Chapter One test on mindtap

Approximately _____ percent of new doctoral-level psychologists work as therapists. 30 45 15 60

45

A leading humanistic thinker who introduced a major theory of motivation with a goal of self-actualization was ____. Carl Rogers Herbert Simon Abraham Maslow Alan Newell

Abraham Maslow

Regarding psychologists and the field of psychology, which of the following statements is/are TRUE? Today, psychology is both a science and a profession. The word psychology is thousands of years old and comes from ancient Greek roots for mind and study. Psychologists apply psychological principles to solve problems in fields, such as business, sports, law, and the design of machines. All of these statements are true.

All of these statements are true.

One of the earliest philosophers to forward the idea that all knowledge is gained through sensory experience was ________, who lived from 384 to 322 BCE . Descartes Kant Aristotle Plato

Aristotle

According to the text, which individual would be most likely to teach at a community college? Orlando, who has earned a Ph.D. in psychology Diane, who has earned a Master's degree in psychology Martin, who has an associates degree in humanities Lee, who has earned a bachelor's degree in psychology

Diane, who has earned a Master's degree in psychology

Which of the following is most likely to be the topic of research of a biological psychologist? Will a study participant obey an authority figure even in violation of his or her own moral code? Do stress hormones due to abuse in early childhood affect the ability to form memories? At what age can a child correctly separate the vocabulary and grammar of two languages? Did contagious yawning provide a survival advantage in early societies?

Do stress hormones due to abuse in early childhood affect the ability to form memories?

Which of the following research questions is most likely to be asked by a cognitive psychologist? Which stress reduction techniques are most effective for college students to reduce the stress of balancing academic and social demands? Do students learn material better when the learning takes place over time or when they "cram" for an exam? To what extent is student learning influenced by the sociocultural makeup of the class? Are there common characteristics among students who graduate in the top 1% of their class?

Do students learn material better when the learning takes place over time or when they "cram" for an exam?

Who is most associated with psychoanalysis? Skinner Freud Pavlov Watson

Freud

The efforts of the early structuralists were rejected by the ________ psychologists, who objected to the process of breaking behavior down into its essential elements. behavioral evolutionary psychology Gestalt cognitive

Gestalt

Jake trips; he knocks his elbow against the edge of the door jamb while simultaneously stubbing his toe on a chair. Based on the work of von Helmholtz's, which of the following is likely to occur? He experiences the toe and elbow pain instantaneously. He experiences the elbow pain before the toe pain. The intensity of pain for both the toe and elbow is equal. The intensity of the elbow pain is greater than that of the toe pain.

He experiences the elbow pain before the toe pain.

Which individual helped to advance understanding of the human nervous system by discovering that signals coming from more distant parts of the body take longer to reach the brain? Helmholtz Fechner Weber Mueller

Helmholtz

Which of the following most closely paraphrases Watson's views regarding human behavior? Some children are born with artistic talent; others are not. I can raise a child to be an artist if he or she has at least a small amount of talent and interest. Very few children actually have the skill and discipline to become artists. I can raise any child to be an artist, regardless of his or her tendencies.

I can raise any child to be an artist, regardless of his or her tendencies.

Which of the following best describes the British empiricists' view of the mind? Infants are born with varying degrees of aptitude for acquiring language. Infants with similar genetic backgrounds will acquire language at similar rates. Infants learn to process language entirely based on their sensory experiences. Infants acquire language primarily by drawing from innate mechanisms.

Infants learn to process language entirely based on their sensory experiences.

A leading behaviorist who first explored classical conditioning is ____. Edward Thorndike John B. Watson Ivan Petrovich Pavlov B. F. Skinner

Ivan Petrovich Pavlov

Which degree is held by a psychiatrist? PhD PsyD DMin MD

MD

Which textbook was written by William James, the primary proponent of functionalism, in 1890? Debunking Structuralism and Its Folly The Functionalism of a New Field A New Perspective on Psychology Principles of Psychology

Principles of Psychology

Your best friend has signed up for a psychology class, but she does not really know what to expect from this course. You want to help her by explaining what psychology is. What should you tell her? Psychology is easy. It's just common sense. Psychology is about giving people advice. Psychology is the scientific study of behavior and mental processes. Psychology is the study of mental illness.

Psychology is the scientific study of behavior and mental processes.

Who contributed ideas about the unconscious mind, the development of sexuality, dream analysis, psychological roots of abnormal behavior, personality, and therapy? Noam Chomsky Abraham Maslow Carl Rogers Sigmund Freud

Sigmund Freud

Which behaviorist, building on the earlier work of Thorndike, focused on the ways in which consequences of behaviors impacted future repetition of such actions? Garcia Pavlov Skinner Kohler

Skinner

Brindel is a contemporary psychologist who has been examining the "nature versus nurture" question. Which of the following would she be most likely to conclude? We are nothing more than the sum of our genes. Psychology should not concern itself with this question, as neither nature nor nurture can be studied in a scientific manner. We are solely a product of our surroundings and environment. The mind is a result of interactions between inborn characteristics and everyday experiences.

The mind is a result of interactions between inborn characteristics and everyday experiences.

Which of the following describes Wundt's use of introspection as an experimental technique? The participants in his study used mental building block constructs to describe their perception of an object. The participants in his study focused on internal thoughts and feelings about their competence while performing a task. The participants in his study pressed a telegraph key as soon as they heard a ball drop onto a platform, indicating their internal state. The participants in his study drew from their internal thoughts and feelings as they described an object in detail.

The participants in his study pressed a telegraph key as soon as they heard a ball drop onto a platform, indicating their internal state.

Which of the following proverbs best describes Gestalt theory? A little knowledge is a dangerous thing. The more things change, the more they stay the same. A chain is only as strong as its weakest link. The whole is greater than the sum of its parts.

The whole is greater than the sum of its parts.

Which statement best represents the correct association between theorist and theory? Freud and humanism Wertheimer and functionalism Pavlov and psychoanalytic theory Watson and behaviorism

Watson and behaviorism

Of the following, who was one of the early founders of Gestalt psychology? Pavlov Wundt Wertheimer Titchener

Wertheimer

A psychologist blindfolds a subject and then places the subject's hand into a dish of water. The psychologist asks the subject to report whether his hand feels colder or warmer than before being placed in the water. Which of the following psychologists was most likely to have conducted this study? Sigmund Freud John B. Watson Abraham Maslow Wilhelm Wundt

Wilhelm Wundt

Who is the American psychologist who proposed the functionalist approach and whose textbook, Principles of Psychology, dominated the field of psychology for 50 years after its publication? William James Abraham Maslow Sigmund Freud B. F. Skinner

William James

The group of early 20th century German psychologists who founded Gestalt psychology included Kurt Koffka, Max Wertheimer, and ____. Ulric Neisser William James Wilhelm Wundt Wolfgang Kohler

Wolfgang Kohler

By the 1950s, the behaviorists' disinterest in mental states and activity was challenged by scientists from diverse fields, including linguistics and computer science, leading to ____. a cognitive revolution psychodynamic theory client-centered therapy a new appreciation of humanism

a cognitive revolution

Beginning in the 17th and 18th centuries, with new technologies including the light microscope, scientists began to make a series of important new discoveries showing that ____. the mind works in isolation from the rest of the body a single nerve cell carries one type of information chemical messengers facilitate communication in the brain nerve cells use electrical impulses to transmit signals

a single nerve cell carries one type of information

Animals are used in psychological research because psychologists are interested in the behavior of all living creatures. all of these reasons apply. the study of animals can benefit both animals and humans. animal models of behavior can often be applied to human behavior.

all of these reasons apply.

As part of their effort to measure behavior carefully, many behaviorists restricted their research to studies using ____. adults children males animals

animals

In a study of dream content, the highest number of participants reported that they had had a dream that included which content? arriving too late for some event being frozen with fright being chased or pursued but not injured being physically attacked

being chased or pursued but not injured

Ancient Greek philosophers ____. believed knowledge is gained through sensory experiences were exclusively monists were exclusively dualists relied on the supernatural to explain their observations

believed knowledge is gained through sensory experiences

A focus on genetics, chemical imbalances, and brain differences between humans characterizes the ____ perspective. biological sociocultural behavioral humanistic

biological

Which of the five major perspectives of psychology is also called behavioral neuroscience? cognitive psychology evolutionary psychology developmental psychology biological psychology

biological psychology

In what way did ancient physicians contribute to contemporary psychology? by studying the nervous system and developing diagnostic tools by studying hormone imbalances and developing the scientific method by studying the nervous system and developing the scientific method by studying hormone imbalances and developing diagnostic tools

by studying the nervous system and developing the scientific method

Cognitive psychologists acknowledge that mental processes are not directly observable to the eye, but assert that they ____. can be inferred from performance data are still primarily the result of biological influences cannot be indirectly observed either are at least as important as unconscious processes

can be inferred from performance data

Carl Rogers, a leading humanist, developed the approach of ____. psychoanalysis behavioral therapy client-centered therapy cognitive therapy

client-centered therapy

The psychological perspective that seeks to explain, define, and treat abnormal behaviors is called ____. the individual differences perspective evolutionary psychology developmental psychology clinical psychology

clinical psychology

Which of the following refers to the very private and internal mental processes that the behaviorists avoided studying information processing, thinking, reasoning, and problem solving? client-centered therapy self-actualization cognition study of the id

cognition

The ________ view of psychology takes a computer-like view of how the brain functions and explains behavior in terms of information processing. psychoanalytic behavioral cognitive humanistic

cognitive

Many of the big questions tackled by behaviorists are now examined through the lens of the ____ perspective. psychodynamic or humanistic evolutionary or cross-cultural cognitive or biological structural or historical

cognitive or biological

The psychological perspective that investigates information processing, thinking, reasoning, and problem solving is called ____. the individual differences perspective developmental psychology evolutionary psychology cognitive psychology

cognitive psychology

Which type of psychologist tends to treat milder problems, such as problems at work or school, rather than severe psychotic disorders? clinical counseling comparative social

counseling

The salivation of dogs in Pavlov's experiments was significant because it ____. demonstrated the ability to learn to anticipate future events as a survival advantage emphasized conscious thought demonstrated that the ability to smell food prior to its arrival is a highly developed sense indicated that intelligence is innate

demonstrated the ability to learn to anticipate future events as a survival advantage

The psychological perspective that examines the normal changes in behavior, which occur across the life span, is called ____. developmental psychology social psychology evolutionary psychology the individual differences perspective

developmental psychology

Learning makes us more adaptable, so the functionalists tried to find ways to improve education and promoted the study of learning, teaching, classroom dynamics, and related topics called __________ psychology. community educational forensic comparative

educational

As part of a study, Derek is asked to examine his own mental activity as he describes a dull, orange object. Derek is engaging in introspection. functioning at the preconscious level. using heuristics. using a "talk-aloud" protocol.

engaging in introspection.

The psychological perspective that investigates how physical structure and behavior have been shaped by their contributions to survival and reproduction is called ____ psychology. evolutionary biological clinical social

evolutionary

Janie is a psychologist, who works for a cable network that regularly televises court proceedings and provides commentary for the viewers. Janie is most likely a __________ psychologist. personality comparative clinical forensic

forensic

Humanistic theories emphasize free will and self-determination. the use of rewards and punishments to shape behavior. that stimulus and response connections determine behavior. internal motives, conflicts, and unconscious forces.

free will and self-determination.

Dr. Moosbichler is a psychologist who believes that the best way to understand the mind is to look at how specific mental processes and behaviors help an organism live in and adapt to its environment. Dr. Moosbichler's point of view is most compatible with the approach to psychology known as functionalism. behaviorism. structuralism. psychoanalytic theory.

functionalism

What is the approach to psychology that saw behavior as purposeful and contributing to survival? functionalism structuralism humanism behaviorism

functionalism

Which school of thought brought the study of animals to psychology and also promoted educational psychology and industrial/organizational psychology? functionalism Gestalt psychology humanistic psychology structuralism

functionalism

In the 1970s, what initiated an explosion of knowledge about the connections between brain and behavior? new methods for observing brain activity looser government regulations on human experimentation the advent of the statistical method a focus away from animal research toward human research

new methods for observing brain activity

Like cognitive behaviorism, cognitive psychology relies primarily upon determining the person's frame of reference. objective observation. differentiating between conscious and unconscious forces. introspection.

objective observation.

Psychology is distinguished from other fields, such as history, law, art, and business, because of its reliance on subjective analysis to answer questions about the mind and behavior. introspection to understand the cognitive unconscious. commonsense to understand and solve human problems. objective scientific observation to systematically answer questions about behavior.

objective scientific observation to systematically answer questions about behavior.

Over the last 30 years, new methods have allowed psychologists to observe brain activity and revisit questions of mental processes. What element have these methods introduced to psychological research? conclusiveness objectivity generalizability subjectivity

objectivity

Researchers found that "the widespread and highly publicized stereotype about female talkativeness is unfounded." This conclusion illustrates that science relies primarily on ____. subjective evidence strongly held beliefs observable, repeatable evidence laboratory experiments

observable, repeatable evidence

Skinner's contribution to behaviorism lies in his insistence that behavior is only partially conscious. the whole is more than the sum of its parts. self-actualization is the primary determinant of behavior. one's actions are controlled by rewards and punishments.

one's actions are controlled by rewards and punishments.

While writing a research paper examining the theoretical view of Wilhelm Wundt, Jackson notes that Wundt felt that the mind constructs an overall perception ____. out of building blocks made up of separate sensations and emotional responses based on prior life experiences based on its relationship to evolutionary survival by perceiving complete forms within their context

out of building blocks made up of separate sensations and emotional responses

Humanistic psychologists believed that ____. people behave badly only when corrupted by society human behavior is on a continuum with animal behavior society acts to civilize humans who are otherwise innately selfish and aggressive the true motivation for humans to be successful is to see others fail

people behave badly only when corrupted by society

Recognizing individual differences is especially important to psychologists interested in variations in an individual's characteristic way of thinking, feeling, and behaving. This is referred to as ____. personality cognition psyche type

personality

The psychology family tree includes two major roots: ____. philosophy and the natural sciences biology and philosophy medicine and the social sciences anthropology and physics

philosophy and the natural sciences

In Thorndike's experiment on trial and error learning, the cat would escape a puzzle box faster and faster on progressive trials. In other words, the cat ____. became more physically fit repeated effective behaviors and abandoned ineffective ones acquired faster nerve impulses on successive trials memorized the solution to the puzzle

repeated effective behaviors and abandoned ineffective ones

With the exception of occasional bursts of insight from the Egyptians and Greeks, the most common view of psychological disorders over the course of history has been that they____. resulted from the actions of evil spirits or other external, magical forces originated in childhood from repressive parenting resulted from malfunctions of the human body originated from guilt for condemned behaviors

resulted from the actions of evil spirits or other external, magical forces

Psychology is best defined as the search for the most successful treatment for people with emotional, cognitive, or neurological disorders. science of behavior and mental processes. use of scientific methods to study the elements of human consciousness. study of the human experience from birth to old age.

science of behavior and mental processes.

Psychology is defined as the ____. study of mental illness and its treatment scientific study of why people do what they do scientific study of behavior and mental processes study of the unconscious determinants of personality

scientific study of behavior and mental processes

Psychologists would best be described as scientists, practitioners, and/or teachers. practitioners who apply psychology to solve problems in fields like education and medicine. teachers who share their knowledge with students. scientists who conduct research.

scientists, practitioners, and/or teachers.

The psychological perspective that examines the effects of one's environment on the behavior of individuals is called ____ psychology. social cultural clinical evolutionary

social

Although functionalism and Gestalt psychology have blended into newer, broader perspectives, which school of thought in psychology has disappeared entirely? psychodynamic psychology humanistic psychology structuralism behaviorism

structuralism

Dr. Ramel is a psychologist who believes that the best way to understand the mind is to break it down into its smallest elements, much as a chemist understands matter by breaking it down into its elemental components. Dr. Ramel's point of view is most compatible with the approach to psychology known as structuralism. functionalism. psychoanalytic theory. behaviorism.

structuralism.

Jarrod believes that introspection is the only way to obtain good data. In his research, he is trying to identify the basic components of consciousness. Jarrod's research most closely adheres to the tenets of the __________ school of psychology. functionalist structuralist Gestalt humanistic

structuralist

If you were to study consciousness by having your friends use introspection and report the results to you, your research method would be most similar to that used by structuralists. psychoanalysts. functionalists. cognitive psychologists.

structuralists.

Which of the following best describes the mind? the hidden instinctual self the basis of rational thought the embodiment of the soul the brain and its activities

the brain and its activities

Progress in psychology often depends on the majority opinion of experts in that particular psychological specialty. the use of commonsense approaches to the solution of human problems. the development of suitable research methods. all of these

the development of suitable research methods.

In its briefest definition, psychology is the study of ________. the mind the soul culture the unconscious

the mind

Philosophers and psychologists have a shared interest in, among other things, ______. the origin of knowledge anatomy of the nervous system helping others gain self-confidence the scientific method

the origin of knowledge

It is difficult for others to confirm an individual's subjective introspections; therefore, this approach does not lend itself well to ____. cognitive therapy case studies psychoanalysis the scientific method

the scientific method

Which of the following is the best description of the field of psychology? the study of human origins and evolution the deductive study of forms and functions of human groups a natural science integrating physiology and neurology the scientific study of overt behavior and mental processes

the scientific study of overt behavior and mental processes

Hermann von Helmholtz's work on ____ provided further evidence that the mind had a physical basis. the mind-body dichotomy dissection and human anatomy the range of human hearing the speed of nerve conduction

the speed of nerve conduction

B. F. Skinner, a leading behaviorist who explored operant conditioning, believed that inner, private states such as thinking and feeling existed and ____. viewed them as behaviors that followed the same rules as public behaviors viewed them as behaviors that should be attended to through psychodynamic therapy should be analyzed based on introspection are a part of what makes a person inherently human and good

viewed them as behaviors that followed the same rules as public behaviors

William James' impact on contemporary psychology is evidenced by the fact that functionalism ____. bridged the gap between philosophy and psychology bridged the gap between structuralism and Gestalt psychology became a separate discipline was absorbed into mainstream psychology

was absorbed into mainstream psychology

An evolutionary psychologist would be most interested in the question of ____. whether gambling affects brain chemistry and fosters addiction whether attraction to gambling varies over the lifespan how best to assist a person to reduce a propensity to gamble whether there is an adaptive reason why men tend to gamble more than women

whether there is an adaptive reason why men tend to gamble more than women

Dr. Jones is an archaeologist who studies the skulls of human beings who lived thousands of years ago. He has found that many such skulls had circular holes where part of the skull was missing, and reads that this may have been a form of medical treatment called trepanation. Dr. Jones also concludes that some of these patients must have survived this surgical procedure. Which evidence would support this conclusion? writings that were preserved from those who underwent and survived the procedure the existence of cracks leading up to and surrounding the surgical skull hole drawings and photographs of people who survived the procedure living with a reduction in their symptoms growth of the skull bones after the procedure

growth of the skull bones after the procedure

The diversity of career pathways for those with degrees in psychology reflects, in relation to other disciplines, that psychology is a(n) "____." vocation pathway epicenter hub

hub

An approach to psychology that sees people as inherently good and motivated to learn and improve is called ____. Gestalt psychology behaviorism Freudian psychology humanistic psychology

humanistic psychology

The Gestalt psychologists believed that breaking a "whole" perception into its building blocks, as advocated by the structuralists, would result in the loss of ____. fundamental intellect irrational behaviors learned consciousness important psychological information

important psychological information

An approach to psychology that investigates variations in behavior from one person to the next is called ____. clinical psychology evolutionary psychology individual differences sociocultural psychology

individual differences

Freud's legacy is evident in various psychodynamic theories, which emphasize that the whole of one's personality is greater than the sum of its parts. free will and self-determination. internal motives, conflicts, and unconscious forces. the use of rewards and punishments to shape behavior.

internal motives, conflicts, and unconscious forces.

A doctor notices that many soldiers returning from fighting in the trenches in World War I were highly anxious, fearful of loud noises, and having difficulty reconnecting with their families. He asks them to record personal observations of their own thoughts, feelings, and behaviors in a journal. This process is called ____. extroversion objectivism transference introspection

introspection

A psychologist might know more about what's going on in your mind than you do because objective scientific methods are more accurate than the subjective technique of correlation. behaviorism. meta-analysis. introspection.

introspection

Similar to Wilhelm Wundt, if you were to use a self-observation technique to analyze the basic elements of your thought processes, you would most likely be using a method called free association. introspection. hypnosis. functionalism.

introspection.

Using the developmental perspective, a psychologist might look at whether the loss of a parent ____. triggers changes in brain chemistry, temporarily or permanently is experienced differently at different ages is experienced differently depending on family size affects the storage and retrieval of memories contemporaneous with the loss

is experienced differently at different ages

Although the bulk of psychology focuses on human behavior, studying animal behavior has been an essential part of the discipline that allows for ____. understanding animal-human interactions making essential comparisons with humans designing better psychoanalytical therapies understanding behavior from an evolutionary standpoint

making essential comparisons with humans

The first official psychological experiment involved ____. observing the behavior of cats when escaping puzzle boxes the use of a stroboscope to control the timing of the appearance of two black lines against a white background the salivation of dogs in anticipation of food in response to the arrival of the handler measuring how quickly, after hearing a ball drop onto a platform, a person could respond by striking a telegraph key

measuring how quickly, after hearing a ball drop onto a platform, a person could respond by striking a telegraph key

The mapping done by Boyack and colleagues shows that psychology is one of the major hub sciences, with strong connections to the ____. humanities, education, and the medical sciences social sciences, the medical sciences, and the humanities medical sciences, the social sciences, and education medical sciences, education, and philosophy

medical sciences, the social sciences, and education

The word psychology is thousands of years old and comes from the ancient Greek roots psyche and logos, which mean respectively brain and science. behavior and science. mind and knowledge or study. personality and knowledge or study.

mind and knowledge or study.

Psychologists who advocate the evolutionary view explain behavior through unconscious impulses. natural selection. interactionist processes. stimuli and responses.

natural selection.

The field of science that investigates the relationships between the nervous system and behavior/mental processes is ____. evolutionary psychology behaviorism neuroscience psychodynamic psychology

neuroscience