Chapters 4-5 Learn Smart; Biomechanics
Compact mineralized connective tissue with low porosity that is found in the shafts of long bones is known as ______.
cortical
Identify the synovial joints. (Check all that apply.)
gliding joints hinge joints
In the context of synovial joints, match the types of joints (in the left column) with their definitions (in the right column).
gliding joints: the articulating bone surfaces are nearly flat, and the only movement permitted is nonaxial gliding hinge joints: one articulating bone surface is convex and the other is concave
A ______ is used for measuring joint range of motion (ROM).
goniometer
Each muscle spindle is composed of approximately 3-10 small muscle fibers that are encased in a sheath of connective tissue. These fibers are known as ______.
intramural fibers
Identify the treatment options for bursitis. (Check all that apply.)
rest ice anti-inflammatory medications
The agonist-contract-relax method is a proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation (PNF) variation with ______ sequential phases.
5--20s
Which of the following is true of gender differences in age-related changes in bone structure?
Age-related changes in bone volume and density are much more pronounced in women than in men.
Identify a similarity between the contract-relax and hold-relax procedures.
Both procedures begin as in the slow-reversal-hold method, with a partner applying passive stretch to the hamstrings.
A sensory receptor that inhibits tension development in a muscle and initiates tension development in antagonist muscles is known as a ______.
Golgi tendon organ
Identify the true statements about the female athlete triad. (Check all that apply.)
It can lead to reduced bone thickness and density. It can result in negative consequences ranging from irreversible bone loss to death.
Which of the following are true about proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation? (Check all that apply.)
It can significantly increase joint ROM transiently after a single stretching session. It has a more long-lasting effect when three bouts of PNF stretching are performed three times per week.
Identify a true statement about trabecular bone.
It can withstand more strain than cortical bone.
Which of the following is true of the age-related, progressive decline of bone density and bone strength that is experienced by both men and women?
It involves a progressive diminishment in the mechanical properties and general toughness of bone.
Which of the following is true of articular cartilage?
It is a special type of dense, white connective tissue that provides a protective lubrication.
Identify a consequence of the anisotropic property of bone.
It makes bone strongest in resisting compressive stress and weakest in resisting shear stress.
Identify the accurate statements about articular fibrocartilage. (Check all that apply.)
It protects the periphery of articulation. It is involved in shock absorption. It limits the slip of one bone with respect to another.
Which of the following is true of joint range of motion (ROM)?
Joint ROM is measured directionally in units of degrees.
What are the reasons why men, as a group, are not affected by osteoporosis until later in life than women? (Check all that apply.)
Men reach a higher peak of bone mass and strength than women in early adulthood. Postmenopausal women have a greater prevalence of disconnections in the trabecular network than men.
______ is a group of stretching procedures involving alternating contraction and relaxation of the muscles being stretched initiation of the stretch reflex.
Proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation
Match the types of slightly movable joints (in the left column) with their definitions (in the right column).
Synchondroses: In these joints, the articulating bones are held together by a thin layer of hyaline cartilage. Symphyses: In these joints, a disc of fibrocartilage separates the bones.
Identify a true statement about the contract-relax-antagonist-contract technique (also referred to as slow-reversal-hold-relax).
The entire sequence is carried out at least four times. Each phase of this process is typically maintained for a duration of 5-10 seconds.
Which of the following is true of the porosity of bone?
The more porous the bone, the smaller the proportion of calcium phosphate and calcium carbonate.
Identify the true statements about the tibia and femur. (Check all that apply.)
They are large and massive to support the weight of the body. They contain a central hollow area known as the medullary cavity or canal.
Identify the features of Golgi tendon organs. (Check all that apply.)
They are sensory receptors. They are located in the muscle-tendon junctions and in the tendons at both ends of muscles.
Identify an accurate statement about tendons and ligaments.
They will not return to their original length after being stretched beyond their elastic limits.
A predominance of osteoblast activity produces bone modeling, with ______.
a net gain in bone mass
What kinds of bone cell activity are involved in bone remodeling? (Check all that apply.)
a predominance of osteoclast activity a balance of osteoblast and osteoclast activity
An injury caused by abnormal displacement or twisting of the articulating bones that results in stretching or tearing of ligaments, tendons, and connective tissues crossing a joint is known as ______.
a sprain
The activation of the spindles in a stretched muscle provokes ______.
a stretch reflex
Match the types of bone fractures (in the left column) with their descriptions (in the right column).
a transverse fracture: a complete fracture in which a break occurs at a right angle to a bone's axis an oblique fracture: a complete fracture that occurs at an angle other than a right angle to a bone's axis a spiral fracture a spiral fracture: a complete fracture caused by twisting a bone excessively
Match the types of stretching (in the left column) with their definitions (in the right column).
active stretching: stretching of muscles, tendons, and ligaments produced by active development of tension in the antagonist muscles passive stretching: stretching of muscles, tendons, and ligaments produced by a stretching force other than tension in the antagonist muscles
Identify an accurate statement about dynamic stretching.
after dynamic stretching, there is a beneficial effect for activities requiring muscular power
Cartilaginous joints that attenuate applied forces and permit more motion of the adjacent bones are known as ______.
amphiarthroses
Cortical and trabecular bone exhibit different strength and stiffness in response to forces applied from different directions. In this context, both cortical and trabecular bone are ______.
anisotropic
The ____________ _____________ is a self-lubricating layer of firm, flexible connective tissue that protects the articulating ends of long bones from wear at points of contact with other bones.
articular cartilage
In the context of diarthroses, match the terms (in the left column) with their definitions (in the right column).
articular cartilage: protective layer of dense white connective tissue covering the articulating bone surfaces at diarthrodial joints articular capsule: double-layered membrane that surrounds every synovial joint synovial fluid: clear, slightly yellow liquid that provides lubrication inside the articular capsule at synovial joints
The soft-tissue discs or menisci that intervene between articulating bones are known as ______.
articular fibrocartilage
When the normal stresses exerted on bone by muscle contractions, weight bearing, or impact forces are reduced, bone tissue ______ through remodeling.
atrophies
The surfaces of the articulating bones are reciprocally convex and concave in ______.
ball and socket joints
Match the types of stretching (in the left column) with their definitions (in the right column)
ballistic stretching: a series of quick, bouncing-type stretches static stretching: maintaining a slow, controlled, sustained stretch over time, usually about 30 seconds
The simultaneous application of forces from opposite directions at different points along a structure such as a long bone generates a torque known as a(n) ______.
bending moment
Which of the following provides the most constant mechanical stress to bones?
body weight
When ______ occurs, the amount of calcium contained in a bone diminishes, and both the weight and the strength of the bone decreases.
bone atrophy
An increase in bone mass resulting from a predominance of osteoblast activity in response to regular physical activity is known as ______.
bone hypertrophy
The term given to formation of new bone that is not preceded by resorption of fatigue-damaged older bone is ______.
bone modeling
Match the synovial structures associated with diarthrodial joints (in the left column) with their definitions (in the right column).
bursae: small capsules, lined with synovial membranes and filled with synovial fluid, that cushion the structures they separate tendon sheaths: double-layered synovial structures that surround tendons positioned in close association with bones
The inflammation of a bursa is known as _____________.
bursitis
Increased dietary ______ intake exerts a positive influence on bone mass for women with a dietary deficiency, with the amount of it absorbed influenced positively by the active form of vitamin D and negatively by dietary fiber.
calcium
Match the material constituents of bone (in the left column) with the percentages of bone weight they constitute (in the right column).
calcium carbonate and calcium phosphate: 60-70 precent of dry bone weight water: 25-30 precent of total bone weight
What are the major building blocks of bone?
calcium carbonate, calcium phosphate, collagen, and water
Match the subdivisions of the human skeletal system (in the left column) with their components (in the right column).
central skeleton: the skull, vertebrae, sternum, and ribs peripheral skeleton: the bones composing the body appendages
The single most important factor for preventing or prolonging the onset of osteoporosis is the optimization of peak bone mass during ______.
childhood and adolescence
Articular cartilage consists of specialized cells that are embedded in a matrix of collagen fibers, proteoglycans, and noncollagenous proteins known as ______.
chondrocytes
In the context of articular cartilage, identify the cells that maintain and restore cartilage from wear, although this ability diminishes with aging, disease, and injury.
chondrocytes
Identify the joint orientation in which the joint stability is usually greatest.
close-packed position
Match the joint orientations (in the left column) with their definitions (in the right column).
close-packed position: joint orientation for which the contact between the articulating bone surfaces is maximum loose-packed position: any joint orientation other than the close-packed position
One articulating bone surface is an ovular convex shape and the other is a reciprocally shaped concave surface in ______ joints.
condyloid
Match the modes in which remodeling occurs in accordance with Wolff's law (in the left column) with their descriptions (in the right column).
conservation mode: this is characterized by no change in bone mass. disuse mode: this involves a net loss of bone mass characterized by an enlarged marrow cavity and a thinned cortex.
Bone tissue that has 5-30 percent of the bone volume occupied by nonmineralized tissue is known as ______.
cortical bone
The number of planes in which a joint allows motion is described by the term ___________ ___________ ___________(df).
degrees of freedom
Due to bone hypertrophy, the bones of physically active individuals tend to be ______ than those of sedentary individuals of the same age and gender.
denser, more mineralized, and stronger
Displacement of the articulating bones at a joint is termed ______.
dislocation
Crush fractures of lumbar vertebrae often leave the vertebral bodies wedge-shaped, accentuating thoracic kyphosis, causing reduction of body height, and leading to a disabling deformity known as ______.
dowager's hump
A stretch that involves controlled, rather than bouncing motion is known as ______.
dynamic stretching
Longitudinal growth of a bone is terminated during or shortly following adolescence when the ______ disappears and the bone fuses.
epiphyseal plate
The growth center of a bone that produces new bone tissue as part of the normal growth process until it closes during adolescence or early adulthood is known as the ______.
epiphysis
True or false: All bursae separate tendons from bone, reducing the friction on the tendons during joint motion.
false
True or false: Evidence suggests that it is easier to treat osteoporosis than it is to prevent it.
false
True or false: Evidence suggests that it is easier to treat osteoporosis than it is to prevent it. True false question.
false
True or false: With active stretching, movement can be carried farther beyond the existing range of motion than with passive stretching.
false
White fibrous connective tissue that surrounds muscles and the bundles of muscle fibers within muscles, providing protection and support, is known as ______.
fascia
A disruption in the continuity of a bone is known as a(n) __________.
fracture
Match the types of fractures (in the left column) with their definitions (in the right column).
greenstick fracture: an incomplete fracture in which the break occurs on the convex surface of the bend in the bone a fissured fracture: an incomplete fracture which involves a longitudinal break a comminuted fracture: a complete fracture which fragments the bone
During normal growth, articular cartilage at a joint such as the knee increases in volume as a child's ______ increases.
height
Bone modeling is the process by which ______.
immature bones grow
A(n) ______ fracture is one in which the opposite sides of the fracture are compressed together.
impacted
Identify the symptoms of rheumatoid arthritis.
inflammation and thickening of the synovial membranes and breakdown of the articular cartilage
Identify the symptoms of dislocations. (Check all that apply.)
intense pain and swelling visible joint deformity numbness or tingling
Identify the functions of articular cartilage. (Check all that apply.)
it allows movement of the articulating bones at the joint with minimal friction and wear it resists compression and spreads loads at the joint over a wide area
______ is a term representing the relative ranges of motion allowed at a joint.
joint flexibility
The ability of a joint to resist abnormal displacement of the articulating bones is known as ______.
joint stability
Identify the conditions that combine to form the female athlete triad.
low energy availability, menstrual dysfunction, and diminished bone mineral density
According to Wolff's law, the densities, and to a much lesser extent, the shapes and sizes of the bones of a given human being are a function of the ______.
magnitude and direction of the mechanical stresses that act on the bones
During circumferential growth, while osteoblast activity occurs in the periosteum, bone is reabsorbed or eliminated around the circumference of the ______, so that its diameter is continually enlarged
medullary cavity
A sensory receptor that provokes reflex contraction in a stretched muscle and inhibits tension development in antagonist muscles is known as a(n) ______.
muscle spindle
Which of the following factors exerts a strong influence on bone density?
muscle strength
Joints, where only limited motion is permitted in any direction, are termed ______ joints.
non axial
Match the types of intrafusal fibers (in the left column) with their features (in the right column).
nuclear chain fibers: are primarily responsible for static response. nuclear bag fibers: are primarily responsible for dynamic response
Identify the risk factors for osteoporosis. (Check all that apply.)
older age and being female
Which of the following is the most common form of arthritis that results in progressive degradation of the biomechanical properties of articular cartilage?
osteoarthritis
Which of the following specialized cells are responsible for changes in bone size and shape during circumferential bone growth?
osteoblasts and osteoclasts
Match the types of bone cells (in the left column) with their descriptions (in the right column).
osteoblasts: They are specialized bone cells that build new bone tissue during circumferential growth. osteoclasts: They are specialized bone cells that resorb bone tissue during circumferential growth.
A form of epiphyseal injury that involves disruption of blood supply to an epiphysis, with associated tissue necrosis and potential deformation of the epiphysis, is known as ______.
osteochondrosis
Often associated with traumatic avulsions, ______ of an apophysis, is known as apophysitis.
osteochondrosis
In response to motions of fluid within the bone matrix caused by dynamic loading, ______ trigger the actions of osteoblasts and osteoclasts, which in turn form and resorb bone.
osteocytes
The modeling and remodeling processes of bone are directed by cells embedded in bone that are sensitive to changes in the flow of interstitial fluid through the pores resulting from strain on the bone, and these cells are known as ______.
osteocytes
Bone mass in children has been shown to be effectively increased through activities involving ______.
osteogenic impact forces
Osteoporosis is a disorder that begins as ___________ , which is a condition of reduced bone mineral density that predisposes an individual to fractures.
osteopenia
Osteopenia often progresses to ______, which is a disorder involving decreased bone mass and strength with one or more resulting fractures.
osteoporosis
In accordance with Wolff's law, when a bone undergoes a deformation or bending type load, it is subject to strain, new bone is laid down at the strain sites, and the ______.
overall bone mass and density are increased
When bone atrophy occurs, resistance to fracture decreases, particularly in ______.
trabecular bone
Identify the first step in the in the contract-relax-antagonist-contract technique used when stretching the hamstrings.
passive static stretch of the hamstrings by a partner
______ involves the use of gravitational force, force applied by another body segment, or force applied by another person, to move a body segment to the end of the range of motion.
passive stretching
During circumferential growth of bone, the internal layer of the ______ builds concentric layers of new bone tissue on top of existing ones.
periosteum
In the context of synovial joints, match the types of joints (in the left column) with their features (in the right column).
pivot joints: Rotation is permitted around one axis. condyloid joints: Flexion, extension, abduction, adduction, and circumduction are permitted.
The term ______ is used to describe a surface containing cavities and is a characteristic that varies across bones.
porous
Which of the following groups is the most susceptible to osteoporosis?
postmenopausal and elderly women
In the context of bone injuries, the term impacted means ______.
pressed together by a compressive load
______ is the inhibition of tension development in the antagonist muscles resulting from activation of muscle spindles.
reciprocal inhibition
According to Wolff's law, dynamic mechanical loading causes bones to strain, which gets translated into changes in bone shape and strength through a process known as ______.
remodeling
Bone demineralization is a potentially serious problem from a biomechanical standpoint because ______.
resistance to fracture decreases
Identify the traditional treatments for sprains. (Check all that apply.)
rest ice elevation compression
Identify the roles of articular fibrocartilage. (Check all that apply.)
retention of joint lubrication improvement of the fit of the articulating surfaces distribution of loads over joint surfaces
The most debilitating and painful form of arthritis that involves the body's immune system attacking healthy tissues is known as ______.
rheumatoid arthritis
Movement capability is the same as that of the condyloid joint, but a greater range of movement is allowed in a ______ joint.
saddle
The articulating bone surfaces are both shaped like the seat of a riding saddle in ____________ joints.
saddle
Match the type of flexibility (in the left column) with the injuries caused (in the right column).
severely limited joint flexibility: tearing or rupturing of the collagenous tissues and muscles extremely loose, lax joints: displacement-related injuries
Match the categories of bones (in the left column) to their functions (in the right column).
short bones: They serve as shock absorbers. flat bone: They protect the underlying organs and soft tissues. irregular bones: They have support the weight of the superior body parts. long bones: they form the framework of the appendicular skeleton.
Match the categories of bones (in the left column) to their examples (in the right column).
short bones: the carpals flat bones: the scapula irregular bones: the sacrum long bones: the femur
Match the types of bone fractures (in the left column) with their descriptions (in the right column).
simple: bone ends remain within the surrounding soft tissues compound: one or both bone ends protrude from the skin.
The ability to resist the displacement of one bone end with respect to another while preventing injury to the ligaments, muscles, and muscle tendons surrounding the joint refers to the ______ of an articulation.
stability
Less compact mineralized connective tissue with high porosity that is found in the ends of long bones and in the vertebrae is known as ______.
trabecular bone
Match the types of joint flexibility (in the left column) with their definitions (in the right column).
static flexibility: range of motion present when a body segment is passively moved dynamic flexibility: range of motion that can be achieved by actively moving a body segment by virtue of muscle contraction
In the context of muscle spindles, match the types of responses (in the left column) with their definitions (in the right column).
static response: the amount of muscle lengthening dynamic response: the rate of muscle lengthening
Match the properties of bone (in the left column) with the material constituents of bone that are responsible for imparting each property to bone (in the right column).
stiffness and comprehensive strength: primarily determined by calcium carbonate and calcium phosphate flexibility and tensile strength: provided by a protein called collagen
Match the properties of bone (in the left column) with their descriptions (in the right column).
stiffness: ratio of stress to strain in a loaded material compressive strength: ability to resist pressing or squeezing force tensile strength: ability to resist pulling or stretching force
In the context of the structural organization of bone, the amount of deformation in a structure divided by the original length or the original angular orientation of the structure is known as ______.
strain
______, also known as fatigue fractures, result from low-magnitude forces sustained on a repeated basis.
stress fractures
Any increase in the magnitude or frequency of bone loading produces a ______, which may involve microdamage.
stress reaction
Identify the immovable joints in which the fibers begin to ossify in early adulthood and are eventually replaced completely by bone.
sutures
Immovable joints in which the irregularly grooved articulating bone sheets mate closely and are tightly connected by fibers that are continuous with the periosteum are known as ______.
sutures
Which of the following is an immovable joint?
synarthroses
______ are joints in which dense fibrous tissue binds the bones together, permitting extremely limited movement.
syndesmoses
The coracoacromial joint is an example of a ______.
syndesmosis
Under loading at the joint, articular cartilage deforms, exuding ______.
synovial fluid
Diarthroses are also known as ______.
synovial joints
Match the types of passive tissues (in the left column) with their definitions (in the right column).
tendons: connect muscles to bones ligaments: connect bones to other bones
What are the nominal subdivisions of the human skeletal system?
the axial skeleton and the appendicular skeleton
Match the proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation (PNF) techniques (in the left column) with their features (in the right column).
the contract-relax procedure: The contraction of the hamstrings is isotonic. The hold-relax procedure: The contraction of the hamstrings is isometric.
Which of the following is a particularly strong, prominent tract of fascia that crosses the lateral aspect of the knee and contributes to its stability?
the iliotibial band
Identify examples of articular fibrocartilage. (Check all that apply.)
the menisci of the knee intervertebral discs
During a bending moment, a bone's structure is loaded in tension on one side and in compression on the opposite side. What is most likely to happen next?
the side of the bone loaded in tension will fracture first
Identify an accurate statement about Synarthroses.
they permit little or no movement of the articulating bones
Identify a feature of osteoarthritis.
thickening of the subchondral bone and the formation of bone spurs
Because most body weight is anterior to the spine, the resulting fractures often leave the vertebral bodies wedge-shaped, accentuating ______.
thoracic kyphosis
For optimal effect, a static stretch of each muscle group should be sequentially repeated ______ times.
three to five
Bone tissue with 30 percent to greater than 90 percent of bone volume that is occupied by non-mineralized tissue is known as spongy, cancellous, or ______.
trabecular bone
True or false: Research shows that increased joint flexibility translates to a lower incidence of eccentric exercise-induced muscle damage.
true
True or false: Rotation in all three planes of movement is permitted in a ball and socket joint.
true
Approximately 50% of women after age 50 are affected by ______, or postmenopausal osteoporosis.
type I osteoporosis
Match the types of synovial joints (in the left column) with the number of degrees of freedom (df) they possess (in the right column).
uniaxial joint: one df biaxial joint: two df triaxial joint: three df
Match the types of synovial joints (in the left column) with their definitions (in the right column).
uniaxial joints: joints that allow motion around one axis of rotation biaxial joints: joints that allow motion around two axes of rotation triaxial joints: joints that allow motion around three axes of rotation
What is necessary for maintaining skeletal integrity in both humans and animals?
weight-bearing physical activity