Chapters 30-32
adult tunicates develop which of the following?
tunic
within a bilateral body plan, which surface is underside (belly) structure of an animal?
ventral surface
the most unique feature of the echinoderms is their:
water vascular system
what is the most unique derived character of echinoderms?
water vascular system
which is a unique adaptation in insects not found in any other arthropod?
wings
what is a disadvantage to having an exoskeleton?
Exoskeletons do not prevent desiccation.
which is a characteristic of tapeworms?
Tapeworms have bodies that consist of hundreds of reproductive segments.
the most closely related animal to vertebrates are the:
Urochordates
after embryonic development, members of the phylum Rotifera are incapable of:
cell division
An elongate uniramid with many legs as well as poison claws is known as a(n):
centipede
which of the following are exclusively terrestrial?
chilopods and diplopods
lancelets are:
filter feeders
Hagfishes are differentiated from lampreys and all other fishes in that:
hagfishes lack vertebrae
which of the following is NOT an adaptation that contributes to the biological success of insects?
high intraspecific competition
what is unique about the epidermis of a nematode?
it does not consist of distinct cells
Within the phylum Cnidaria, corals are most closely related to which organism?
sea anemones
what is the mode of nutrition for most Poriferans?
suspension feeders
Which of the following protostomes does NOT have a coelom?
tapeworms
Echinoderms' radial symmetry enables which of the following?
the ability to respond effectively in every direction of their surrounding environment
What is the key characteristic that defines the Ecdysozoa clade?
the animal molts
Which was the primary challenge animals faced in adapting to life on land?
the desiccating effect of the atmosphere
which is an adaptation contributing to insect success?
an adaptation contributing to insect success is its ability to fly
in cnidarians, nematocysts are housed within why type of specialized cell?
cnidocytes
Birds are most closely related to:
reptiles
which of the following groups use very long pedipalps as pinchers for capturing prey?
scorpions
the nervous system of many species of flatworms
is a "ladder-type"
Which of the following is NOT a correct statement regarding segmentation?
it is an example of heteroplasy
What ability has caused the lobster to be classified as a member of the Ecdysozoa clade?
molt
deuterostomes:
radial cleavage, indeterminate cleavage, blastopore becomes anus
which of the following is an adaptation that enables cephalopods to escape from their predators?
rapidly changing colors
in which group did the amniotic egg first evolve?
reptiles
which are the animals with a crown of cilia that look like a spinning wheel?
rotifers
which of the following is a marine species that is segmented and has many setae, a well-developed head, separated sexes, and trochophore larva?
sandworms and tubeworms
the intermediate host for a blood fluke is a:
snail
which arthropod has chelicerae, pedipalps, and silk glands?
spider
What is the pattern of cleavage for protostomes?
spiral
Protostomes:
spiral cleavage, blastopore becomes mouth, determinate cleavage
Which structure is used to help regulate buoyancy of fish?
swim bladder
what were lungs in the modern ray-finned fishes modified as?
swim bladder
Sponges are believed to have arisen from the choanoflagellates because they possess:
a collar cells
which of the following is FALSE regarding reptiles?
the saclike lungs of amphibians are better developed than the lungs of reptiles
what do the brachiopods, phoronids, and bryozoans have in common?
they all have a lophophore
which of the following is NOT characteristic of cnidarians?
they have one body shape, known as medusa
Sea stars are primarily:
carnivores
As bilateral symmetry evolved, natural selection led to which of the following?
cephalization
how many chambers (atria and ventricles combined) are there in an amphibians heart?
three
What are all specialized cells organized into within more complex animals?
tissues
what is the purpose of protonephridia in flatworms?
to regulate fluid balance
Ctenophores capture food:
using adhesive glue cells that trap prey
which of the following is NOT a function of (typical) amphibian skin?
waste excretion
a fish with a cartilaginous skeleton and paired fins would be in the group:
chondrichthyes
from an evolutionary perspective, true nerve cells are first seen in the phylum:
cnidaria
what crucial element does an adult parasitic tape worm lack that requires it to rely on the absorption of nutrients in its host's intestine?
digestive system
what characteristic do hagfishes and lampreys have in common?
they are jawless
Which of the following is a major problem for sessile animals?
they are unable to escape unfavorable environmental conditions
which of the following is a correct statement regarding cnidarians?
they have a nerve net
which is a characteristic of all annelids?
they have a segmented body
what is the mode of nutrition for clams and oysters?
filter feeders
Which statement best supports why animals most likely evolved in the ocean?
internal fluid and salt balance were easy to maintain
all echinoderms are found:
in marine habitats
where does digestion in a sponge takes place?
individual cells
the body wall of cnidarians and ctenophores consist of:
inner and outer cell layers separates by a jelly-like mesoglea
Which class of animals has the largest number of species?
insecta
How is a pseudocoelom different from a coelom?
A coelom is a cavity fully lined by mesoderm.
which of the following is true of hemichordates?
Acorn worms are a well-known example in the group
The coelacanth is found in the class:
Actinistia
lungs first evolved in which group?
Bony fishes
Placoid scales are found on:
Cartilaginous fishes
which statement best describes a lophophore?
It is a ciliated ring of tentacles surrounding the mouth
Which of the following characteristics about animals is FALSE?
animals cannot respond to stimuli
What group of animals is composed of segmented worms?
annelids
The head end of an animal is known as its:
anterior end
which of the below are living descendants of the dinosaurs?
birds
which chordate group has the most species?
bony fishes
which of the echinoderms can use their arms for locomotion in rowing movements?
brittle stars
Which pair of words is incorrectly matched?
coelom-no body cavity
The main structural protein in the extracellular matrix and an important shared derived characteristic of animals is:
collagen
which is the most difficult problem animals face when living on land
desiccation
the earliest mammals resembled small:
dogs
Which of the following is NOT an adaptation needed for living on land?
external respiratory surfaces
the Portuguese man-of-war is a colony of hundreds to thousands of:
hydrozoans
why is osmoregulation an issue for animals living in fresh water
it requires an expenditure in energy
A marine invertebrate placed into freshwater would have difficulty surviving because:
it would have difficulty with osmeregulation
the phylum name Arthropoda refers to:
jointed appendages
what protein makes up a reptilians scaly skin?
keratin
sharks detect motion in the water or waves by their:
lateral lines
arthropods with mandibles, a single pair of antennae, and two legs on most body segments are:
millipedes
which of the following are exclusively marine?
mirostomes
As a contemporary scientist, which of the following would you use as evidence to propose changing the traditional animal phylogenies?
molecular data
Molecular systematics suggests that complex molecules evolved only once and thus animals would have evolved only once. What kind of group does this suggest that animals are?
monophyletic
segmentation in arthropods differs from that of annelids because segments are:
more specialized
Sea stars eat:
mostly crustaceans and mollusks
the two groups representing the "jawless" fishes are:
myxini and petromyzontida
you have a sample of cat emesis (vomit) and find worms in the sample. the cylindrical worms are long and slender, pointed at each end, with no other distinguishing characteristics. you conclude they are members of which phylum?
nematoda
which of the following embryonic cells are unique to vertebrates?
neural crest cells
which class of echinoderms has the greatest species diversity?
ophiuroidea
marsupials include the:
opossum
which of the following terms is associated with polychaetes?
parapodia
which of the following is NOT an example of a flightless bird?
pelicans
which is an example of an early jawed fish?
placoderm
all enidarians have what form of body plan?
radial
which is critical to polychaete and oligochaete locomotion?
setae
gas exchange in terrestrial insects is accomplished through:
the use of tracheae
echinoderms are unique because:
their larvae are bilaterally symmetrical while the adult is pentaradially symmetrical
mammals descended from a group of reptiles known as:
therapsids
What group of bipedal, saurischian dinosaurs are birds thought to have evolved from?
theropods
the first animals to show cephalization have several characteristics. which of the following is NOT one of them?
these animals had a proboscis
Most mollusks are:
marine
salamanders are members of the order:
Caudata
Which of the following is characteristic to most protostomes?
Cell division tends to be via spiral cleavage
Which of the following genes were similar in the last common ancestor of all bilateral animals?
Hox genes
What are the two clades of the protostomes?
Lophotrochozoa and Ecdysozoa
Which of the following are NOT protostomes?
Milkfish
How do protostomes differ from deuterostomes?
Protostomes undergo spiral cleavage during development.
how do leeches differ from other annelids?
They do not have setae or parapodia
which characteristic best describes vertebrates?
Vertebral column
Which of the following are the largest living vertebrates?
Whales
Which of the following is NOT an opisthokont, a monophyletic group characterized by a posterior flagellum on motile cells?
algae
what key characteristic of vertebrates allowed them to complete their life cycle on land?
amniotic egg
Metamorphosis occurs in which of the following vertebrate classes?
amphibia
The tetrapods include:
amphibians, reptiles, birds, mammals
One true characteristic of all animals is that they:
are heterotrophs
The first air-breathing land animals were:
arthropods
an open circulatory system with a dorsal heart that pumps hemolymph identifies which group of animals?
arthropods
which of the following statements about arthropods is FALSE?
arthropods have an incomplete digestive tract
the first function of feathers was most likely:
as color displays in courtship rituals
What isopod is the most numerous component of our ocean's zooplankton?
copepods
Biramous appendages in arthropods are only present in which organism?
crustaceans
a Nauplius larva is characteristic of:
crustaceans
which arthropods have mandibles, gills, excretory glands, and statocysts?
crustaceans
which of the following animals helps to maintain fertile soil?
earthworms
The epidermis of a nematode is derived from the:
ectoderm
The epidermis of an animal is derived from which germ layer?
ectoderm
The lining of the digestive tube is formed from:
endoderm
Within the chordate classes, the unique characteristic of the class Aves is:
feathers
The vast majority of bilateral animals have a fluid-filled body cavity, or coelom. Which of the following is an exception?
flatworms
which of the following is a difference between flatworms and nemerteans?
flatworms larvae burrow into the skin, whereas nemertean larvae are ingested
extant vertebrates are assigned to six class of fishes and three classes of tetrapods. Which of the following is a distinct characteristic of all tetrapods?
four limbs
Which of the following explains why fewer animals live in freshwater than in the ocean?
freshwater is generally hypotonic to tissue fluids
the monotremes are an unusual group of mammals because they:
lay eggs
which of the following species has been used for centuries to draw blood from areas swollen by poisonous stings and bites?
leeches
The inner germ layer, or ectoderm, forms which of the following structures?
lining of digestive structures
snakes are most closely related to:
lizards
Bilateral symmetry and cephalization are adaptations for which of the following?
locomotion
segmentation is important in annelids as an aid in:
locomotion
What is a challenge for animals living in a fresh water lake?
maintaining osmotic balance
A grasshopper belongs in the Ecdysozoa clade because of its ability to:
molt
Which term can be applied to both monotremes and sharks?
oviparous
which term describes an animal that lays eggs?
oviparous
a coral is what type of body form?
polyp
An animal found in the rocky intertidal zone has eight overlapping plates and is tightly adhering to the rock with a muscular foot. This animal is most likely a member of the class:
polyplacophora
one characteristic of class Bivalvia is that they:
possess two shells with a hinge
One major adaptive advantage of the lophotrochozoans is the development of a head region. What is the development of a head region is called?
cephalization
The common ancestor of all animals is/are the:
choanoflagellates
what key characteristic of mammals gives them an excellent sense of hearing?
cochlea
Reptiles lack metabolic mechanisms for regulating body temperature and their body temperature fluctuates with the environment's temperature. Therefore, what feature do reptiles have?
ectotherms
one characteristic of the class Holothuroidea is that they:
have a reduced endoskeleton consisting of microscopic plates embedded in the body wall
which chelicerate has essentially remained unchanged for more than 350 million years?
horseshoe crab
What regulatory gene group has been identified in all the bilateral animal groups, can thus provide insights about evolutionary relationships among bilateral animals?
hox genes
Which of the following regarding the coelom is NOT a correct statement?
it functions as an endoskeleton
what part of a mollusk has a belt of teeth?
radula
which structure do numerous mollusks use to scrape algae off rocks?
radula
the anterior end of a tapeworm is known as the:
scolex
which of the following are sluggish creatures that live on the sea bottom, and commonly eject organs when conditions are poor?
sea cucumbers
What urochordate is a barrel-shaped, sessile marine animal in adulthood?
sea squirt
Which animal is an example of a deuterostome?
sea star
You are told that the digestive tract of the animal you are studying developed an anus before a mouth. You realize that you may be looking at a(n):
sea star
which of the following are carnivorous predators and scavengers?
sea stars
which animal is an example of a gastropod?
snail
which organism belongs within order Squamata?
snake
what framework supports a sponge's mesohyl?
spicules
which of the following produces a silken dragline that can be used to determine the sex and maturity level of the spinner?
spiders
If adult sponges are sessile, why can they still be classified as animals?
sponge larvae are motile
Tunicates are often mistaken for which of the following?
sponges
which of the following is NOT an example of a cnidarian?
sponges
Which mollusks have a closed circulatory system?
squids
what specialized structure do crustaceans use to sense gravity?
statocysts
Larval tunicates superficially resemble which of the following?
tadpoles
which of the following is NOT a correct statement regarding collar cells?
the collar cell is an extension of the cell wall and consists of microvilli
which of the following is a characteristic of flatworms?
they are acoelomate (have no body cavity)
which of the following is NOT a correct statement regarding ctenophores?
they are distinct from the species known as comb jelly
what derived character defines all chordates?
they have a notochord at some point of their life cycle