Chapter Ten--Developmental Psychology

________ is the world's most widely used stimulant. Nicotine Dextroamphetamine Caffeine Cocaine

Caffeine

Genetic linkage studies have found an abnormal form of a gene for which type of neurotransmitter receptor? D1 D2 GABA serotonin

D2

What are the DTs?

Delirium Tremors - A dramatic alcohol withdrawal reaction that consists of confusion, clouded consciousness, and visual hallucinations.

_________ is often given to people who are trying to stop consuming alcohol. Methadone Naloxone Disulfiram The alcohol patch

Disulfiram

Define depressants.

Drugs that slow down the central nervous system.

In the United States, which group is more likely than other ethnic or cultural groups to display substance use disorders? Hispanic Americans African Americans White Americans Native Americans

Native Americans

How many people binge drink?

Twenty-five percent of people in the United States over the age of 11, most of them male, binge-drink each month

Define withdrawal.

Unpleasant, sometimes dangerous reactions that may occur when people who use a drug regularly stop it or reduce the dosage.

The___________approach to treating alcohol use disorder teaches clients to keep track of their drinking behavior, apply coping strategies in situations that typically trigger excessive drinking, and plan ahead for risky situations and reactions. cognitive-behavioral psychodynamic biological sociocultural

cognitive-behavioral

Which drug treatment approach makes incentives (such as program privileges) dependent on the submission of drug-free urine specimens? relapse prevention contingency management covert sensitization behavioral self-control training (BSCT)

contingency management

Behavioral interventions for substance abuse and dependence: are generally successful. are rarely successful. have had the most success when they are the sole form of treatment. work best in combination with either biological or cognitive approaches.

work best in combination with either biological or cognitive approaches.

In twin studies it was found that if one member of a pair of identical twins abused alcohol, the other abused it in ____% of cases. In a similar study of fraternal twins, if one twin abused alcohol the other abused it in ____% of cases. 54; 28 27: 9 95: 65 70: 16

54; 28

Approximately what percentage of campus arrests are alcohol related? 27% 48% 67% 83%

83%

What are sedative-hypnotics?

A drug used to reduce anxiety and to help people sleep. Also called an anxiolytic drug.

What theory explains how the sight of a hypodermic needle can induce a "high" in one dependent on heroin? operant conditioning cognitive dissonance opponent-process classical conditioning

classical conditioning

Which drug increases the activity of the central nervous system? alcohol cocaine barbiturates marijuana

cocaine

Relapse-prevention training is a form of ___________ therapy. behavioral cognitive-behavioral cognitive aversive

cognitive-behavioral

When alcohol concentration reaches _______ percent of the blood by volume, the individual has reached a state of intoxication. .05 percent .08 percent .09 percent .10 percent

.09 percent

List the DSM criteria for Substance-Use Disorder.

1. Individual displays a maladaptive pattern of substance use leading to significant impairment or distress. 2. Presence of at least 2 of the following substance-produced symptoms within a 1-year period: -Substance is often taken in larger amounts. -Unsuccessful efforts to reduce or control substance use. -Much time spent trying to obtain, use, or recover from effects of substance. -Failure to fulfill major role obligations. -Continued use despite persistent interpersonal problems. -Reduction of important activities. -Continued use in dangerous situations. -Continued use despite worsening of physical or psychological problems. -Craving for substance. -Tolerance effects. -Withdrawal reactions.

How many people worldwide consume alcohol?

2 billion people

Cirrhosis of the liver accounts for approximately _________ deaths each year. 2,000 11,600 22,500 29,000

29,000

What are the cognitive behavioral views on substance use disorders?

According to cognitive-behavioral theorists, operant conditioning may play a key role in substance use disorders. They argue that the temporary reduction of tension or elevation of spirits produced by a drug has a rewarding effect, thus increasing the likelihood that the user will seek this reaction again. The rewarding effects may eventually lead users to try higher dosages or more powerful methods of ingestion. Beyond these conditioning explanations, cognitive-behavioral theorists further argue that such rewards eventually produce an expectancy that substances will be rewarding, and this expectation helps motivate people to increase drug use at times of tension. The cognitive-behavioral theorists are arguing that many people take drugs to "medicate" themselves when they feel tense. A number of cognitive-behavioral theorists have proposed that classical conditioning may also play a role in these disorders.

What are barbiturates? Why and how are they used? What happens at too high a dose? Can people become addicted? What is a great danger with barbiturates? Is withdrawal dangerous?

Addictive sedative-hypnotic drugs that reduce anxiety and help people sleep. They calm people by binding to receptors on the neurons that receive GABA and increase GABA activity at those neurons. A too high dose can lead to intoxication, tolerance effects, and withdrawal reactions.

List the three most widely used groups of depressants.

Alcohol, sedative-hypnotic drugs, and opioids.

Describe the personal and social impact of alcoholism.

Alcoholism destroys millions of families, social relationships, and careers. Medical treatment, lost productivity, and losses due to deaths from alcoholism cost society many billions of dollars annually. The disorder also plays a role in one-third or more of all suicides, homicides, assaults, rapes, and fatal automobile accidents in the United States. Intoxicated drivers are responsible for more than 10,000 deaths each year, and 8 percent of all adults have driven while intoxicated at least once in the past year. Alcoholism has serious effects on the 27 million children of people with this disorder. Home life for these children is likely to include much conflict and perhaps sexual or other forms of abuse. In turn, the children themselves have higher rates of psychological problems. Long-term excessive drinking can also seriously damage a person's physical health. Long-term excessive drinking also causes major nutritional problems. Women who drink during pregnancy place their fetuses at risk. Fetal alcohol syndrome.

What are amphetamines? What are methamphetamines? How and why are these drugs used? Are they addictive? What are the dangers associated with these drugs?

Amphetamines: A stimulant drug that is manufactured in the laboratory. Some common examples are amphetamine (Benzedrine), dextroamphetamine (Dexedrine), a combination of the two (Adderall), and methamphetamine (Methedrine). Used by people trying to lose weight; athletes seeking an extra burst of energy; soldiers, truck drivers, and pilots trying to stay awake; and students studying for exams through the night. Like cocaine, amphetamines increase energy and alertness and reduce appetite when taken in small doses; produce a rush, intoxication, and psychosis in high doses; and cause an emotional letdown as they leave the body. Also like cocaine, amphetamines stimulate the central nervous system by increasing the release of the neurotransmitters dopamine, norepinephrine, and serotonin throughout the brain, although the actions of amphetamines differ somewhat from those of cocaine. Methamphetamine: A powerful amphetamine drug that has surged in popularity in recent years, posing major health and law enforcement problems. Dangers: May lead stimulant use disorder. Cause tolerance or withdrawal reactions. Addictive.

The segment of the U.S. population with the lowest prevalence of alcoholism is: white males. white females. African American males. Asian American males and females.

Asian American males and females.

What are the dangers of cocaine?

Aside from cocaine's harmful effects on behavior, cognition, and emotion, the drug poses serious physical dangers. Overdose. Excessive doses have a strong effect on the respiratory center of the brain, at first stimulating it and then depressing it to the point where breathing may stop. Cocaine can also produce major, even fatal, heart irregularities or brain seizures that bring breathing or heart functioning to a sudden stop. Pregnant women who use cocaine run the risk of a miscarriage and of giving birth to children predisposed to drug use and to abnormalities in their immune functioning, attention levels, learning, thyroid size, and dopamine and serotonin activity.

What are the effects of alcohol on judgment and inhibition, motor abilities, vision, hearing?

At first ethyl alcohol depresses the areas of the brain that control judgment and inhibition; people become looser, more talkative, and often more friendly. As their inner control breaks down, they may feel relaxed, confident, and happy. When more alcohol is absorbed, it slows down additional areas in the central nervous system, leaving drinkers less able to make sound judgments, their speech less careful and less coherent, and their memory weaker. Many people become highly emotional and perhaps loud and aggressive. Motor difficulties increase as a person continues drinking, and reaction times slow. People may be unsteady when they stand or walk, and clumsy in performing even simple activities. They may drop things, bump into doors and furniture, and misjudge distances. Their vision becomes blurred, particularly their peripheral, or side, vision, and they have trouble hearing. As a result, people who have drunk too much alcohol may have great difficulty driving or solving simple problems.

What are benzodiazepines? Why and how are they used? Are they addictive?

Benzodiazepines: The most common group of antianxiety drugs; includes Xanax. They they calm people by binding to receptors on the neurons that receive GABA and by increasing GABA's activity at those neurons. It became clear that in high enough doses the drugs can cause intoxication and lead to sedative-hypnotic use disorder, a pattern marked by craving for the drugs, tolerance effects, and withdrawal reactions.

Describe biological treatments including detoxification, antagonist drugs. drug maintenance therapy.

Biological treatments may be used to help people withdraw from substances, abstain from them, or simply maintain their level of use without increasing it further. As with the other forms of treatment, biological approaches alone rarely bring long-term improvement, but they can be helpful when combined with other approaches. Detoxification: Systematic and medically supervised withdrawal from a drug. Antagonist drugs: Drugs that block or change the effects of an addictive drug. Drug maintenance therapy: A treatment in which clients are given legally and medically supervised doses of methadone — a heroin substitute — to treat opioid use disorder.

Describe sociocultural therapies including self-help, and residential treatment programs, culture and gender sensitive programs, and community prevention programs.

Both family-social and multicultural theorists — believe that psychological problems emerge in a social setting and are best treated in a social context. Three sociocultural approaches have been used to help people overcome substance use disorders: (1) self-help programs: Many people with substance use disorders have organized among themselves to help one another recover without professional assistance. AA. Residential treatment centers. (2) culture- and gender-sensitive programs: Many people with substance use disorders live in a poor and perhaps violent setting. A growing number of today's treatment programs try to be sensitive to the special sociocultural pressures and problems faced by drug abusers who are poor, homeless, or members of minority groups. Similarly, therapists have become more aware that women often require treatment methods different from those designed for men. (3) community prevention programs: Perhaps the most effective approach to substance use disorders is to prevent them. The first drug prevention programs were conducted in schools. Today such programs are also offered in workplaces, activity centers, and other community settings and even through the media. Some prevention programs are based on a total abstinence model, while others teach responsible use. Some seek to interrupt drug use; others try to delay the age at which people first experiment with drugs. Programs may also differ in whether they offer drug education, teach alternatives to drug use, try to change the psychological state of the potential user, help people change their peer relationships, or combine these techniques.

What is cannabis? What are the effects? Is it addictive? Describe the dangers of marijuana.

Cannabis: Drugs produced from the varieties of the hemp plant Cannabis sativa. They cause a mixture of hallucinogenic, depressant, and stimulant effects. When smoked or eaten, cannabis produces a mixture of hallucinogenic, depressant, and stimulant effects. At low doses, the user typically has feelings of joy and relaxation and may become either quiet or talkative. Some users, however, become anxious, suspicious, or irritated, especially if they have been in a bad mood or are using in an upsetting environment. Physical changes include reddening of the eyes, fast heartbeat, increases in blood pressure and appetite, dryness in the mouth, and dizziness. Some people become drowsy and may fall asleep. Today, however, many people regularly get quite high smoking marijuana or ingesting edibles, develop symptoms of tolerance and withdrawal, experience social or occupational (or academic) impairment, and come to display cannabis use disorder. May pose certain dangers. It occasionally causes panic reactions, and some smokers fear they are losing their minds. There are research indications that regular cannabis use may also lead to long-term health problems. People under the effects of cannabis often fail to remember information, especially anything that has been recently learned, no matter how hard they try to concentrate; thus, heavy cannabis users are at a serious disadvantage at school or work.

Which of the following is not a sociocultural explanation for the cause of substance disorders? Living in a low socioeconomic class contributes to substance abuse. Regions with higher levels of unemployment have higher rates of alcoholism. Substance use and dependence are more likely to appear in families where substance use is valued or at least accepted. Children whose needs are not met by parents grow up depending on others for comfort and this may develop into a dependent relationship with a substance.

Children whose needs are not met by parents grow up depending on others for comfort and this may develop into a dependent relationship with a substance.

Describe cocaine. How is it used? What are the effects? What is cocaine intoxication? What is crashing?

Cocaine: An addictive stimulant obtained from the coca plant. It is the most powerful natural stimulant known. For recreational use, it is most often snorted so that it is absorbed through the mucous membrane of the nose. Some users prefer the more powerful effects of injecting cocaine intravenously or smoking it in a pipe or cigarette. A powerful natural stimulant. Causes intoxication and temporary psychosis. Cocaine brings on a euphoric rush of well-being and confidence. Given a high enough dose, this rush can be almost orgasmic, like the one produced by heroin. At first cocaine stimulates the higher centers of the central nervous system, making users feel excited, energetic, talkative, and even euphoric. As more is taken, it stimulates other centers of the central nervous system, producing a faster pulse, higher blood pressure, faster and deeper breathing, and further arousal and wakefulness. Cocaine intoxication: High dose causes symptoms of poor muscle coordination, grandiosity, bad judgment, anger, aggression, compulsive behavior, anxiety, and confusion. Crashing: As the stimulant effects of cocaine subside, the user goes through a depression-like letdown.

Describe the behavioral therapies for treating substance related disorders including aversion therapy and contingency management.

Cognitive-behavioral treatments for substance use disorders help clients identify and change the behaviors and cognitions that keep contributing to their patterns of substance misuse. Aversion therapy: A treatment in which clients are repeatedly presented with unpleasant stimuli while they are performing undesirable behaviors such as taking a drug. Contingency management: Offer clients incentives (such as vouchers, prizes, cash, or privileges) that are contingent on the submission of drug-free urine specimens. In essence, this procedure — usually lasting 8 to 16 weeks — is rewarding clients for abstaining from the use of the substances upon which they are dependent.

Describe the cognitive behavioral treatments including relapse prevention.

Cognitive-behavioral treatments for substance use disorders help clients identify and change the behaviors and cognitions that keep contributing to their patterns of substance misuse. Relapse-Prevention: An approach to treating alcohol use disorder in which clients are taught to plan ahead and to apply coping strategies in situations that typically trigger excessive drinking. Several strategies typically are included in relapse-prevention training for alcohol use disorder: (1) Therapists have clients keep track of their drinking. By writing down the times, locations, emotions, bodily changes, and other circumstances of their drinking, people become more aware of the situations that place them at risk for excessive drinking. (2) Therapists teach clients coping strategies to use when such situations arise. Clients learn, for example, to recognize when they are approaching their drinking limits; to control their rate of drinking (perhaps by spacing their drinks or by sipping them rather than gulping); and to practice relaxation techniques, assertiveness skills, and other coping behaviors in situations in which they would otherwise be drinking. (3) Therapists teach clients to plan ahead of time. Clients may, for example, determine beforehand how many drinks are appropriate, what to drink, and under which circumstances to drink.

What is free basing? What is crack?

Freebasing: A technique for ingesting cocaine in which the pure cocaine basic alkaloid is chemically separated from processed cocaine, vaporized by heat from a flame, and inhaled with a pipe. Crack: A powerful, ready-to-smoke freebase cocaine.

Chronic and excessive use of alcohol or benzodiazepines may lower the brain's production of: endorphins. dopamine. GABA. anandamides.

GABA.

Which two states do not have some form of legalized gambling? Alaska and Texas Mississippi and New Hampshire Hawaii and Utah North Dakota and Alabama

Hawaii and Utah

Which is an accurate statement about the effects of marijuana? It increases fertility in some men. It causes infertility in most men. It causes lower sperm count in some men. It is not known to have any effect on male fertility.

It causes lower sperm count in some men.

What is LSD? What are the effects? Is it addictive? What are the dangers?

LSD: A hallucinogen derived from ergot alkaloids. LSD brings on a state of hallucinogen intoxication, sometimes called hallucinosis, marked by a general strengthening of perceptions, particularly visual perceptions, along with psychological changes and physical symptoms. LSD can also induce strong emotions, from joy to anxiety or depression. Although a substance use disorder is rare among LSD users (they do not usually develop tolerance to the drug or have withdrawal symptoms when they stop taking it), LSD poses dangers for both one-time and long-term users. It is so powerful that any dose, no matter how small, is likely to produce enormous perceptual, emotional, and behavioral reactions. Unpleasant effects. May develop psychosis or a mood or anxiety disorder.

Which drug has gained a reputation as being the drug of choice for all-night techno-dance parties? cocaine heroin MDMA marijuana

MDMA

What are opioids?

Opioids include opium, which is taken from the sap of the opium poppy; drugs derived from opium, such as heroin, morphine, and codeine; and similar synthetic (laboratory-blended) drugs.

What is opium, morphine, heroin, methadone, codeine. How and why are these drugs used? 300-301 What are the dangers?

Opium: A highly addictive substance made from the sap of the opium poppy. Morphine: A highly addictive substance derived from opium that is particularly effective in relieving pain. Heroin: One of the most addictive substances derived from opium. Methadone: Synthetic opioids. Morphine, codeine, and oxycodone (the key ingredient in OxyContin and Percocet) are medical opioids, usually prescribed to relieve pain. Most opioids are smoked, inhaled, snorted, injected, or, as in the case of many pain relievers, swallowed in pill or liquid form. In injections, the opioid may be deposited just beneath the skin ("skin-popping"), deep into a muscle, or directly into a vein ("mainlining"). An injection quickly brings on a rush — a spasm of warmth and ecstasy that is sometimes compared with orgasm. The brief spasm is followed by several hours of a pleasant feeling called a high or nod. During a high, the drug user feels relaxed, happy, and unconcerned about food, sex, or other bodily needs. When neurons at these receptor sites receive opioids, they produce pleasurable and calming feelings just as they would do if they were receiving endorphins. In addition to reducing pain and tension, opioids cause nausea, narrowing of the pupils ("pinpoint pupils"), and constipation — bodily reactions that can also be brought about by releases of endorphins in the brain. Dangers: Terrible withdrawal symptoms. Easily addictive. Overdose. Death. On the street, drug dealers often mix opioids with a cheaper drug or even a deadly substance such as cyanide or battery acid. In addition, dirty needles and other unsterilized equipment used by opioid injectors spread infections such as AIDS, hepatitis C, and skin abscesses.

What are the biological views on substance related disorders including genetic predispositions and biochemical factors?

Over the past few decades, researchers have learned that biological factors play a major role in drug misuse. Studies on genetic predisposition, neurotransmitters, and brain circuits have all pointed in this direction. Genetic Predisposition: Research with human twins has suggested that people may inherit a predisposition to misuse substances. A clearer indication that genetics may play a role in substance use disorders comes from studies of alcoholism rates in people adopted shortly after birth. Neurotransmitters: They contend that when a particular drug is ingested, it increases the activity of certain neurotransmitters whose normal purpose is to calm, reduce pain, lift mood, or increase alertness. When a person keeps on taking the drug, the brain apparently makes an adjustment and reduces its own production of the neurotransmitters. Because the drug is increasing neurotransmitter activity or efficiency, the brain's release of the neurotransmitter is less necessary. As drug intake increases, the body's production of the neurotransmitters continues to decrease, leaving the person in need of progressively more of the drug to achieve its effects. In this way, drug takers build tolerance for a drug, becoming more and more reliant on it rather than on their own biological processes to feel comfortable, happy, or alert. The Brain's Reward Circuit: The circuit that has been tied to substance misuse is the reward circuit, also called the reward center and the pleasure pathway. whenever a person ingests a substance (from foods to drugs), the substance eventually activates the brain's reward circuit. This circuit features the brain structure called the ventral tegmental area (in the midbrain), a structure known as the nucleus accumbens (also called the ventral striatum), and the prefrontal cortex. Dopamine is key to the

What are the effects of stimulants?

STIMULANTS ARE SUBSTANCES that increase the activity of the central nervous system, resulting in increased blood pressure and heart rate, more alertness, and sped-up behavior and thinking.

What are the sociocultural views on substance use disorders?

Sociocultural theorists propose that people are most likely to develop substance use disorders when they live under stressful socioeconomic conditions. Studies have found that people in lower socioeconomic classes have higher rates of substance use disorder than those in other classes. Similarly, regions with higher unemployment levels have heightened rates of alcohol or opioid use disorder. Sociocultural theorists also hold that people confronted regularly by other kinds of stress also have a heightened risk of developing substance use disorders. A range of studies conducted with Hispanic, Black American, and LGBTQ individuals, for example, find higher rates of the disorders among those participants who live or work in environments of particularly intense discrimination. Sociocultural theorists propose that people are more likely to develop substance use disorders if they are part of a family or social environment in which substance use is valued or at least accepted. Researchers have learned that problem drinking is more common among teenagers whose parents and peers drink, as well as among teenagers whose family environments are stressful and unsupportive. Lower rates of alcoholism are found among Jews and Protestants, groups in which drinking is typically acceptable only as long as it remains within clear limits, whereas alcoholism rates are higher among the Irish and Eastern Europeans, who do not, in general, draw as clear a line.

Describe synergistic effects? What are the dangers?

Synergistic effects: In pharmacology, an increase of effects that occurs when more than one substance is acting on the body at the same time. Is often greater than the sum of the effects of each drug taken alone: a small dose of one drug mixed with a small dose of another can produce an enormous change in body chemistry. One kind of synergistic effect occurs when two or more drugs have similar actions. Combining drugs, even in small doses, can lead to extreme intoxication, coma, and even death. A different kind of synergistic effect results when drugs have opposite, or antagonistic, actions. Can be lethal.

Define tolerance.

The brain and body's need for ever-larger doses of a drug to produce desired effects.

What is binge drinking?

When people consume five or more drinks on a single occasion.

Aversion therapy has been applied in in the treatment of ______ use disorder more than any other substance use disorder. alcohol heroin cocaine nicotine

alcohol

Which category of drug is often given to patients in detoxification to reduce severe alcohol withdrawal reactions such as delirium tremens and seizures? antianxiety drugs sedatives antidepressant drugs antipsychotic drugs

antianxiety drugs

A drug is defined by your text as: substances we ingest, including food, which affect our body. any substance, other than food, that affects our bodies and minds. illegally obtained mind-altering substances. both legal and illegal mind-altering substances.

any substance, other than food, that affects our bodies and minds.

Which result has not been linked to binge drinking? armed robbery sexual assault compromised heart functioning impaired brain functioning

armed robbery

Which of the following is often mixed with heroin? orange juice vinegar battery acid deodorant spray

battery acid

Pairing alcohol use with drug-induced nausea and vomiting is an example of: psychodynamic therapy. behavioral therapy. cognitive therapy. sociocultural therapy.

behavioral therapy.

The withdrawal reaction that begins within three days after drinking stops, consists of terrifying visual hallucinations, and may lead to seizures, strokes or even death is called: potentiation. delirium tremens. cirrhosis. double bind.

delirium tremens.

Cocaine affects which neurotransmitter system? serotonin dopamine GABA endorphins

dopamine

Regular use of opioids may reduce the brain's production of: dopamine. anandamides. endorphins. GABA.

endorphins.

Which drug was used as a cough medicine before its addictive properties were known? whiskey heroin opium caffeinated tea

heroin

Drugs that attach to endorphin receptor sites and make it impossible for opioids to have their usual effect are known as: detoxifiers. agonist drugs. narcotic antagonists. benzodiazepines.

narcotic antagonists.

Which substance is considered as addictive as heroin? nicotine marijuana cocaine alcohol

nicotine

Which type of drug is not known to directly stimulate the brain's reward center? opiods cocaine amphetamines caffeine

opiods

Methadone is a(n): depressant. stimulant. sedative. opioid.

opioid.

What is the greatest danger of cocaine use? delirium tremens overdose being arrested methodone toxicity

overdose

The treatment model advocated by Alcoholics Anonymous is an example of a ___________ approach. behavioral cognitive psychodynamic sociocultural

sociocultural

A pattern of maladaptive behaviors and reactions brought about by repeated use of a substance, sometimes also including tolerance for the substance and withdrawal reactions is___________. substance dependence disorder. substance use disorder. substance addiction disorder. substance tolerance disorder.

substance use disorder.

When different drugs are in the body at the same time, the combined effect can be greater than each drug taken alone. This is called a________. antagonistic action. polysubstance rush. pharmacological potentiation. synergistic effect.

synergistic effect.

What ultimately determines the effect of alcohol on a person? genetics. cross tolerance. the concentration of ethyl alcohol in the blood. comorbidity.

the concentration of ethyl alcohol in the blood.

Which activity will have the greatest effect on making an intoxicated person sober? drinking strong hot coffee taking a shower getting control of his or her thinking the passage of time

the passage of time