Chemistry Semester 2 Final
What make a greenhouse gas a greenhouse gas?
At least three atoms bonded together
acetate
C2H3O2 1-
carbonate
CO3 2-
Huge weather balloons partially filled with helium are sent high into the earth's atmosphere to examine the air. As a balloon rises into the air, the air pressure outside the balloon decreases rapidly. If the atmospheric pressure becomes one-third of its original pressure, what will happen to the balloon volume?
Due to a decrease in external pressure the volume of the balloon should increase in volume by a factor of three.
hept
7
hepta
7
1 atm -> mm Hg
760
1 atm -> torr
760
oct
8
octa
8
non
9
nona
9
length
meters (m)
dimensional analysis
method to convert between units
scientific notation units to the RIGHT
negative exponent
anion
negatively charged ion that gained an electron
acid nomenclature
one or more H ion attached to an anion
greenhouse effect
a natural process that warms the Earth's surface
solute
a substance being dissolved
basic
pH level above 7
acid
pH level below 7
but
4
tetra
4
pent
5
penta
5
hex
6
hexa
6
1 mole
6.02 x 10^23
Why do scuba divers sometimes get the bends?
"the bends," is related to Henry's Law, which states that more gas will be dissolved in a liquid when the gas is pressurized. However, if a diver ascends too quickly, nitrogen gas bubbles will rapidly expand in body tissue rather than being exhaled
n
# of moles of the particles
avergage atomic mass
(mass of isotope 1 x % of isotope 1) + (mass of isotope 2 x % of isotope 2)
polyatomic ion
-a charged entity that has more than one element -not binary -cation 1st, anion 2nd -charges add to zero
solution
-a gas, liquid or solid evenly dispersed throughout another medium -homogeneous mixtures
type 1 ionic binary compounds
-cation with a known charge + anion with known charge -metal first -non metal suffix replaced with "ide"
type 2 ionic binary compound
-cation with a unknown charge + anion with known charge -transition metals -identify charge of anion -metal cation with a roman numeral -anion with suffix replaced with "ide"
binary compounds
-contains 2 different elements -can be ionic or covalent
oxyacids
-does have oxygen -no "hydro" -ate: ic / ite: ous
binary acids
-doesn't contain oxygen -add prefix "hydro" -add suffix "ic" -add word acid at the end
covalent binary compounds
-prefix goes before element's name to show # of atoms in that element -second element has suffix "ide" -no 'mono' before first element
limiting reactant
-reactant that runs out first in a chemical reaction -limits the amount of products that can be made
negative feedback loop
-slows down process -decreases warming
positive feedback loop
-speeds up process -increases warming
physical characteristics of gases
-takes up volume and shape of container -compressible
standard temperature and pressure
-temp: 273 kelvin -pressure: 1 atm
molarity
-the concentration of a solution -moles of solution/ liters of solution
3 greenhouse gases
-water vapor -carbon dioxide -methane
nano
.0000000001
micro
.0000001
mili
0.001
centi
0.01
deci
0.1
meth
1
mono
1
kilo
1,000
dec
10
deca
10
1 atm -> Pa
101,325
1 atm -> psi
14.7
di
2
eth
2
carbon to hydrogen ratio
2 x carbon + 2
1 mol of gas at STP
22.4 L
prop
3
tri
3
Use gas law variables to explain how your lungs work
In the process of breathing-in, our chest grows slightly and the rib cage gains in size (and volume), and so the air inside our lungs occupy a larger space (volume) and the pressure drops. Air pressure then pushes air into our lungs. This is an example of Boyle's law.
volume
L
ammonium
NH4 +1
nitrate
NO3 1-
hydroxide
OH 1-
phosphate
PO4
sulfate
SO4 2-
non metals
anions
stoichiometry
calculations based on a balanced chemical equation to determine the relative masses of reactants and products
metals
cations
kelvin -> celcius
celcius + 273
ion
charged atom
organic nomenclature
compounds that contain both carbon and hydrogen
solvent
dissolves a solute
density < 1g / mL
floats in H2O
mass
grams (g)
P
internal pressure
celcius -> kelvin
kelvin - 273
concentrated solution
large amount of solute
density
mass / volume
scientific notation units to the LEFT
positive exponent
cation
positively charged ion that lost an electron
endothermic
reactant + heat -> product
exothermic
reactant -> product + heat
time
seconds (s)
density > 1g / mL
sinks in H2O
dilute
small amount of solute
aqueous solution
solution with a water as the solvent
T
temperature of kelvins of the particle
atom
the basic unit of a chemical element
partial pressure
the pressure that a gas would exert if it were alone
equivalence statement
the relationship between two different units
avogadro's law
volume and # of moles are directly proportional
boyle's law
volume and pressure are inversely proportional
charle's law
volume and temperature are directly proportional
V
volume of the container