Chapters 16 & 17
What was the significance of the Fronde?
1. Badly disrupted French trade and the economy 2. Traumatized young Louis XIV, who was treated roughly by the nobles.
List the 4 achievements of Henry IV
1. He ended the French Wars of Religion by converting from Huguenot to Catholic. 2. He gave freedom to Huguenots through the Edict of Nantes in 1598. 3. Balanced the budget with the Duke of Sully in only 3 years after 35 years of fighting. 4. Reduced taxes on the poor, revived trade, and built highways and bridges.
When was the Edict of Nantes put into law and who put this into law?
1598 by Henry IV of Navarre
Nearly what percent of the royal tax revenue went to maintain Louis' court at Versailles?
60%
How long was the reign of Louis XIV?
72 years (longest in European history).
Who was Jean Martinet?
A French drillmaster who demanded unquestioning discipline
What was the French Academy?
A group of philologists (study of grammar and rhetoric) who standardized the French language.
Define Totalitarianism:
A ruler or group of rulers who controlled every aspect of life in the nation. Not very popular in the 17th and 18th centuries because monarchs couldn't control everything, unlike Hitler or Stalin in the 20th century. Some historians do argue that Ivan IV and Peter the Great were totalitarian rulers, though.
What was Le Fronde?
A series of civil wars that broke out in France between 1648-1652.
Define Absolutism:
A single ruler has control over all functions of government. Normally monarchs appeared to have all the power, but in truth, monarchs had centralized control but not complete control. Local nobles might still have had some control, and the monarch could not control every aspect of people's lives.
Le Fronde was caused by the nobles who tried to regain their power after the deaths of Richelieu and Louis XIII. What did the nobles call the Parliament of Paris for?
Abolition of the intendant system, a habeas corpus law, and the right to approve of taxes raised by the king.
What was La Gloire?
Almost constant warfare during his reign; he believed that warfare brought France (himself) glory.
What did Tellier designed two systems that we still use today?
Ambulance systems and he also created a rational system of training and promotion.
Who did Anne of Austria appoint to replace Cardinal Richelieu?
Cardinal Mazarin, a native of Sicily.
Who did Louis XIII appoint as his chief advisor?
Cardinal Richelieu, who was the man who really governed France.
What was it called when Louis XIV believed that he was chosen by God to rule?
Divine right monarchy.
What privileges were still given to the nobles of the sword during the 17th and 18th centuries?
Exemption from taxes, right to hunt on loyal land, right to carry a sword and are above the law.
How did Richelieu keep the intendants from gaining power?
Forbade men to serve under the intendants.
Why is it ironic that Richelieu supported the German and Swedish Protestants?
He fought hard to crush the French Huguenots.
Why did Louis XIII resent the Edict of Nantes?
He looked at the existence of a separate religious faith in France as a challenge to his authority.
When was Louis XIII declared king, and when did he start his rule?
He was declared king in 1614, and he took the throne in 1617 when he forced his mom into retirement.
Who ruled after Louis XIII?
His 4-year-old son Louis XIV, but his mother Anne of Austria stood in for him while he grew up.
Francois le Tellier was the secretary of war for Louis XIV. What were some of his methods of getting people to join the military?
If you passed out at a bar, you managed to sign yourself up before you passed out. Also if you were criminal, mercenaries, or beggars you joined.
Define "bourgeoisie.
It is French for "middle class."
Versailles was originally a hunting lodge for what king?
King Louis XIII
What was Louis XIV famous quote?
L'etat c'est moi (I am the state).
What man arrested the leaders of the Parliament of Paris, which led to the Le Fronde?
Mazarin
What is the meaning of "Fronde?"
Means Slingshot-poor kids in the streets threw mud and stones at the carriages of the rich when they went by.
How far back could the Nobles of the Sword's lineage be traced?
Medieval Time
Louis XIV reduced what class to little more than servants who argued over who would have the privilege of holding the King's candle as he prepared for bed?
Nobles
What was considered the old nobility?
Nobles of the Sword
Who did the nobles of the sword greatly resent?
Noblesse de Robe
French Regional Courts are known as ___________.
Parlements
How did Richelieu work to make the King supreme?
Richelieu set up secret police who executed and imprisoned nobles, destroyed their castles, and crushed the Huguenots. He also weakened the nobles by raising their taxes.
Why did Sully resign in disgust during the rule of Marie de' Medici?
She spent the surplus gathered by Sully on her court and her favorite nobles.
What problems did Anne of Austria face?
She was a foreigner, which made the French not like her. Also, the peasants were unhappy and the nobles were plotting to regain power.
Who was the finance minister for Henry IV, and balanced the French budget in only three years after 35 years of civil war?
The Duke of Sully
What treaty was signed between Louis XIII and the Huguenots after La Rochelle fell to Richelieu's armies, and what were the terms of that agreement?
The Peace of Alais allowed the Huguenots to keep their positions in the army, navy, and civil service. They were also allowed to keep their property, and free exercise of religion continued. Huguenots were forced to remove the walls from their cities.
What was Louis XIV called?
The Sun King
Marie de' Medici ruled in place of Louis XIII because he was only 9 years old at Henry IV's death. Was this good or bad for French nobles?
The nobles banded together after losing power during Henry IV's rule to try to gain back power because Marie was a weak ruler.
What caused the nobles to decide that having peasant allies during Le Fronde wasn't such a good idea after all?
The peasants became violent and could not be controlled, causing civil order to collapse. This made the nobles realize that they had more in common with the King than the with the dangerous peasants. They preferred absolute monarchy to anarchy.
Why did Richelieu create the intendants?
These middle class officials carried out the old jobs of the old nobles, which further weakened the nobles.
What was the purpose of the intendants?
They collected taxes, recruited soldiers, and carried out government policies.
What did the Huguenots at La Rochelle do to confirm Louis XIII's fears of the Edict of Nantes?
They divided France into 8 "circles" and appointed for each of them a chief administrator and a council to levy taxes and raise troops, thereby creating a state within a state.
What did the Huguenots gain from the Edict of Nantes?
They gained freedom of worship, assembly, right to attend universities and to maintain fortified towns (for their protection).
After the death of both Louis XIII and Cardinal Richelieu, what state was France in?
They had a more militarized and centrally strong nation, though they were in financial crisis, with upset peasants and nobles trying to get their power back.
What was the purpose of the noblesse de robe, or the new nobility?
They served as judges and other administrators for the King.
What were Richelieu's two goals in France?
To make the king supreme in France and to make France the supreme power in Europe.
Why was France involved in the 30 Years' War?
To weaken the power of the Hapsburg Empire by supporting the Protestants.
How successful was Richelieu in making France a European power?
Very successful, he made France the #1 power in Europe, but emptied France's treasury.
Define Sovereignty:
When a nation has complete control over its own affairs.
