Chapter One

Psychology is defined as the study of behavior and mental processes.

true

The first female president of the American Psychological Association, Mary Whiton Calkins, turned down the doctoral degree that was offered to her by Radcliff University.

true

Women receive the majority of doctoral degrees in psychology.

true

When you are training a pet, you are most likely relying on which of the following psychological perspective?

Behaviorist

Which of the following statements is true of the experimental method of research?

The experimental method allows psychologists to control the experiences of participants and draw conclusions about cause and effect

Which of the following is a goal of psychology

To explain behavior and mental processes

The father of psychology is ________.

Wilhelm Wundt

Which scientific method of research would be used if a college student running for student body president was trying to determine whether to emphasize campus security, improved parking facilities, or increased health services in their campaign?

a survey

According to the psychoanalytic approach, a good majority of what influences our behavior is:

an emphasis on unconscious ideas and impulses that originate in childhood conflicts.

A sample consists of multiple populations

false

Erik Erikson focused more on unconscious processes and less on conscious choice and self-direction.

false

John B. Watson developed the social-cognitive perspective, arguing for the influence of social factors over cognition.

false

The _____ perspective is grounded in the work of Carl Rogers and Abraham Maslow.

humanistic-existential

B. F. Skinner proposed

that organisms learn to behave in certain ways because their behavior has a positive outcome.

Julie's research work requires her to interview a sample of 200 people within two months. She needs to gather data about the sample group's attitude toward certain situations through a questionnaire, but she has limited time to gather the information. Which of the following methods should Julie use to gather the required information?

the survey method

A hypothesis is a specific statement about behavior or mental processes that is tested through research.

true

Aristotle wrote a book on psychology more than 2,000 years ago.

true

Introspection is a research method suggested by Socrates. This method is still used in psychology.

true

Psychoanalysis is the name of the theory of personality developed by Sigmund Freud.

true

_____ was a founder of the school of functionalism.

William James

Amelia is a general physician. One of her patients claimed to be suffering from constant stomach aches. After running some tests, Amelia concludes that the patient is not suffering from any medical disorder. However, the patient insisted that she has stomach cancer. The patient then volunteered for a medical trial where she was given a pill with a new medication while participants in the trial were given sugar pills. This best exemplifies _____.

a placebo

Psychologists do not adhere to ethical standards that help promote the dignity of the individual, maintain scientific integrity, and protect research participants and clinical clients from harm.

false

In Gestalt psychology, learning, especially problem solving, is accomplished primarily by ________.

insight

Wilhelm Wundt used __________ to try to discover the basic elements of experience.

introspection

On his first day as a school psychologist, Daniel took a trip to the school ground and quietly sat in the corner watching the children play. He noticed several patterns in the way children behaved with each other, especially when they were playing games. Daniel is most likely using the method of __________.

naturalistic observation