Chemistry6

32) (Math Formula) What is the equation used to find the percent of an element in a compound?

% Element = (Total mass of element in compound / molar mass of compound) * 100

56) (Multiple Answers) Classify the formulas as empirical formulas, molecular formulas, or both: 1 - NaHCO3 2 - C2H6

1 - both 2 - molecular

116) (Multiple Answers) Determine if it's a physical or chemical change: 1 - Paper is shredded 2 - An egg is fried 3 - Wood is burned 4 - Dry ice (solid carbon dioxide) vaporizes to form carbon dioxide gas 5 - Newspaper yellows in the sun 6 - Wax melts on a hot stove 7 - Copper conducts heat well 8 - Alcohol has a sweet odor

1 - physical 2 - chemical 3 - chemical 4 - physical 5 - chemical 6 - physical 7 - physical 8 - physical

141) Which compound contains only nonpolar covalent bonds? A - O2 B - CO2 C - H2 D - NO3

A - O2

15) (Vocab) A description of the relative reactivity of elements (Li > K > Ba > Sr > Ca > Na > Mg > Al > Mn > Zn > Cr > Fe > Cd > Co > Ni > Sn > Pb > H > Sb > Bi > Cu > Ag > Pd > Hg > Pt > Au) (F2 > Cl2 > Br2 > I2)

Activity Series

177) (Vocab) Negatively charged particles (typically nonmetals)

Anions

94) (Vocab) A transition from liquid phase to vapor phase

Boiling

45) (Vocab) The electrons shared between two atoms joined in a covalent bond

Bonding electrons

102) Which statement is true about a polyatomic ion? A - It forms metallic bonds with other ions B - It forms covalent bonds with other ions C - It is made of atoms that are covalently bonded together D - It has a charge that is distributed over part of the entire unit

C - It is made of atoms that are covalently bonded together

3) Which type of bond will most likely be found in HBr? A - an ionic bond B - a metallic bond C - a polar covalent bond D - a nonpolar covalent bond

C - a polar covalent bond

178) (Vocab) The spread of particles through random motion from regions of high to low concentration

Diffusion

58) (Vocab) A property dependent only on a substance's identity and not on the amount of sample present

Intensive property

67) (Vocab) The energy associated with movement

Kinetic energy

198) (Vocab) The energy released when gas-phase ions combine to form crystals; the change in enthalpy occurs when gaseous ions condense to form one mole of an ionic solid

Lattice energy

118) (Vocab) The ability to be reshaped by the application of physical force

Malleability

192) (Vocab) A thing or substance that has mass and occupies space

Matter

43) (Vocab) The true ratio of atoms in a molecule or formula unit

Molecular formula

41) (Vocab) The tendency of a substance to interact with other substances to from new substances

Reactivity

91) (Vocab) A condition that results when two or more Lewis structures can be drawn from a molecular formula; the actual structure is a blend of the ______ structures

Resonance structures

113) (Vocab) A transition directly from solid phase to vapor phase

Sublimation

126) (Vocab) The property of a surface of a liquid that allows it to resist an external force

Surface tension

193) (Vocab) A compound that reduces the repulsion (tension) between two liquids, or a liquid and a solid, or a liquid and air

Surfactant

112) (Vocab) A term describing a temperature equal to that of the surroundings

Thermal equilibrium

175) (Vocab) The degree to which light can pass through a substance

Transparency

156) (Multiple Answers) Which statements describe phase changes? a - Particles in a liquid need to move more slowly in order to freeze b - Attractive forces overcome the motion of particles when a solid sublimes c - Attractive forces between the particles in a liquid are broken when a liquid melts d - Particles in a gas move fast enough to make more attractive forces when the gas condenses

a - Particles in a liquid need to move more slowly in order to freeze c - Attractive forces between the particles in a liquid are broken when a liquid melts

169) (Vocab) A solid matter whose particles are arranged in a nonuniform pattern

amorphous solid

147) (/) Water vapor in the air becomes tiny liquid droplets that form fog. The water is (condensing/depositing/freezing)

condensing

148) (/) In a very cold cryogenic freezer, solid oxygen forms on the walls from the oxygen gas in the air. The oxygen is (condensing/depositing/freezing)

depositing

146) (/) Liquid gold is poured into molds and cools to become solid bars. The gold is (depositing/freezing/melting)

freezing

185) (/) Ionic compounds tend to be (hard/soft/bendable)

hard

2) (Vocab) A regular arrangement of particles (atoms, ions, or molecules)

lattice

132) (/) Particles in a plasma experience (more/fewer) collisions than particles in solid

more

24) (Math Formula) How to calculate Empirical Formula from Percent Composition: 1 - assume ______ g of the compound 2 - calculate the ______ of each element in the sample 3 - calculate the number of moles in each ______ present 4 - calculate the ______ ______ of elements present 5 - write the ______ formula

1 - 100 2 - mass 3 - element 4 - mole ratio 5 - empirical

173) Using the periodic table, what is the molar mass of calcium nitrate (Ca(NO3)2)?

164.10 g/mol

47) Which substance most likely has the highest boiling point? A - calcium chloride (CaCl2), an ionic compound B - methanol (CH3OH), a polar covalent compound C - carbon tetrachloride (CCl4), a nonpolar covalent compound

A - calcium chloride (CaCl2), an ionic compound

68) A container with a specific volume "V" changes to "2V." What happens to the average distance between gas molecules? Assume that pressure and temperature of the gas remain constant. A - Decrease B - Increase C - Expand indefinitely D - There is not enough information to tell

B - Increase

88) Which is an example of plasmas in nature? A - solar cells B - plasma balls C - auroras D - clouds

C - auroras

189) Which leads to the formation of an ionic bond with Hg2^2+? A - The attraction of a noble gas B - The attraction of an NH4^+ ion C - The attraction of a group 1 element D - The attraction of an SO4^2- ion

D - The attraction of an SO4^2- ion

104) Which term best describes the role of hydrogen gas in the formation of a water molecule? A - catalyst B - inhibitor C - product D - reactant

D - reactant

66) (Vocab) The movement of a gas through a small opening into a larger volume

Effusion

117) (Vocab) The tendency to ignite or burn in air

Flammability

128) (Vocab) A transition from solid phase to liquid phase

Melting

101) (Vocab) The valence electrons in an atom that do not participate in bonding with another atom

Nonbonding electrons

49) (Vocab) The percent by mass of each element that makes up a compound

Percent composition

63) (Vocab) A substance that enters into a chemical reaction

Reactant

46) (Multiple Answers) Identify the correct mole ratio for each substance: 1 - Sodium chloride (NaCl) Na:Cl = ______ 2 - Ammonium nitrate (NH4NO3) H:O = ______ 3 - Calcium bicarbonate (Ca(HCO3)2) Ca:H:C:O = ______ 4 - Lithium sulfide (Li2S) Li:S = ______

1 - 1:1 2 - 4:3 3 - 1:2:2:6 4 - 2:1

14) (Multiple Answers) Use the periodic table to find the molar mass of the following elements: 1 - Sodium (Na): ______ g/mol 2 - Oxygen (O): ______ g/mol 3 - Carbon (C): ______ g/mol

1 - 22.99 2 - 16.00 3 - 12.01

13) (Multiple Answers) Identify the strongest intermolecular force that is likely to affect the samples (hydrogen bonding/ dipole-dipole interactions/ dipole-induced dipole interactions/ London dispersion forces) 1 - A mixture of chlorine gas (Cl2) and fluorine gas (F2) 2 - A mixture of hydrogen sulfide (H2S) and hydrogen chloride HCl) 3 - A mixture of water (H2O) and ammonia (NH3)

1 - London dispersion forces 2 - dipole-dipole interactions 3 - hydrogen bonding

130) (Multiple Answers) Identify which properties could correspond to solids, plasmas, or both. 1 - ______ maintain a unique shape 2 - ______ particles collide infrequently with other particles 3 - ______ particles have very high velocities 4 - ______ can conduct electricity 5 - ______ contain protons 6 - ______ typically have a low temperature 7 - ______ structure has long-range order

1 - Solids 2 - Plasma 3 - Plasma 4 - Both 5 - Both 6 - Solids 7 - Solid

1) (Math Formula) Molecular Formula from Masses of Elements and Molar Mass: 1 - calculate the number of moles in each ______ 2 - calculate the mole ratio and determine the ______ formula 3 - calculate the empirical ______ ______ 4 - ______ the molar mass by the empirical mass to determine the molecular formula

1 - element 2 - empirical 3 - molar mass 4 - divide

105) Use the periodic table to identify the number of valence electrons available for bonding for each of the following elements: 1 - C 2 - H 3 - N 4 - O 5 - P 6 - Cl

1 - four 2 - one 3 - five 4 - six 5 - five 6 - seven

33) (Math Formula) Molecular Formula from Empirical Formula and Molar Mass: 1 - calculate the ______ ______ of the empirical formula 2 - ______ the given molar mass by the empirical molar mass 3 - ______ the mole ratio of the empirical formula by the resulting value

1 - molar mass 2 - divide 3 - multiply

97) (Multiple Answers) Use the periodic table to identify if the bonds are polar or nonpolar. 1 - C - Cl 2 - Br - Br 3 - N - O 4 - P - Cl

1 - polar 2 - nonpolar 3 - nonpolar 4 - polar

72) Identify the role (product/ reactant) of each substance participating in the reaction: methane + oxygen -> carbon dioxide + water 1 - carbon dioxide: 2 - methane: 3 - oxygen 4 - water

1 - product 2 - reactant 3 - reactant 4 - product

150) (Multiple Answers) Select which gas most likely has the highest rate of effusion: 1) Oxygen (O2) or Hydrogen (H2) 2) Methane (CH4) or Carbon Tetrachloride (CCl4) 3) Nitrogen (N2) or Ammonia (NH3) 4) Fluorine (F2) or Chlorine (Cl2)

1) Hydrogen (H2) 2) Methane (CH4) 3) Ammonia (NH3) 4) Fluorine (F2)

86) 1) Occur between polar molecules 2) Occur in all substances, but are most important in nonpolar substances 3) Electrostatic interactions between partially charged regions of a molecule 4) Occur between polar and non-polar molecules 5) Electrostatic attraction between a hydrogen atom and a highly electronegative atom The answers can be: a - dipole-dipole interactions b - dipole-induced dipole interactions c - London dispersion forces d - hydrogen bond e - van der Waals forces

1) a - dipole-dipole interactions 2) c - London dispersion forces 3) e - van der Waals forces 4) b - dipole-induced dipole interactions 5) d - hydrogen bond

73) Select the indicators of the chemical reactions. 1) Meat cooking 2) Fireworks exploding The answers can be: a - gas formation b - color change c - light emission

1) a - gas formation, b - color change 2) a - gas formation, b - color change, c - light emission

62) (Multiple answers) 1) Substances absorb energy when they: 2) Substances release energy when they The answers can be: a - melt b - deposit c - sublime d - boil e - freeze f - condense

1) a - melt, d - boil, c - sublime 2) b - deposit, e - freeze, f - condense

176) (Multiple Answers) Which are intensive and which are extensive? 1) Malleability 2) Length 3) Hardness 4) Volume

1) intensive 2) extensive 3) intensive 4) extensive

103) During an experiment, Mr. Lehman tells his students to be alert for signs that an endothermic reaction is happening. Which of the following scenarios would his students MOST LIKELY observe? A - A test tube becomes cool to the touch B - A liquid appears to glow C - A new odor comes from a beaker D - A solid forms from a mixture of solutions

A - A test tube becomes cool to the touch

110) Which BEST describes the energy change that takes place during deposition? A - Heat energy is released by the substance B - Heat energy is maintained by the substance C - Heat energy is slowly gained by the substance D - Heat energy is quickly absorbed by the substance

A - Heat energy is released by the substance

53) Which statement best describes how an ionic bond forms? A - The transfer of electrons forms strong bonds between ions B - The sharing of electrons forms strong bonds between ions C - The transfer of electrons results in attractive forces between molecules D - The sharing of electrons results in attractive forces between molecules

A - The transfer of electrons forms strong bonds between ions

135) A group of students are wandering around a room. When their teacher claps, they sit down wherever they are. This situation BEST models the formation of which type of solid? A - an amorphous solid because the particles do not have a regular structure B - an amorphous solid because the motion of particles stopped C - a crystalline solid because the moving particles lock into fixed positions D - a crystalline solid because the particles have a long-range order

A - an amorphous solid because the particles do not have a regular structure

151) Which of these changes most likely results in an increase in the volume of a gas? A - decreasing the pressure on the gas B - cooling the gas C - removing some of the gas from the sample

A - decreasing the pressure on the gas

166) Which is an intensive property of a substance? A - density B - volume C - length D - mass

A - density

124) Which sequence represents the relationship between temperature and volume as explained by the kinetic-molecular theory? A - higher temperature -> more kinetic energy -> more space between particles -> higher volume B - higher temperature -> less kinetic energy -> less space between particles -> higher volume C - higher temperature -> more kinetic energy -> less space between particles -> lower volume D - higher temperature -> less kinetic energy -> more space between particles -> lower volume

A - higher temperature -> more kinetic energy -> more space between particles -> higher volume

79) Which term best describes liquid behavior under pressure? A - incompressible B - compressed C - immiscible D - surfactant

A - incompressible

107) According to the kinetic-molecular theory, the collision between two ideal gas particles is a result of: A - neither attraction nor repulsion B - repulsion from the wall of the container C - repulsion from other gas particles D - attraction between the two particles

A - neither attraction nor repulsion

197) Which of these is an example of a physical change? A - sugar dissolving in warm water B - iron rusting in the presence of moist air C - wood burning in the presence of oxygen D - baking soda reacting with acid to form a gas

A - sugar dissolving in warm water

172) Which term best describes the substances that cause oil and water molecules in salad dressing to interact and mix? A - surfactants B - miscible liquids C - immiscible liquids D - compressed molecules

A - surfactants

18) In which type of chemical reaction do two or more substances combine to form one substance? A - synthesis B - decomposition C - single replacement D - double replacement

A - synthesis

155) The repeating subunits that are responsible for the shape of a crystal are known as A - unit cells B - heavy nuclei C - light electrons D - amorphous cells

A - unit cells

157) If a sample contains 21.2gN, how many moles of N does it contain? A - 0.66 mol B - 1.51 mol C - 14.01 mol D - 297.01 mol

B - 1.51 mol

84) Which statement BEST describes the collisions of gas particles according to the kinetic-molecular theory? A - When particles pass close enough to one another, their attractions pull them together, and they bounce apart with no gain or loss of energy B - As particles travel in straight lines, their paths sometimes meet, and they bounce apart with no gain or loss of energy C - When particles pass close enough together, their attractions pull them together, and they bounce apart with a loss of energy D - As particles travel in straight lines, their paths sometimes meet, and then they bounce apart with a loss of energy

B - As particles travel in straight lines, their paths sometimes meet, and they bounce apart with no gain or loss of energy

194) Which of these observations are NOT explained by the kinetic-molecular theory? A - When a gas is heated, it expands B - At very low temperatures, gases expand less for a given pressure change than they do at high temperatures C - If the volume of a gas decreases, its pressure increases at constant temperature D - When a gas is added to a rigid container, the pressure inside the container increases

B - At very low temperatures, gases expand less for a given pressure change than they do at high temperatures

138) Which statement describes a chemical reaction? A - Atoms in the products are rearranged to form new substances B - Atoms in the reactants and rearranged to form new substances C - Atoms in the products change into new atoms to form new substances D - Atoms in the reactants change into new atoms to form new substances

B - Atoms in the reactants and rearranged to form new substances

85) ICl has a higher boiling point than Br2. What is the BEST explanation for this? A - Br2 experiences dipole-dipole interactions B - ICl experience dipole-dipole interactions C - Br2 forms hydrogen bonds D - ICl experiences induced dipole-interactions

B - ICl experience dipole-dipole interactions

98) Which statement describes a physical property of copper? A - It reacts with strong acids B - It can be reshaped by a force C - It ignites at high temperatures D - It can combine with oxygen

B - It can be reshaped by a force

69) A sample of a gas is placed inside a cylinder that is a fixed size. The cylinder is heated as additional gas is added to it. What will most likely happen to the pressure of the gas inside the cylinder? A - It will decrease B - It will increase C - It will not change

B - It will increase

187) Which pair of elements will form an ionic bond? A - N and O B - K and Br C - C and Cl D - Fe and Ni

B - K and Br

163) Which forces involve nonpolar molecules? A - hydrogen bonds and London dispersion forces B - London dispersion forces and dipole-induced dipole forces C - dipole-dipole forces and hydrogen bonds D - dipole-induced dipole forces and dipole-dipole forces

B - London dispersion forces and dipole-induced dipole forces

159) Are hydrogen bonds formed between all molecules? A - No because hydrogen can only form these bonds with oxygen atoms B - No because hydrogen can only form these bonds with highly electronegative atoms C - Yes because hydrogen can easily form bonds with atoms that have a neutral charge D - Yes because hydrogen can form these bonds with weakly electronegative atoms

B - No because hydrogen can only form these bonds with highly electronegative atoms

93) How does the motion of particles in the sun's plasma compare to the motion of particles in a solid? A - Particles in both the plasma and a solid move around to fill available spaces B - Particles in the plasma move around randomly, but particles in a solid vibrate in one place C - Particles in the plasma have low kinetic energy, but particles in a solid have high kinetic energy D - Particles in both the plasma and a solid are made up of fast-moving electrons and cations

B - Particles in the plasma move around randomly, but particles in a solid vibrate in one place

144) Which statement about covalent compounds is true? A - They are able to melt at high temperatures B - They are poor conductors of heat C - They have strong intermolecular attractions D - They have atomic bonds that are easy to break

B - They are poor conductors of heat

74) A graph of gas pressure versus the number of particles in a container is a straight line. Which other relationship will have a similar graph? A - Volume versus pressure, because they are directly proportional B - Volume versus temperature, because they are also directly proportional C - Volume versus pressure, because they are inversely proportional D - Volume versus temperature, because they are also inversely proportional

B - Volume versus temperature, because they are also directly proportional

140) Using the periodic table, which element has the fewest valence electrons available for bonding? A - iodine B - aluminum C - carbon D - nitrogen

B - aluminum

4) Which type of chemical reaction occurs in C6H12 + 9O2 -> 6CO2 + 6H2O? A - synthesis B - combustion C - single replacement D - double replacement

B - combustion

16) A ______ reaction occurs when one compound reacts and is broken down into different elements or simpler compounds. A - combustion B - decomposition C - single replacement D - synthesis

B - decomposition

9) Which substance would you most likely need to cool to the lowest temperature before it condenses? A - ammonia (NH3), a polar covalent compound B - ethane (C2H6), a nonpolar covalent compound C - potassium bromide (KBr), an ionic compounds

B - ethane (C2H6), a nonpolar covalent compound

108) If gas particles start colliding with the walls of their metallic container with increased force, what is their direct effect? A - lower gas pressure B - higher gas pressure C - lower volume of gas D - higher volume of gas

B - higher gas pressure

181) Liquids and solids are referred to as "condensed phases" because of the attractive forces: A - cause molecules to become stationary B - leave little space between the molecules C - create large spaces between the molecules D - that hold the molecule together are negligible

B - leave little space between the molecules

7) Which molecules would most likely cause a liquid to have the lowest viscosity? A - large, polar molecules B - small, nonpolar molecules C - small, polar molecules D - large, nonpolar molecules

B - small, nonpolar molecules

199) What is produced on the top of a pool of water by the mutual attraction between water molecules? A - surfactant B - surface tension C - a much smaller volume D - a much higher density

B - surface tension

39) Which equation obeys the law of conservation of mass? A - H2(g) + O2(g) -> H2O(g) B - H2(g) + O2(g) -> H2O(g) + 4He(g) C - 2H2(g) + O2(g) -> 2H2O(g) D - H2(g) -> H2O(g) H2(g) + O2(g) -> 2H2O(g)

C - 2H2(g) + O2(g) -> 2H2O(g)

182) A chromate ion consists of four oxygen atoms bonded to a chromium atom. It has two extra electrons. The formula of this ion: A - Cr4O^2- B - CrO4^2+ C - CrO4^2-

C - CrO4^2-

174) Which statement best describes the appearance of a temperature-vs.-time graph? A - A horizontal line shows that the temperature increases at a constant rate over time B - A vertical line shows that the temperature decreases at a constant rate over time C - Horizontal lines where the temperature is constant during phase changes connect upward-sloping lines where the temperature increases D - Horizontal lines where the temperature increases are connect by upward-sloping lines where the temperature is constant for each phase

C - Horizontal lines where the temperature is constant during phase changes connect upward-sloping lines where the temperature increases

48) Temperature depends on the average kinetic energy of the particles in a sample. How does this help explain why a plasma-based light does not have a high temperature? A - No particles in the plasma have high kinetic energy B - The fastest particles have the greatest mass C - Most particles in the plasma are heavy, slow, and very low density D - The fastest particles transfer most of their energy through collisions

C - Most particles in the plasma are heavy, slow, and very low density

71) Which BEST explains why a crystal in incompressible? A - Its molecules remain in position without vibrating B - The molecules of a crystal behave like those of a gas C - There is little, if any, space left between its adjacent molecules D - Its molecules switch positions when they are compressed

C - There is little, if any, space left between its adjacent molecules

87) Which statement is true about ionic compounds? A - They are made up of many large molecules that are bonded together B - They are made up of atoms of only one type of element C - They are made up of particles that are arranged in a repeating pattern D - They are made up of a random ratio of elements that are bonded together

C - They are made up of particles that are arranged in a repeating pattern

171) Glycerol boils at a higher temperature than water. What does this say about the attractive forces of glycerol? A - They are nonexistent B - They a re the same as those in water C - They are stronger than those in water D - They are weaker than those in water

C - They are stronger than those in water

121) Two different liquids are mixed together. Which observation indicates that an exothermic chemical reaction has taken place? A - an increase in volume B - a decrease in volume C - a rise in temperature D - a drop in temperature

C - a rise in temperature

122) Burning a piece of wood can be best described as a: A - chemical change because the atoms in wood change their state B - physical change because the atoms in wood are turned into a gaseous product C - chemical change because the atoms in wood and oxygen are rearranged D - physical change because the atoms in wood are turned into black ash

C - chemical change because the atoms in wood and oxygen are rearranged

165) Which of these is an example of investigating an intensive property? A - weighing sand in a bag B - measuring the length of wire C - determining if the rock is magnetic D - recording the volume of water in a cylinder

C - determining if the rock is magnetic

162) When a polar molecule causes a charge redistribution in a nonpolar molecule, what are the molecules of the mixture MOST LIKELY experiencing? A - dipole-dipole interactions B - nonpolar-nonpolar interactions C - dipole-induced dipole interactions D - induced dipole-induced dipole interactions

C - dipole-induced dipole interactions

64) Which state of matter is characterized by ionized particles, no definite shape or volume, and good electrical conductivity? A - gas B - liquid C - plasma D - solid

C - plasma

195) Which of these is a chemical property of a substance? A - texture B - ductility C - reactivity D - conductivity

C - reactivity

129) Among these processes, which is the slowest chemical reaction? A - digesting food B - boiling an egg C - tarnishing of silver D - melting of a glacier

C - tarnishing of silver

35) (Vocab) Positively charged particles (typically metals)

Cations

153) (Vocab) A change in the identity and properties of matter

Chemical change

28) (Vocab) A group of chemical formulas and symbols that represent the reactants and products in a chemical reaction

Chemical equation

111) (Vocab) A characteristic of a substance that is observable only when the substance interacts with another substance

Chemical property

30) (Vocab) A process that changes one or more reactants into one or more products

Chemical reaction

23) (Vocab) A reaction of a substance with oxygen

Combustion

95) (Vocab) A transition from vapor phase to liquid phase

Condensing

114) (Vocab) The ability to transfer heat or electric current

Conductivity

76) (Vocab) A solid in which the particles are arranged in a repeating, regular pattern

Crystal

80) (Vocab) A solid in which the particles are arranged in a regular, repeating pattern

Crystal

60) (Vocab) A three-dimensional structure of points that represents the alternating patterns of atoms or ions in a crystal

Crystal lattice

142) Which compound is an exception to the octet rule? A - H2O B - HCl C - CCl4 D - CIF3

D - CIF3

139) Using the periodic table, which element has the greatest number of valence electrons available for bonding? A - Selenium B - Boron C - Calcium D - Chlorine

D - Chlorine

83) Which step will decrease the pressure of a gas inside a closed cubical container? A - Increasing the number of moles of gas B - Decreasing the volume of the container C - Increasing the speed of the gas particles D - Decreasing the temperature inside the container

D - Decreasing the temperature inside the container

154) Which energy change occurs during boiling? A - Some heat energy of the substance is lost B - Heat energy of the substance remains the same C - Most heat energy of the substance is lost D - Heat energy is absorbed by the substance

D - Heat energy is absorbed by the substance

123) Which statement about a chemical reaction is true? A - It occurs only at low temperatures B - It occurs only at high temperatures C - It occurs whenever a physical change takes place D - It occurs whenever a chemical change takes place

D - It occurs whenever a chemical change takes place

188) Which pair of ions can from an ionic bond with each other and why? A - Cu+ and Ag+; they are both metal ions B - S^2- and O^2-; they have like charges C - Br- and At-; they are both halogen ions D - Li+ and Br-; they have unlike charges

D - Li+ and Br-; they have unlike charges

143) What is the BEST reason for the difference in the properties of LiCl and C6H14O? A - LiCl and C6H14O have different atomic masses B - Cl and O belong to different groups of the periodic table C - One compound is ionic, and the other is metallic D - One compound is covalent, and the other is ionic

D - One compound is covalent, and the other is ionic

168) Substance X has a fixed volume, and the attraction between its particles in strong. Substance Y has widely spread out particles and can be compressed. What is MOST LIKELY to be concluded about these substances? A - Substance X is a crystal, and substance Y is a liquid B - Substance X is a gas, and substance Y is a plasma C - Substance X is a plasma, and substance Y is a crystal D - Substance X is a solid, and substance Y is a plasma

D - Substance X is a solid, and substance Y is a plasma

137) Which statement describes how phase changes can be diagrammed as a substance is heated? A - The phase is on the y-axis and the temperature is on the x-axis B - The temperature is on the y-axis and the phase is on the x-axis C - The time is on the y-axis and the temperature is on the x-axis D - The temperature is on the y-axis and the time is on the x-axis

D - The temperature is on the y-axis and the time is on the x-axis

158) Consider calcium nitrate, Ca(NO3)2. Choose the best explanation for the subscript, 2, from the list provided. A - There are two atoms of oxygen B - There are two atoms of nitrogen C - There are two nitrogen atoms and five oxygen atoms D - There are two nitrate ions

D - There are two nitrate ions

106) Which statement about gases is true? A - They are made up of particles that always move very slowly B - They are made up of particles that travel in a curved path when in motion C - They are made up of hard spheres that vibrate quickly in stationary positions D - They are made up of hard spheres that are in random motion

D - They are made up of hard spheres that are in random motion

164) Which postulate of the kinetic-molecular theory applies to the particles of a liquid? A - They do not move freely but vibrate in a stationary position B - They can be compressed, which causes a large change in volume C - They have so much kinetic energy that their intermolecular forces are negligible D - They have enough kinetic energy to easily slide by each other

D - They have enough kinetic energy to easily slide by each other

170) The particles in water have less mobility than the particles in oxygen. Which statement BEST explains this observation? A - Water is always colder than oxygen B - Water has a lower density than oxygen C - Water particles have a greater kinetic energy D - Water particles have strong intermolecular forces

D - Water particles have strong intermolecular forces

12) Substances X and Y are both nonpolar. If the volatility is higher than that of Y, what is the best explanation? A - X's molecules experience stronger dipole-dipole forces than Y's molecules B - Y's molecules experience stronger dipole-dipole forces than X's molecules C - X's molecules experience stronger London dispersion forces than Y's molecules D - Y's molecules experience stronger London dispersion forces than X's molecules

D - Y's molecules experience stronger London dispersion forces than X's molecules

77) Which is an example of a chemical change? A - water evaporating from a puddle B - cloth tearing when pulled C - wood forming saw dust when cut D - bread baking in an oven

D - bread baking in an oven

17) 2NaCl(aq) + CuSO4(aq) -> Na2SO4(aq) + CuCl2(s) This equation represents a: A - synthesis reaction B - decomposition reaction C - single replacement reaction D - double replacement reaction

D - double replacement reaction

200) Melting can be BEST described as a process in which molecules: A - lose kinetic energy and move slowly B - lose kinetic energy and remain stationary C - gain kinetic energy and escape into the atmosphere D - gain enough kinetic energy to get past each other

D - gain enough kinetic energy to get past each other

161) In comparison to molecules that interact by London dispersion forces only, the melting point of similar-sized molecules forming hydrogen bonds would MOST LIKELY be A - about the same B - unpredictable C - lower D - higher

D - higher

180) Which of these is an example of a physical change? A - a banana ripening in the air B - hydrogen burning in the air C - zinc reacting with an acid D - liquid water turning into vapor

D - liquid water turning into vapor

136) Which low-energy state of condensed matter is characterized by structural rigidity and resistance to changes of shape or volume? A - gas B - liquid C - plasma D - solid

D - solid

109) A solid substance turns directly into a gas. Which term describes this change? A - deposition B - evaporation C - melting D - sublimation

D - sublimation

65) Which description best characterizes the motion of particles in a solid? A - slow but able to move past one another B - fast and widely spread C - not moving D - vibrating around fixed positions

D - vibrating around fixed positions

22) (Vocab) A reaction in which a single compound breaks down to form two or more new substances (AB -> A + B)

Decomposition

8) (Vocab) A transition directly from vapor phase to solid phase

Deposition

125) (Vocab) To integrate a solid, liquid, or gas into a host liquid (solvent)

Dissolve

61) (Vocab) A type of covalent bond involving two pairs of electrons shared between two atoms

Double bond

21) (Vocab) A reaction in which two ionic compounds exchange ions to form new products (AB + CD -> AD + CB)

Double replacement

42) (Vocab) The simplest whole-number ratio of atoms in a molecule or formula unit

Empirical formula

190) (Vocab) A chemical reaction that absorbs energy

Endothermic reaction

191) (Vocab) A chemical reaction that releases energy

Exothermic reaction

55) (Vocab) A condition of some atoms having empty d-orbitals that can be used for bonding, allowing for more than eight valence electrons to be involved in bonding

Expanded octet

115) (Vocab) A property dependent on the amount of sample present

Extensive property

31) (Vocab) An electrically neutral group of ions joined by ionic bonds; the smallest unit of an ionic compound

Formula unit

96) (Vocab) An electrically neutral group of ions joined by ionic bonds; the smallest unit of an ionic compound

Formula unit

127) (Vocab) A transition from liquid phase to solid phase

Freezing

145) (Vocab) The attractive interaction of a hydrogen atom with an electronegative atom

Hydrogen bond

196) (Vocab) A theoretical gas composed of random, non-interacting point particles

Ideal gas

152) (Vocab) Referring to two liquids separating when mixed

Immiscible

52) (Vocab) The attractive or repulsive forces that act between molecules in a substance

Intermolecular forces

25) (Vocab) The forces that hold a molecule together

Intramolecular forces

75) (Vocab) A bond resulting from the attraction between oppositely charged ions

Ionic bond

27) (Vocab) A theory that describes gases as a large number of constantly and randomly moving particles (atoms/molecules) that collide with one another and with the walls of the container

Kinetic-molecular theory

10) (Vocab) The van der Waals forces that cause molecules to move apart in the absence of any other intermolecular forces

London dispersion forces

57) (Vocab) A term for an arrangement of particles in which the particles are ordered over many multiples of the average particle diameter

Long-range order

5) (Vocab) Referring to a solid, liquid, or gas becoming integrated into a host liquid (solvent)

Miscible

133) (/) Based on their state of matter alone, is it easier to speak of the shape of the Sun or Moon? (Sun/Moon)

Moon

54) (Vocab) A bond characterized by the equal sharing of bonding electrons between two atoms

Nonpolar bond

89) (Vocab) The general principle that atoms of nonmetals tend to be most stable when their valence shells are filled with eight electrons

Octet rule

119) (Vocab) A change in one or more physical properties of a substance but not in the identity of the substance

Physical change

120) (Vocab) A characteristic of a substance that can be observed without changing the identity of the substance

Physical property

81) (Vocab) A high-energy state of matter characterized by ionized particles

Plasma

100) (Vocab) A bond characterized by bonding electrons having greater association with one atom than another atom

Polar bond

44) (Vocab) An ion that is made up of two or more atoms bonded together, acts as a single unit, and has an overall electric charge

Polyatomic ion

50) (Vocab) A solid substance that does not dissolve in a solution

Precipitate

78) (Vocab) A substance formed as a result of a chemical reaction

Product

99) (Vocab) A type of bond formed from the overlap of s, p, or d orbitals of one atom with s, p, or d orbitals of another atom to allow the atoms to share two electrons

Sigma bond

37) (Vocab) A type of covalent bond involving one pair of electrons shared between two electrons

Single bond

20) (Vocab) A reaction in which one ion displaces another to form a new compound (A + BC -> AC + B)

Single replacement

51) (Vocab) A low-energy state of condensed matter characterized by structural rigidity and resistance to changes of shape or volume

Solid

19) (Vocab) A reaction in which two or more reactants combine to form a single product (A + B -> AB)

Synthesis

92) (Vocab) A type of covalent bond involving three pairs of electrons shared between two atoms

Triple bond

59) (Vocab) The pressure exerted by the gas in equilibrium with a pure liquid at a given temperature

Vapor pressure

160) (Vocab) The thickness of resistance to flow of a liquid

Viscosity

70) (Multiple Answers) Which are examples of diffusion? a - A teacher takes the cap off a permanent marker. A few minutes later, students at the back of the classroom complain about the odor of the marker. b - A cooking school student burns a piece of toast. Soon, the entire kitchen smells like burnt toast. c - An inflated balloon shrinks when it is placed in a cold freezer. d - Toxic fumes produced by a chemical factory are detected in the air in a town several miles away. e - Heating a flexible container filled with gas causes it to expand.

a - A teacher takes the cap off a permanent marker. A few minutes later, students at the back of the classroom complain about the odor of the marker. b - A cooking school student burns a piece of toast. Soon, the entire kitchen smells like burnt toast. d - Toxic fumes produced by a chemical factory are detected in the air in a town several miles away.

26) (Multiple Answers) Which of the following aspects of the kinetic-molecular theory explain why a plasma-based light doesn't get unbearably hot? a - Particles exchange energy through elastic collisions b - All particles are in constant random motion c - Particles are small d - except during collisions, interactions between particles are negligible e - Temperature depends only on the average kinetic energy of the particles

a - Particles exchange energy through elastic collisions b - All particles are in constant random motion d - except during collisions, interactions between particles are negligible e - Temperature depends only on the average kinetic energy of the particles

82) (Multiple Answers) Which of these statements are consistent with the kinetic-molecular theory? a - The moles in water at 100°C have more kinetic energy than the molecules in water at 0°C b - As a solid is heated, its particles absorb thermal energy and move more slowly c - The carbon atoms in a diamond vibrate back and forth in place d - The particles of matter in the sun are in constant random motion e - If you super heat a gas, its particles eventually stop moving completely

a - The moles in water at 100°C have more kinetic energy than the molecules in water at 0°C c - The carbon atoms in a diamond vibrate back and forth in place d - The particles of matter in the sun are in constant random motion

40) (Multiple Answers) What do the symbols (supposed to be above the arrows) tell you about the conditions of the reactions? 1) 3H2(g) + N2(g) 450°C(above the arrow) -> 2NH2(g) 2) 2SO2(g) + O2(g) v2o5(above the arrow) -> 2SO3(g) a - The products and reactants of both reactions are gases b - Reaction 1 occurs at high pressure c - Reaction 2 makes a small amount of an additional product d - A catalyst is used for reaction 2

a - The products and reactants of both reactions are gases d - A catalyst is used for reaction 2

38) (Multiple Answers) Which three are correct about the behavior of an ideal gas? a - gas particles behave like hard spheres b - gas particles travel randomly c - gas particles are attracted to each other d - energy is lost when particles collide e - average kinetic energy of a collection of gas particles depends on the temperature f - gas particles occupy most of the space within a container g - gas particles have mass and volume

a - gas particles behave like hard spheres b - gas particles travel randomly e - average kinetic energy of a collection of gas particles depends on the temperature

179) (Multiple Answers) How and why do ionic bonds form? a - Ionic bonds form between metal atoms and other metal atoms b - Ionic bonds form between metal atoms and nonmetal atoms c - The more electronegative atoms transfer one or more electrons to the less electronegative atom d - The less electronegative atom transfer one or more electrons to the more electronegative atom e - The metal atom forms a cation and the nonmetal atom forms an anion f - The attraction between ions with the same charge forms an ionic bond g - The attraction between ions with an opposite charge forms an ionic bond

b - Ionic bonds form between metal atoms and nonmetal atoms d - The less electronegative atom transfer one or more electrons to the more electronegative atom e - The metal atom forms a cation and the nonmetal atom forms an anion g - The attraction between ions with an opposite charge forms an ionic bond

36) (Multiple Answers) Which statements describe lattice energy? a - It is the energy the ions absorb when they form a crystalline compound b - It increases as the size of the ions decreases c - It increases as the charge on the ions increases d - It explains why ions form molecules e - It is a measure of the strength of the bonds between ions in a compound

b - It increases as the size of the ions decreases c - It increases as the charge on the ions increases e - It is a measure of the strength of the bonds between ions in a compound

34) (Multiple Answers) Which of the following happens during a chemical change? a - One atom or more changes into atoms of another element b - New substances with different properties are formed c - Solids, liquids, or gases may form d - Reaction mixtures always give off some heat e - Reaction mixtures always need to be heated

b - New substances with different properties are formed c - Solids, liquids, or gases may form

11) (Multiple Answers) According to the kinetic-molecular theory, which of the following would NOT be considered an ideal gas? a - a gas at very high temperatures, when gas particles are moving very quickly b - a gas at very low volumes, when gas particles are very close together c - a gas at very low temperatures, when gas particles have very little kinetic energy d - a gas at very low pressures, when gas particles are very far apart e - a gas with highly polar molecules that have very strong intermolecular forces

b - a gas at very low volumes, when gas particles are very close together c - a gas at very low temperatures, when gas particles have very little kinetic energy e - a gas with highly polar molecules that have very strong intermolecular forces

167) (Multiple answers) Energy is released during which phases? a - boiling b - condensing c - depositing d - freezing e - melting f - subliming

b - condensing c - depositing d - freezing

131) (Multiple Answers) Which of the following are examples of plasmas? a - ice cubes b - tails of comets c - a gas fire d - the ionosphere e - a neon light f - a flashlight

b - tails of comets d - the ionosphere e - a neon light

6) (Multiple Answers) Which of the following are part of the kinetic-molecular theory? a - The particles in a solid do not move b - the particles in a liquid are moving past one another constantly c - the particles in a gas move freely in all directions d - the particles in a solid vibrate in a fixed position e - the particles in a solid are far apart f - the particles in a gas have few attractions between them g - the particles in all states of matter are always moving

b - the particles in a liquid are moving past one another constantly c - the particles in a gas move freely in all directions d - the particles in a solid vibrate in a fixed position f - the particles in a gas have few attractions between them g - the particles in all states of matter are always moving

186) (/) Ionic compounds (have varying solubilities/are slightly soluble/are extremely soluble) in water

have varying solubilities

183) (/) The melting point of an ionic compound is likely to be (higher than/lower than/the same as) a molecular compound

higher than

134) (/) Two unknown substances are in identical beakers. One is a solid and the other is a plasma. If you were given a scale to allow you to obtain the mass of the substance, and had to guess based on mass alone, you would say that the plasma is in the (heavier/lighter) beaker.

lighter

90) (Vocab) An overlap of p-orbitals of one atom with p-orbitals of another atom to allow additional sharing of electrons beyond those shared in a sigma bond

pi bond

184) (/) Ionic compounds can conduct electricity in (the solid state/the liquid state/solution/solution and the liquid state)

solution and the liquid state

149) (/) In the high desert, snow changes to water vapor without becoming liquid water. The snow is (boiling/melting/subliming)

subliming

29) (Vocab) The attractive or repulsive forces between molecules (or between regions of the same molecule) that are the result of a random, short-lived redistribution of electrons throughout the molecule

van der Waals foces