chemistry chapter 14; acids and bases

bases and their properties

1) bitter taste 2) bases and slippery feel 3) turn red litmus paper blue

acid base defined by behavior

1) some substances-such as water can react as acids or bases either accepting or donating a proton 2) substances that can act as bases or amphoteric.

acids and their properties

1) sour taste 2) dissolve metals 3) turn blue litmus paper red

hydrochloric acid

1) used in industry to clean metals, prepare and process foods, and refine metals ores. 2) main component of stomach acid 3) helps break down food, and it kills harmful bacteria that may enter body through food 3) sour taste associated with indigestion is caused by the stomach's hydrochloric acid reflexing up into the esophagus

in healthy individuals ph is between

7.36-7.40

the arrhenius definition of a base

a base produces OH- ions in aqueous solution.

H+ (aq) and H3O+ (aq) both refer to

a hydronium ion

in a titration...

a substance in a solution of KNOWN concentration is reacted with another substance in a solution of unknown

The Brosted-Lowry Definition of Acids

according to this definition, HCl is a part of it because in solution, it donates a proton to water. this definition more clearly accounts for what happens to Hydrogen ion from an acid; it associates with a water molecule to for a hydronium ion.

water is a

acid and base in one

the bronsted-lowry definition of acids and bases

acid is a proton donor base- proton acceptor

coffee (bases) is

acid overall, but bases present in coffee-such as caffeine- impart a bitter flavor

ph less than 7

acidic solution

under the arrhenius definiton

acids and bases naturally combine to form water, neutralizing each other

reactions of acids with metal oxides

acids react with metal oxides to produce water and a dissolved salt.

water is

amphotric; can act as wither an acid or base

the Arrhenius Definition of Acids

an acid produces H+ ions in aqueous solution. HCl is a covalent compound and does not contain ions.

our aversion to taste of bases is probably

an adaptation to protect against alkaloids, organic bases found in plants.

a weak base is

analogous to a weak acid. produce OH- by accepting a proton from water, causing the water to form OH- ions

Buffers: the acid consumes

any added base, and the base consumes any added acid. buffers resists pH change.

a conjugate acid-base pair

any two substances related to each other by the transfer of a proton can be considered a conjugate acid-base pair

the arrhenius definition does not

apply to nonaqueous solvents

sodium hydroxide, potassium hydroxide, sodium bicarbonate (bases)

are used in processing petroleum and cotton, and in soap and plastic manufacturing

ph greater than 7

basic solution

you taste sour food because

because they combine with saliva in the mouth, and they produce hydrogen ions. they hydrogen ions react with protein molecules on your tongue. the protein molecules change shape, sending an electrical signal (a nerve impulse) to your brain that you experience as a sour taste.

sulfuric acid and carbonic acid are weak in

both their ionizable protons and phosphoric acid is weak in all three of its ionizable protons

sodium bicarbonate (base)

can be found in most homes as baking soda and is an active ingredient in many antacids

the arrhenius definiton of acids and bases

cannot explain why some substances act as bases even though they do not contain OH-

acetic acid is an example of a

carboxylic acid, an acid containing the COOH grouping of atoms, known as the carboxylic acid group

a strong base is one that

completely dissociates in solution

pure water is not a good

conductor of electricity because it has few charged particles

NH3 and NH4 are often referred to as a

conjugate acid-base pair, two substances related to each other by the transfer of a proton

buffers

contains significant amounts of both a weak acid and its conjugate base

carboxylic acid are in substances

derived from living organisms. citric acid, the main acid in lemon and limes, malic acid, apples, grapes, and wine

in1923 Johannes Bronsted working in Denmark, and Thomas Lowry in England

developed the concept of proton transfer in acid-base behavior independently and simultaneously

sulfuric acid is an example of a

diprotic acid, an acid that contains two ionizable protons

aluminum is one of the

few metals that dissolve in a base

bases are less common in

foods than acids because of their bitter taste

sodium hydroxide and potassium hydroxide (bases) are....

found in most chemistry labs

neutralization reactions are also called

gas evolution reactions

acids react with metals in a way that causes metals to

go into solution 1) the reaction between an acid and a metal usually produces hydrogen gas and a dissolved salt containing the metal ion

The arrhenius definition of acids and bases

hydrogen ions are highly reactive. in aqueous solution, they bond to water molecules according to the reaction.

the H3O+ ion is the

hydronium ion. in water, hydrogen ions always associate with water molecules.

acetic acid forms in

improperly stored wines

Identifying Bronsted-Lowry Acids and bases and their conjugates

in an acid-base reaction: 1) a base accepts a proton and become a conjugate acid 2) an acid donates a proton and becomes a conjugate base

representation of an acid-base titration, HCl solution

in the hydrogen solution, the Cl- ions and the H2O molecules will not be involved in the reaction and have been omitted from the representation for clarity

sulfuric acid and nitric acid are used

in the manufacture of fertilizers, explosives, dyes, and glue.

acid-base titration

in titration, a substance in a solution of KNOWN concentration is reacted with another substance in a solution of UNKNOWN concentration

NAOH is an

ionic compound and contains sodium and OH- IONS

in water, HCL

ionizes to form hydrogen and Cl- ions

sulfuric acid 9 (listed with strong acids)

is a diprotic acid that is strong in tis first ionizable protein but weak in its second ionizable proton

sodium hydroxide (base)

is the active ingredient in products such as Drano that work to unclog drains

in the reaction between HCl and H2O

is the proton donor (acid) and H2O is the proton acceptor (base)

in the reaction NH3 and H2O

is the proton donor (acid) and NH3 is the proton acceptor (base)

when NaOH is added to water

it dissociates into its component ions

NAOH is an Arrhenius base because

it produces OH- ions in solution

acids dissolve

many metals

acids dissolve

metals

sulfuric acid is contained in

most automobile batteries

sulfuric acid is the

most widely produced chemical in the U.S.

ph=7

neutral solution

when taken as an antacid, sodium bicarbonate

neutralizes stomach acid, relieving heartburn and sour stomach

self-ionization reaction of water

occurs only to a very small extent, resulting in equal and small concentrations of H3O+ and OH-

weak acids can be

organic or inorganic

when NH3 dissolves in water it

partially ionizes to form NH4+ and OH-. however only a fraction of the molecules ionize. Most molecules remain as NH3

alkaloids (bases) are often

poisonous. the active component of hemlock, for example, is the alkaloid coniine- and their bitter taste warns us against eating them

vinegar (acetic acid) means

sour wine

acids taste

sour; sour patch kids; citric acid and tartaric acid

HCl is an example of a

strong acid, one that completely ionizes in solution

molecular compounds containing an OH group

such as methanol, do not dissociate in solution and therefore do not act as bases

acid-base titration

the ay to quantify a amount of acid or base in a solution

in an acid base titration

the equivalence point, neither reactant is present in excess and both are limiting. the number of moles of the raectants are related by the reaction of stoichiometry

reactions of bases: neutralization reactions, reactions with aluminum

the most important base reactions are those in which a base neutralizes.

reactions of acids and bases: neutralization reactions

the reaction of carbonates or bicarbonates with acids produces water, gaseous carbon dioxide and salt

bases feel slippery because

they react with oils on skin to form soaplike substances. soap itself is basic.

even in pure water, water

water acts as an acid and a base with itself, a process called self-ionization

acid-base reactions generally form

water and a salt an ionic compound- that usually dissolved in the solution. the salt contains the cation from the base and the ion from the acid

hydrobromic acid reacts with magnesium oxide to form

water and magnesium bromide

HF is an example of a

weak acid, one that does not completely ionize in solution

most carboxylic acids are

weak acids

a strong acid

when HCl dissolves in water, it completely ionizes into H3O+ and Cl- ions. the solution contains no intact HCl

a weak acid

when HF dissolves in water, only a fraction of the dissolved molecules ionize into H30+ and F- ons. the solution cantinas many intact HF molecules

reactions or acids and bases: neutralization reactions

when an acid and base are mixed, hydrogen from the acid combines with the Oh- from the base from H2O

the Brosted-Lowry definition of bases

works well with bases such as NH3 that do not inherently contain OH- but still produce OH- ions but still produce OH- ions in solution. NH3 accepts protons from water