Chemistry Unit 1

Convert 1 angstrom into nanometers

1 angstrom = 0.1 nanometers

Dalton's atomic theory

1. All matter is made up of atoms 2. Atoms can neither be created nor destroyed 3. Atoms of the same element are identical 4. Compounds are formed through the combination of elements 5. Chemical reactions involve atoms recombining to form new substances

Bohr's quantized shell model rules

1. Electrons can only occupy certain energy levels 2. Electrons can exist in an energy level without losing energy 3. Electrons only absorb or emit energy when they change their energy levels

Why does the atomic radius increase as you move down a group?

1. the atom has more energy levels 2. the valence shell is shielded by more shells, therefore, the attraction that the nucleus (nuclear charge) has on the outer shell is weaker, causing it to be farther away from the nucleus

Problems with Rutherford's model

1. the electron would lose energy as it is orbiting the nucleus and eventually collapse into the nucleus 2. All elements create a unique, signature colour when excited

Why does the atomic radius decrease as you move from left to right in a period?

1. the nuclear charge increases while the number of energy levels do not. This allows the nucleus to have a stronger attraction on the outer shell, pulling it closer to the nucleus, which makes the atom smaller and more compact

elementary charge?

1.6 x 10e-19C (coulomb)

1 amu = ?g

1.66 x 10e-24

1 amu = ?kg

1.66 x 10e-27

When converting from left to right (larger unit to smaller unit), do you multiply by 10e+ or 10e-?

10e+

When converting from right to left (smaller unit to larger unit), do you multiply by 10e+ or 10e-?

10e-

What is the approximate diameter of an atom?

10e-10m

What is the approximate diameter of a nucleus?

10e-15m

How many cm is = to 1 in?

2.54cm = 1 in

How many grams is in 1 lb?

454 grams = 1 lb

Do cold gases produce an absorption spectrum or emission spectrum?

Absorption spectrum

Latin name of Silver

Agentium

What is a diatomic element?

An element whose natural state in a molecule of 2 atoms of the element

Latin name of Gold

Aurum Au

Group 2 elements

Beryllium Be Magnesium Mg Calcium Ca Strontium Sr Barium Ba Radium Ra

Group 13 elements

Boron B Aluminum Al Gallium Ga Indium In Thalium Tl

How were the elements arranged on the first periodic table?

By order of increasing atomic mass

Group 14 elements

Carbon C Silicon Si Germanium Ge Tin Sn Lead Pb

Latin name of Copper

Cuprum Cu

Who is considered the author of the modern periodic table?

Dmitri Mandeleev

Which elements are least electronegative?

Elements on the right side of the periodic table because they want to lose their electron(s), not gain any

Which elements are more electronegative?

Elements that "want" electrons; elements further to the right of the periodic table (except for the noble gases)

Do hot gases produce an absorption spectrum or emission spectrum?

Emission spectrum

Latin name of Iron

Ferrum Fe

How did Mandeleev choose group elements on the periodic table?

First: based on physical and chemical properties Second: based on increasing atomic mass

Group 17 elements

Fluorine F Chlorine Cl Bromine Br Iodine I Astatine St

Name the measurement units in order from largest to smallest

Gm Gigametre Mm Megametre Km Kilometre Hm Hectometre Dam Dekametre M Metre Dm Decimetre Cm Centimetre Mm Millimetre um Micrometre Nm Nanometre

What are the diatomic elements?

H Hydrogen O Oxygen Br Bromine F Fluorine I Iodine N Nitrogen Cl Chlorine

What did J.J. Thompson do?

He discovered electrons

What did chadwick do?

He discovered the neutron

What did Rutherford do?

He discovered the nucleus and the proton

Group 18 elements

Helium He Neon Ne Argon Ar Kripton Kr Xenon Xe Radon Rn

Who re-arranged the periodic table in order of increasing atomic number as opposed to increasing atomic mass?

Henry Mosely

What is the atomic mass?

How heavy the element is

Latin name of Mercury

Hydragyrum Hg

Alkaline earth metals

Ions are not soluble in water

Alkali metals

Ions are soluble in water

Who developed the first periodic table?

Julius Lothar MEYER

Latin name of Potassium

Kalium K

Group 1 elements

Lithium Li Sodium Na Potassium K Rubidium Rb Cesium Cs Francium Fr

Latin name of Sodium

Natrium Na

Group 15 elements

Nitrogen N Phosphorus P Arsenic As Antimony Sb Bismuth Bi

Are noble gases electronegative?

No, noble gases do not have electronegativities because they are stable

Group 16 elements

Oxygen O Sulfur S Selenium Se Tellurium Te Polonium Po

Latin name of Lead

Plumbum Pb

What did Democritus do?

Proposed the existence of atoms

Latin name of Tin

Stannum

Latin name of Antimony

Stibium Sb

What is electron affinity?

The amount of energy it takes to add an electron to a neutral atom, making it a -1 ion

What is ionization energy?

The amount of energy it takes to remove an electron from an atom; how tightly an element holds on to its electrons AKA how much energy it takes to make the neutral atom into a +1 ion

What is 1st ionization energy?

The amount of energy it takes to remove one electron from the atom, making it a +1 ion

What is 2nd ionization energy?

The amount of energy it takes to remove the second electron from the atom, making it a +2 ion

How does the atomic radius change within the period table?

The atomic radius increases as you move from the right of a period to the left. It also increases as you move down a group.

What was John Dalton's model

The billiard ball model

How does the electron affinity change within the periodic table?

The electron affinity increases as you move from right to left in the periodic table. It also increases as you move top to bottom in a group.

Which elements have the least ionization energy?

The elements to the left of the periodic table because they will become more stable by losing their valence electrons

Which elements have the highest ionization energy?

The elements to the right of the periodic table because they will become more stable from gaining valence electrons

How does the ionization energy change within the periodic table?

The ionization energy increases from left to right in a period. The ionization energy increases from bottom to top in a group.

What does the atomic number represent?

The number of protons

What was rutherford's model

The planetary model

What was J.J Thompson's model?

The plum pudding model

What is the atomic radius?

The radius of a neutral atom

What is the ionic radius?

The radius of an ion

What is electronegativity?

The tendency of an element to attract electrons

Electron affinity and electronegativity are practically the same.

True

Electron affinity is the opposite of ionization energy.

True

Nonmetals form covalent oxides.

True. They are acidic in aqueous solutions.

Metals form ionic oxides.

True. They are basic in aqueous solutions.

Some metals and metalloids form amphoteric oxides.

True. They can act as bases or acids in aqueous solutions.

What is the relation of mass/weight to volume and/or density?

W = V x D

Periodic Law

When elements are arranged according to increasing atomic number, properties of elements repeat in regular intervals

Latin name of Tungsten

Wolfram W

Do metalloids have properties of metals and non-metals?

Yes

Do non-metals have low boiling and melting points?

Yes

What does oxidize mean?

to lose electrons