CHEMII - Ch. 24 Review
What is the technique used to identify a person?
DNA typing
What is another name for animal starch?
Glycogen
What do the letters AGTC stand for?
adenine, guanine, thymine, cytosine
any compound that contains an amino group and a carboxyl group in the same molecule
amino acid
What is a peptide bond?
amino group hooked to a carboxyl group and H20
Compare and contrast catabolism and anabolism.
cat: breaks down larger molecules into smaller molecules, releases energy; ana: builds up from smaller molecules to larger molecules, uses energy; both play a role in metabolism, which is the entire set of chemical reactions carried out by an organism; they work together
What is the difference between catabolism and anabolism?
catabolism breaks down, and anabolism builds up
What is the function of an enzyme?
catalysts that speed up chemical reactions
What is in eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells?
cell membranes, where all the chemicals necessary for life are contained, both have DNA, pro has no nucleus, eu do
a sugar that forms from the condensation of two monosaccharaides
disaccharide
What are the components of a triglyceride? What kind of bond is involved?
ester formed by glycerol and three fatty acids; covalent bond
What is the definition of a wax?
esters of long chained fatty acids and long chained alcohols
What is the source of energy stored by ATP in cells?
glucose
What are the products of photosynthesis?
glucose and oxygen
What kind of bond occurs between the DNA base pairs?
hydrogen
What type of reaction is saponification?
hydrolysis
What functional group is in carbohydrates?
hydroxyl group
Why do the bases form pairs in the double helix?
it allows for the maximum number of hydrogen bonds
What is the function of RNA?
key role in the transmission of the information stored in DNA and in the synthesis of proteins
Anabolism and catabolism make up ________?
metabolism
What is another name for simple sugars?
monosaccharide
simplest carbohydrate molecules, simple sugars
monosaccharide
nitrogen-containing compounds found primarily in the cell's nucleus, such as DNA and RNA
nucleic acid
the monomers that make up the DNA and RNA polymers
nucleotides
any combination of amino acids in which the amino group of one amino acid is united with the carboxyl group of another amino acid
peptide
What functional group is DNA?
phosphate group
What types of molecules are bonded together to form a nucleotide?
phosphate, sugar, nitrogen base
What is cellulose and what is it made of?
polymer of glucose, long chains of linked sugars
Describe one similarity and three differences of prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells?
pro: no nucleus, no organelles, no DNA wrapping, and ribosomes; eu: nucleus, endoplasmic reticulum, DNA wrapping, and ribosomes
a peptide with more than about 100 amino acids
protein
What is the function of DNA?
stores the info to make proteins and governs the reproduction and growth of cells and organisms
What is the definition of gene mutations?
substitutions, additions, or deletions of one or more nucleotides in DNA
What determines the differences among amino acids?
the chemical nature of the side chain
What reaction is responsible for producing body heat?
the oxidation reaction of catabolism produces constant body heat (cellular respiration)
What is the function of nitrogen-fixing bacteria in the nitrogen cycle?
they reduce the atmospheric nitrogen to ammonia, a water soluble form of nitrogen that plants can use, the bacteria change nitrogen into nitrates so the plants can use it
How many termination code words are there?
three
What molecule transmits the energy needed by cells through metabolism?
ATP
Describe the portion of the nitrogen cycle from the activity of nitrogen-fixing bacteria through the availability of nitrogen-containing compounds for animal metabolism.
Animals eat the plants and get the nitrogen from the plants. Animals die and defecate, returning nitrogen to the soil. Nitrogen fixing bacteria take nitrogen from the air and put it in the soil, too.
How many common amino acids are formed and used by living organisms?
20
How many bases are needed to specify one amino acid?
3
How many bases are used in constructing the DNA molecule?
4
