviction?

montgomery bus boycott

Identify the characteristics that are considered inherent.

national origin race sex religion

Which of the following constitutional amendments granted women the right to vote?

nineteenth amendment

The test used by the federal courts that requires governments to show that the differential treatment is a rational means to achieve a legitimate public interest for which the government is responsible is called the

ordinary scrutinty test

The legality of sex-based discrimination in the Bradwell case of 1873 was determined by which test(s)?

ordinary scrutiny test

The test used by the federal courts that requires governments to show that the differential treatment is a rational means to achieve a legitimate public interest for which the government is responsible is called the

ordinary scrutiny test.

Which of the following are arguments presented by opponents of the Equal Rights Amendment (ERA)?

passage of the amendment would make women subject to the military draft. It was a duplication of the Fourteenth Amendment.

What has been at the heart of many civil rights struggles for equality in America?

people disagreeing strongly about what "equal treatment" requires

What tool was used by southern states to deny African Americans the right to vote by levying a high fee in order to vote?

poll tax

The Civil Rights Act of 1964 prohibited

private businesses and organizations from discriminating in hiring decisions based on inherent characteristics.

1973 Rehabilitation Act

prohibited discrimination against people with disabilities in federally funded programs

Which of the following are part of the national discussion to address the issue of illegal immigration in the United States?

providing refugee status to minors mass deportations offering pathways to citizenship

A main question raised by the #MeToo movement is how to

punish and prevent the private exercise of sexual power over women.

Which of the following make it more difficult for the Black Lives Matter movement to achieve their goals?

seeking broad social changes rather than change to a specific law or policy a lack of an institutionalized structure

In the post-Reconstruction South, the federal government

seemed to abandon African Americans and the quest for equality under the law.

One particularly noted series of marches during the civil rights movement went from ______ to Montgomery, Alabama.

selma

the declaration of _____ listed many rights and opportunities that the law did not guarantee women, including the right to vote and educational and employment opportunities equal to those of white men.

sentiment

The primary focus of the #MeToo movement is

sexual violence and coercion.

The Student Non-violent Coordinating Committee (SNCC) and the Congress of Racial Equality (CORE) focused on which two of the following strategies in Mississippi and Georgia?

sit-ins voter registration drives

Even after the ratification of the Fourteenth Amendment, women's educational and work opportunities were limited by

social norms. state laws.

Which of the following refers to the legal right to bring lawsuits in court?

standing to sue

Which event was responsible for triggering the gay and lesbian rights movement in the United States?

stonewall incident

Oliver Brown enrolled his daughter ______ in an all-white public school in Topeka, Kansas.

strategically

In the Grutter v. Bollinger case, the Supreme Court used the

strict scrutiny test.

A report by the Department of Justice in the killing of Michael Brown found

systematic oppression of Black citizenry by the police.

In Shelby County v. Alabama (2013), the Supreme Court found

that part of the Voting Rights Act of 1965 was unconstitutional.

Latinos include those whose families hail from which of the following locations?

the Caribbean Central America South America

Which of the following are events that eroded feelings of white goodwill toward the civil rights movement?

the aftermath of the assassination of Martin Luther King, Jr., in Memphis, Tennessee the urban riots in Watts

Uncle Tom's Cabin depicted

the harsh reality of slavery in the United States.

During which time period did advocates for women's civil rights begin their efforts to secure for women the right to vote?

the mid-1800's

Arrange the following events in chronological order, starting with the earliest attempt to achieve women's suffrage. Instructions

the national american womens sufferage association urges voters to boycott candidates who oppose womens sufferage president woodrow wilson wins reelection suffrage activists who have been arrested and jailed engage in a hunger strike persistent media pressure increases support for womens suffrage the nineteenth amendment is ratified

The Montgomery bus boycott was considered a success because

the protests garnered national media attention and public sympathy. the Supreme Court ruled that segregated buses were unconstitutional.

What two events inspired many northerners to begin to actively challenge slavery?

the trial and execution of John Brown over the incident in Harpers Ferry the publishing of Uncle Tom's Cabin

Which of the following established the complete abolition of slavery in the United States?

thirteenth amendment

What was the purpose of the ADA Restoration Act of 2008?

to broaden the definition of impairments that are covered by the Americans with Disabilities Act

Individuals whose gender identity does not match the sex they were assigned to are referred to as

transgender

When first written, the Constitution

treated people of African descent as property.

True or false: Following the passage and enforcement of voting laws in the South, record numbers of African Americans have won election to office.

true

True or false: Latinos are the largest minority group in the United States.

true

True or false: Mendez v. Westminster, in which a federal court ruled that school segregation in California that sent Mexican children to separate schools from white children was unconstitutional, came before the landmark segregation case Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka.

true

True or false: The Civil Rights Act of 1964 both expanded the rights of many Americans and provided them with protections from discrimination.

true

Which popular book bolstered the abolitionists' efforts to actively challenge slavery in the United States?

uncle toms cabin

In the struggle for civil rights, LBGTQ persons have

used similar strategies as other groups.

What was one Jim Crow strategy that allowed only certain people to vote in primary elections in order to prevent African Americans from exercising their right to vote?

white primaries