chemistry molarity solubility test
How does a solution form?
Certain covalent molecules, such as sugar, can dissolve in water because they have intermolecular hydrogen bonds, so the water can hydrogen bond there too.
What is solubility?
a chemical property referring to the ability for a given substance, the solute, to dissolve in a solvent
What is the difference between a dilute and a concentrated solution?
a concentrated solution has more dissolved solute than a dilute solution
What does the term "like dissolves like" mean?
a given solvent usually dissolves solutes that have polarities similar to its own
What is a solution?
a homogeneous mixture, a mixture in which the components are uniformly intermingled.
why wont petroleum dissolve in water
because its density is less than that of water
note that raising the boiling point depends on the ____ and NOT the ____ of the solute particles. its the numbers that matter- the more ____ present, the more those particles ___ water molecules from entering the bubble. A solution property that depends on the ___ of solute particles present is called a _____. raising of the ____ by a solute is one of the colligative properties of solutions. another colligative property of solutions is the ___ of the freezing point. this property is particularly important in ___ areas of the world where __ is applied to icy roads.
number specific identity particles block number colligative property boiling point lowering cold salt
___, ___, and ____ are all solutions. these examples illustrate that a solution can be a ___, ____, or ___.
oxygen gas, brass, and coffee gas, liquid, or solid
if the amount of solute is above the line but has not all dissolved, the solution is ____ and the number of grams of solute settled on the bottom of the container= ____-_____
saturated total number of grams in solution- number grams of a saturated solution at that temp
Name the factors affect the RATE of solution formation and tell how they affect it.
size of the particles: breaking a solute into smaller pieces increases its surface area and increases its rate of solution stirring: allows the solute to dissolve faster amount of solute already dissolved: when you have very little solute in the solution, dissolving takes place quickly. When you have a lot of solute in the solution, dissolving takes place more slowly temperature: for liquids and solid solutes, increasing the temperature not only increases the amount of solute that will dissolve but also increases the rate at which the solute will dissolve, and vice versa for gases.
solutes whose curves move upward with increased temp are typically ____ because the solubility of those increases with increased temp
solids or liquids
the presence of __ particles in the water extends the liquid range of water, that is, water containing a solute exists as a liquid over a wider ___ range than does pure water
solute temperature
What is an aqueous solution?
solutions with water as the solvent
to save time and space in the lab, solutions that are routinely used are often purchased or prepared in concentrated form called ____
stock solutions
any amount of solute above the line in which all of the solute has dissolved shows the solution is ____
supersaturated
What factors affect the solubility of solids in liquids?
temperature and pressure
what happens to the forces holding the sodium crystal together when NaCl is put in water? how does the water molecule attract each particle
the ionic forces are overcome by the strong attractions between the ions and the polar water molecules. water's negative end attracts Cl- ions because opposite charges attract.
What is a solvent? Solute?
the substance present in the largest amount the other substance/ substances
least soluble would be
towards bottom of graph
most soluble would be
towards top of graph
any amount of solute below the line indicates the solution is ____ at a certain temp in a solubility chart
unsaturated
in the example of sugar and water which is the solute and which is the solvent
water-solvent sugar-solute
dilutions formula
m1Xv1=m2Xv2 m1 and v1= molarity and volume before dilution m2 and v2= molarity and volume after dilution
how do we know a solution contains ions
if an electric current is conducted after a substance dissolves in water then it contains ions
when the volume of a solvent increases, the solubility of a solute at a given temperature ____
increases
when the volume of solvent increases, the mass of solute that can dissolve in a saturated solution ____
increases
molarity formula
Molarity= mols of solute/liters of solution
Why do we spread salt on the roads to keep them from icing in the winter? (Be sure to included the words "colligative property" somewhere in your answer)
The salt helps the ice melt faster because the amount by which the freezing point is lowered depends on the number of molecules dissolved, but not their chemical nature.
how do colligative properties protect automobile engines
colligative properties use chemicals to raise the boiling point and lower the freezing point of water; to cool the engine and keep it from burning or freezing.
bc it is more convenient to measure volume instead of mass chemists often describe a solution in terms of ____. we define the concentration of a solution as the _______ in a given ___ of a solution. The most common expression of concentration is ____.
concentration amount of solute molarity (M)
the process of adding more solvent to a solution is called ____. the key to doing these calculations is to remember that ___ is added to the dilution. the ___ of solute in the final, more dilute, solution is the ___ as the amount of solute in the ___ concentrated stock solution (mols of solute after dilution= ____)
dilution only water amount, same, original mols of solute before dilution
what effect do the particles have that causes the boiling point of water to increase
for water to boil bubbles have to form in the interior of a liquid. for these bubbles to move to the top and boil, the water particles must exert an internal pressure that overcomes the atmospheric pressure
solutes whose curves move downward with increased temp are typically ____ because the solubility of ___ decreases with increased temp
gases gases
a solubility chart curve shows the number of ____ in a saturated solution containing 100 ml or 100 g of water at a certain temp
grams of solute
polar substances are soluble in water because the molecules contain ____ like those in water, which makes them very compatible with water
hydrogen bonds
