Chemistry
One mole of any chemical compound is equal to?
the compounds molecular weight (formula weight) in grams multiplied by Avagadros # (6.022x10^23)
How many grams of HCL are needed to react with 15.0g ethonene
19.6gHCl
A certain metal hydroxide, M(OH)2, contains 32.8% oxygen by mass. What is the identity of the metal M?
Copper The hydroxide formula is Cu(OH)2.
What shape do you expect for OsO4
Tetrahedral
What shape do you expect for SO2Cl2
Tetrahedral
What shape do you expect for XeO4
Tetrahedral
volume delievered
The diffrence between the intital liquid and the final liquid
Bond order
# of bonding electrons - # antibonding electrons /2
Percent Yield
(Actual Yield/Theoretical Yield) x 100%
Mf
(Mi x Vi) /Vf
Percent Composition
(mass of element/ total mass of compound) x 100%
How many moles are in a gram of Li
0.144 mol
How many moles of NH3 are in 14.09g of NH3?
0.8273mol NH3
How many moles of H2 are needed to produce 14.09g of NH3?
1.241mol H2
A student placed 16.0g of glucose (C6H12O6) in a volumetric flask, added enough water to dissolve the glucose by swirling, then carefully added additional water until the 100. mL mark on the neck of the flask was reached. The flask was then shaken until the solution was uniform. A 60.0 mL sample of this glucose solution was diluted to 0.500 L. How many grams of glucose are in 100. mL of the final solution?
1.92 g
How many grams of NH3 can be produced from 3.04mol of N2 and excess H2
104g NH3
How many moles of NH3 can be produced from 21.0mol of H2 and excess N2?
14.0 mol NH3
Number of charge clouds in a linear arrangement?
2 Hybridization (sp)
How many charge clouds are there around the central atom in molecule Linear
2,5
What is the molar mass of H2?
2.0159g/mol
How many grams of H2 are needed to produce 14.09g of NH3?
2.502g H2
CoS+CO+Cu→Co2(CO)8+Cu2S
2CoS+8CO+4Cu→Co2(CO)8+2Cu2S
Phosphoric acid reacts with magnesium hydroxide to produce magnesium phosphate and water via the following reaction: ?H3PO4+?Mg(OH)2→?Mg3(PO4)2+?H2O What is the balanced equation? What are the four integers?
2H3PO4+3Mg(OH)2→Mg3(PO4)2+6H2O 2,3,1,6
Number of charge clouds in a Trigonal planar arrangement?
3 Hybridization (sp^2)
How many charge clouds are there around the central atom in molecule Bent
3,4
How many charge clouds are there around the central atom in molecule Tetrahedral
4
How many charge clouds are there around the central atom in molecule Trigonal pyramidal
4
Number of charge clouds in a Tetrahedral arrangement?
4 Hybridization (sp^3)
How many moles are in a gram of Mg
4.11×10^−2 mol
How many moles are in a gram of NH3
5.88×10^−2 mol
How many molecules (not moles) of NH3 are produced from 2.96×10−4g of H2?
5.89×10^19 molecules
How many charge clouds are there around the central atom in molecule Octahedral
6
How many charge clouds are there around the central atom in molecule Square pyramidal
6
Sulfuric Acid is normally purchase at a concentration of 18.0 M. How would you prepare 250.0 mL of 0.500M H2SO4-2
6.94mL
Atomic orbital
A three-dimensional region around the nucleus of an atom that describes an electron's probable location
How many moles are in a gram of Ag
9.27×10^−3 mol
A buret
A graduated piece of glasswear that is used to accurately measure dispensed volumes. Record initial & final volume
Bond Length
A higher bond order corresponds to a shorter bond length. Therefore triple bonds are the shortest, and single bonds are the longest.
Bond Energy
A higher bond order corresponds to higher bond energy. Therefore triple bonds are stronger than double bonds, which are stronger than single bonds.
sp hybrid orbitals
A hybrid orbital made by the combination of one s and one p atomic orbital
Accuracy
A measurement of how close an experimental value is to the theoretical value Percent error=(experimental value-theoretical value/theoretical value) x100
bonding molecular orbital
A molecular orbital that is lower in energy than the atomic orbitals it is derived from
node
A point of zero amplitude on a standing wave
Molecular orbital
A region of space between nuclei in which shared electrons may be found.
Beers Law (A=Ebc)
A=Absorbency (no units) E=Molar absorptivity (M^-1, cm^-1) b=path length (cm) c=concentration (M)
ion
An atom or group of atoms that has a positive or negative charge.
Empirical
Based on making observations.
A central atom with two lone pairs and two bonds to other atoms
Bent
What shape do you expect for SeO2
Bent
Bond Order
Bond order corresponds to the type of bond. Single bonds have a bond order of 1, double bonds have a bond order of 2, and triple bonds have a bond order of 3.
percent compositions into molecular formula Ethene: H14.37%, C85.63%; Molec. mass = 28.05 amu
C2H4
percent compositions into molecular formula Trioxan: C40.00%, H6.71%, O53.29%; Molec. mass = 90.08 amu
C3H6O3
What is the percent composition of dimethylhydrazine C2H8N2 ?
C=39.9% H=13.4% N =46.6%
What is the empirical formula of dimethylhydrazine, C2H8N2, a colorless liquid used as a rocket fuel?
CH4N
Stiochiometry
Calculation of the quantities of reactants and products in a chemical reaction
E=hc/λ
E=energy h=Planks constant (6.62606957 × 10-34 m2 kg / s) c= speed of light λ=wavelength of light emitted
The energy of an emission from a hydrogen atom (energy of a photon) LINE EMISSION
E=hc/λ
How many moles of anions are in 35.8g of AlF3?
Each mole of AlF3 gives 3 mole of F anions 35.8x3/(The molecular weight)84 1.28 mol
What is the difference in spatial distribution between electrons in an sp2 orbital and electrons in an sp3 orbital?
Electrons in sp2 orbitals are approximately 120∘ apart whereas electrons in sp3 orbitals are approximately 109∘ apart.
Molecular Formula
Gives the actual number of atoms of each element in a molecule of a compound.
What is the difference in spatial distribution between electrons in a π bond and electrons in a σ bond?
In a π bond, the shared electrons occupy a region above and below a line connecting the two nuclei. A σ bond has its shared electrons located along the axis between the two nuclei.
How would you make 100mL of 0.30M Glucose, C6H12O6 from 1.5M solutio?
M1=1.5M V1=? M2=0.30M V2=100mL (1.5)(x)=(0.30)(100) x=20mL Pipett 20mL of origional solution into a 100mL volumetric flask
What is the empirical formula of the ingredient in Bufferin tablets that has the percent composition C14.25%, O56.93%, Mg28.83% by mass?
MgCO3
M2V2
Molarity and volume of new solution (New less concentrated solution)
M1V1
Molarity and volume of solution being pippetted. (Origional more concentrated solution)
How To Calculate Molarity
Moles of solute/Liters of solute
Molarity
Moles/Liters
For an emission to occor
Ninitial must be greater then Nfinial
Precipitation Reaction
Process in which soluble ionic reactants yield an insoluble solid product that falls out of solution.
Rul3+CO+Ag→Ru(CO)5+Agl
RuI3+5CO+3Ag→Ru(CO)5+3AgI
Ionic Equation
Shows dissolved ionic compounds as individual ions
A central atom with two lone pairs and four bonds to other atoms
Square planar.
A central atom with two lone pairs and three bonds to other atoms
T-shaped
line spectra
The loss of energy observed as a wavelength of light
Theoretical Yield
The maximum amount of product that can be produced from a given amount of reactant
Actual Yield
The measured amount of a product obtained from a reaction
When measuring precision (i.e volume)
The measurement of a single property is repeated in the same way at least 3 times.
Stoichiometry
The relative proportion in which elements form compounds or in which substances react.
Emperical Formula
The smallest whole number ratio of atoms in a compound
Dillution
The use of a pipett and volumetric flask to get (V1,Vi)=(V2,Vf) or (M1V1)=(M2V2)
if Nfinal=1
Ultraviolet light is emmited
VCl3+Na+CO→V(CO)6+NaCl
VCl3+3Na+6CO→V(CO)6+3NaCl
if Nfinal=2
Visible light is emmitted
conservation of mass
When a chemical reaction occurs, atoms rearrange to form new compounds, but no new atoms are created nor are any destroyed
Molecular Equation
Write all substances in reaction using complete formulas as if they are molecules
pi bond
a bond that is formed when parallel orbitals overlap to share electrons.
antibonding molecular orbital
a molecular orbital in which electrons have a higher energy than they would in isolated atomic orbitals
A hydrocarbon is a compound that contains mostly carbon and hydrogen. Calculate the percent composition (by mass) of the following hydrocarbon: C 8 H 18 .
carbon,84.1 & hydrogen,15.9 %
Stoichiometry can be used to
convert mass, number of moles, or number of particles between products and reactants
Stoichiometry
describes the quantitative relationships among the reactants and products of a balanced reaction by directly comparing mole ratios
if Nfinal=3
infrared light is emitted
What spatial arrangement of charge clouds corresponds to sp hybridization?
linear
How many grams are in a mole of Fe2O3
m = 159.7g
How many grams are in a mole of Br2
m = 159.8g
How many grams are in a mole of Si
m = 28.1g
Consentration
mass of solute in a given volume of solution (mass/volume)
The volume of a solid can be calculated by
measuring the dimensions of the object or measuring by displacement
Hybrid atomic orbitals
mixing (hybridizing) the wave functions for orbitals of different types (i.e., s and p orbitals) but from the same atom
Density of a substence
ratio of its mass to its volume
Describe the hybridization of the carbon atom in the hydrogen cyanide molecule, H−C ≡H
sp
Describe the hybridization of the carbon atom in formaldehyde, H2C=O
sp2
What spatial arrangement of charge clouds corresponds to sp3 hybridization?
tetrahedral
Mass conservation can be seen in a balanced chemical equation where?
the numbers of each kind of atom are the same on both sides of the reaction arrow.
In displacement
the solid is submerged in water to determine the volume of water displaced by the object. The volume of water displaced is equal to the volume of the object.
What spatial arrangement of charge clouds corresponds to sp2 hybridization?
trigonal planar
To determine the quantum transitions responsible for each emmision
ΔE=Efinal-Einitial
