Chemistry chapter 4

noble gases

group 18 elements, helium, neon, argon, krypton, xenon and radon

where do electrons exist?

in orbitals

when current is passed through a gas at a low pressure, the potential energy of some of the gas atoms _______

increases

for electromagnetic radiation, as the wave length of light decreases, the frequency ____, which means its ____ proportional

increases, inversly

spin quantum number

indicates the two fundamental spin states of an electron in an orbital

how does the quantum model improve on the bohr model?

it describes the arrangements of electrons in atoms other than hydrogen

what was the major shortcoming of Rutherford's model of the atom?

it didnt explain how the atoms negatively charged electrons occupy the space sorrounding the nucles

the heisenburg uncertainty principle

it is impossible to determine simultaneously both the position and velocity of an electron or any other particle

write both the complete electron-configuration notation and the noble-gas notation for a rubidium atom

1s^2 2s^2 2p^6 3s^2 3p^6 3d^10 4s^2 4p^6 5s^1. [Kr] 5s^1

without looking at the periodic table, write the complete electron configuration for the element with atomic number 25

1s^2 2s^2 2p^6 3s^2 3p^6 3d^5 4s^2

an orbital with two electrons is represented with an arrow pointing up and an arrow pointing down. what does that show about the electrons?

they are paired and have opposite spins

photon

partical of electromagnetic radiation carrying a quantum of energy

what is the elctron configuration if there is 5 electrons?

/1s /2s /2px /2py /2pz

name how many electrons orbitals1-4 can hold

1. 2 2. 8 3. 18 4. 32

how many electron-containing d orbitals are there in an atom of tin? name the element in the 4th period whose atoms have the same number of highest-energy-level elctrons as tin

10, germanium

what does notation in the 2nd period look like

1s^blank 2s^blank 2p^blank

how many electron-containing orbitals are in an atom of iodine? how many of these orbitals are filled? how many unpaired electrons are there in an atom of iodine?

27, 26, 1

identify the elements in the second, third, and fourth periods that have the same number of highest-energy level electrons as rubidium

2nd: lithium Li 3rd: sodium Na 4th: potassium, K

all forms of electromagnetic radition move at a constant speed of

3.0 x 10^8 m/s

the electron configuration of boron is 1s^2 2s^2 2p^1. how many electrons are present in an atom of boron? what is the atomic number for boron? write the orbital notation for boron.

5 electrons present. the atomic number is 5. up arrow, down arrow/1s up arrow, down arrow/2s up arrow/2px /2py /2pz

the electron configuration of nitrogen is 1s^2 2s^2 2p^3. how many electrons are present in an atom of nitrogen? what is the atomic number for nitrogen? write the orbital notation for nitrogen.

7 electrons present. atomic number is 7. up arrow down arrow/1s up arrow down arrow/2s up arrow/2px up arrow/2py up arrow/2pz

the electron configuration of flourine is 1s^2 2s^2 2p^5. what is the atomic number for flourine? how many of the p orbitals are filled? how many unpaired electrons does a flourine atom contain?

9, 2, 1

identify the elements in the 6th period that have one unpaired electron in their 6s level

Au, Cs, and Pt

what does notation in the 4th period look like

[Ar]4s^blank or [Ar] 3d^blank 4s^blank 4p^blank

write the noble-gas notation for tin, Sn. how many unpaired electrons are there in an atom of tin?

[Kr] 4d^10 5s^2 5p^2. 2

what does notation in the 5th period look like

[Kr] 5s^blank or [Kr]4d^blank 5s^blank 5p^blank

what does notation in the third period look like?

[Ne] 3s^blank and if more, [Ne]3s^blank3p^blank

write the noble-gas notation for a gold atom

[Xe] 4s^14 5d^10 6s^1

electromagnetic radiation

a form of energy that exhibits wavelike behavior as it travels through space

electromagnetic spectrum

all the forms of electromagnetic radiation for the electromagnetic spectrum

aubau principle

an electron occupies the lowest energy orbital that can recieve it

how many electron-containing orbitals are in an atom of iron? how many of these orbitals are completely filled? how many unpaired electrons are there in an atom of iron? in which sublevel are the unpaired elctrons located?

an iron atom has 15 orbitals. eleven of these orbitals are filled. there are four unpaired electrons. they are located in the 3d sublevel

what did plank propose?

an object emits small amounts of electromagnetic energy

noble gas configuration

an outer main energy level fully occupied, in most cases, by eight electrons

what are the three basic rules for electron configuration?

aufbau principle, pauli exclusion principle, and hunds rule

why is this true: it is impossible to determine simultaneously both the position and velocity of an electron or any other particle

because any attempt to locate a specific electron with a photon knocks the electron off course

quantum theory

decribes mathmatically the wave properties of electrons and other very small particles

when an excited atom returns to its ground state, how does it give of its energy it gained?

electromagnetic radiation

write both the complete electron-configuration notation and the noble gas notation for iodine, I. how many inner-shell electrons does an iodine atom contain?

electron configuration notation: 1s^2 2s^2 2p^6 3s^2 3p^6 3d^10 4s^2 4p^6 4d^10 5s^2 5p^5. noble gas notation: [Kr] 4d^10 5s^2 5p^5. contaions 46 inner shell electrons

write both the complete electron-configuration notation and the noble-gases notation for iron, Fe

electron-configuration: 1s^2 2s^2 2p^6 3s^2 3p^6 3d^6 4s^2 the noble gas notation: [Ar] 3d^6 4s^2

how do you build electron configurations for the ground state of any particular atom

energy levels of the orbitals are determined. then electrons are added to orbitals one by one

the energy of a photon depends on the

frequency of the radiation

pauli exclusion principle

no 2 electrons in the same atom can have the same set of 4 quantum numbers

hunds rule

orbitals of equal energy are each occupied by 1 electron before any orbital is occupied by a 2nd electron, and all electrons in singly occupied orbitals must have the same spin

each particle of light carries a _____ of energy called ______

quantum, photon

orbital

region around the nucleas that indicates the probable location of an electron

the significant feature of wave motion is its ____ nature, which can be characterised by the measurable properties of _____ and _____

repetitive, wavelength, frequency

quantum numbers

specify the properties of atomic orbitals and the properties of electrons in orbitals

angular momentum quantum number

symbolized by l, indicates the shape of the orbitals

magnetic quantum number

symbolized by m, indicates the oriantation of the orbital around the nucleas

principal quantum number

symbolized by n, indicates the main energy level occupied by an electron

electron configuration

the arrangement of electrons in an atom

wavelength

the distance between corresponding points on adjacent waves

highest occupied level

the electron-containing main energy level with the highest principal quantum number

inner-shell electrons

the electrons that arent in the highest occupied energy level

the photoelectric effect

the emission of electroms from a metal when light shines on a metal

describe the bohr model of the hydrogen atom

the farther away the electrons where from the nucleas, the more energy it had

ground state electron configuration

the lowest energy arrangement of the electrons for each element

what is an atoms ground state

the lowest energy state

quantum

the minimal quantity of energy that can be lost or gained by an atom

frequency

the number of waves that pass a given point in a specific time

how is fequency expressed

waves/second

what is an atoms excited state

when an atom has a higher potential energy than it does in its ground state

when is the energy in an electron higher on its orbits?

when the orbits are farther away from the nucleas

if an orbital containing one elelectron is represented by a arrow pointing up, how is an orbital with two electrons represented?

with an arrow pointing up and an arrow pointing down

example of electromagnetic radiation

x rays, microwaves, radio waves