CHF 203 exam 1
types of preschools (5)
3-4-5 year olds private or public prekindergartens parent cooperatives laboratory schools
types of head start/early head start (3)
3-4-5 year olds in centers & home based programs infants/toddlers and families income-eligible families
Images of childhood today
Although our country tends to see children as innocents in need of protection by parents and the government, we also propel them into adult experiences at young ages. Our schools swing back and forth between taking an approach that children are empty vessels or viewing them as competent contributors to their own learning. One one had children are highly valued and on the other hand they are abused and neglected.
alignment
coordination of the curriculum from one level of education to the next in order to build on what children have already learned and to east transitions for students between schools and school levels
scientifically based instructional practices
curriculum and instructional practices that research has demonstrated improve learning outcomes
the abecedarian project
demonstrated that intensive early intervention (5 years of full day high quality child with parent involvement) can greatly enhance the development of children whose mothers have low income and education levels. produced positive effects on achievement in reading and mathematics throughout elementary and high school. Children who participated were significantly less likely to be retained in grade or placed in special education and they were more likely to attend 4 year colleges and have skilled jobs. acess to free child care improved the mothers long term employment opportunities and earnings
early learning standards
describe what children should know and be able to do before entering kindergarten
examples of working for children
director of a child care center or preschool curriculum developer home visitor or family services worker policy staff at local/state/federal agencies college faculty teaching teachers or conducting research writer/producer of resources for children
early childhood education
education and child care services provided for children from birth to age 8
prekindergarten (pre-K)
educational program serving 3 and 4 year olds, usually in public schools
preschool
educational programs serving 3 and 4 year olds delivered under various sponsorships
froebels kindergarten
emphasized childrens free play, singing and movement
common core standards
rigorous national standards in English language arts and mathematics for kindergarten through grade 12 developed by the Council of Chief State Officers (CCSSO) and the national governers association
laboratory school
school operated by colleges and universities that usually serves children of students and faculty and also acts as a model of excellent education for student teachers
early childhood special education
services for children with disabilities or special needs who meet eligibility guidelines that are determined on a state-by-state basis according to the individuals with Disabilities Education Act
early intervention
services for infants and toddlers who are at risk of developmental delay and their families
shared vocabulary
shared language facilitates communication and minimizes misunderstandings within groups. The profession gives particular meaning to terms like developmentally appropriate, play, relationships, comprehensive services or inclusion
quality rating and improvement systems (QRIS)
state-operated systems that evaluate and rate the quality of child care programs according to achievement of benchmarks beyond those required for minimal licensing, such as having more highly qualified teachers or better ratios
intentional teachers
teachers who have a purpose for the decisions they make and can explain that purpose to others
Kindergarten movement
the earliest leaders in the kindergarten movement transplanted forbels ideas directly
culture
the explicit and implicit values, beliefs, rules, and expectations for behavior of members of a group that are passed on from one generation to the next. these rules determine to a large extent what group members regard as important and what values shape their actions and judgments
The competent child
the image of children as active players in their own development and learning. More researchers learned about childrens competencies beginning at birth, the less plausible it became to see them as blank slates.
The child as a citizen with rights
the image of the child has come almost full circle in relation to adults. View children as citizens who have rights just like adults. This declaration calls for protection of all children from physical, mental, and sexual abuse.
accountability
the process of holding teachers, schools or programs responsible for meeting a required level of performance
process quality
the quality of the relationships and interactions among teachers and children, and the appropriateness of the materials, learning experiences, and teaching strategies occuring in an early childhood program
National Association for the education of young children (NAEYC)
the worlds largest organization of early childhood educators, whose mission is to act on behalf of the needs and interests of children from birth through age 8. Establishes standards for teacher prep and accreditation of early childhood programs
kindergarten
typically considered the first year of formal schooling; serves 5 and 6 year olds
froebels occupations and gifts
used to guide and structure childrens play. 1. a box of 6 wooden balls in the colors of the spectrum plus corresponding strings 2.cube that could be divided into 8 smallers cubes and put back together to form a whole
developmentally appropriate priate practice
ways of teaching that engage children's interest and adapt for their age, experience, and ability, to help them meet challenging and acheivable learning goals
type of early childhood settings (5)
1. schools 2. preschools 3. head start/early head start 4. family child care homes 5. child care centers
given NAEYCS definition of the field birth through age 8, early childhood teachers work with these various groups (4)
1. infants and toddlers: birth to 36 months 2. preschoolers: 3 and 4 years old 3. kindergartners: 5 and 6 years old 4. primary grades 1, 2 and 3: 6-7, and 8 year olds
Children's economic value
Childrens value has been calculated in response to a number of factors. Some even today consider children to be their parents property. Economically necessary for them to contribute to work and care of the family. This includes taking care of other children and parents in old age. In the 19th and 20th century the child labor laws limited childrens potential economic contributions.
accreditation system
NAEYCs voluntary system for identifying high quality early childhood centers and schools serving children from birth through kindergarten
Maria Montessori
a brilliant woman, italys first female physician. the only early childhood educator whose face adorned a currency. Believed that what appeared as mental retardation was not biologically based, but rather caused by the lack of stimulation in their environments....she developed a highly successful apporach to teaching these children which revealed they were not mentally disabled at all. Dismissed play as a waste of childrens time, she also minimized the value of social interaction for childrens learning.
John Amos Comenius 3 key ideas
a minister who wrote about educational refort and directed a school where he could put his ideas into practice. He believed in 3 key ideas: 1. teaching methods needed to be radically changed from punitive approaches to make learning easier, deeper and more pleasent 2. teachers should engage children with nature and follow their lead 3. children should learn in their own language rather than in latin wrote book called orbis pictus "the world in pictures"
Johann Pestalozzi
a swiss educator who founded his own school and trained the teachers. he believed that all children (including those in poverty) could benefit from education. Teachers must study child development. He thought learning proceeds through stages, with children needing to master skills and knowledge before moving on to the next stage the "whole child" point of view- that childrens physical, emotional, social, moral and intellectual development are integrated. "the hand, heart and head."
shared values in code of ethical conduct
appreciate childhood as a unique and valuable stage of the human life cycle base our work on knowledge of how children develop and learn appreciate and support the bond between the child and family recognize that children are best understood and supported in the context of family, culture, community and society respect the dignity in children, families, and colleagues recognize that children and adults achieve their full potential in the context of relationships that are based on trust and respect
A prepared learning environment
believed poor children deserve high quality experiences. she thought children need an orderly environment that supports their ability to work on and complete tasks independently. She designed classroom environments and materials that demonstrate respect for children. Child sized tables, and other furnishings and materials arranged on open shelves for easy access by children...created puzzles with little knobs to practice pincer grip
types of family child care homes (3)
birth through school-age caregivers home individuals and groups
characteristics of professional/intentional early childhood teachers (10)
caring and committed enthusiastic and engaged curious and creative respectful and responsive passionate and patient purposeful and playful focused and flexible aware and accountable informed and effective listening and learning
family child care home
child care in which caregivers provide care in their own homes for a small group of children often multi age groups
image of children: the absorbent mind
children develop naturally in an organized environment. The absorbent mind actively learning from sensory experience. Belived children from 4-7 years are internally motivated to interact with the world and do not need external encouragement or rewards.
dual language learners
children who are learning to speak two languages at the same time. usually their home language and English.
school readiness
children's competencies related to success in kindergarten, including physical development, health, and well-being; social-emotional development and learning; cognitive development and general knowledge such as mathematics and science; positive approaches to learning such as curiosity and motivation; and language development and early literacy skills
Fredrich Froebel
extended pestalozzis works to develop educational materials. His view of development as a process of natural unfolding is evident in the name of his school a "garden for children." Well known as the "father of kindegarten." He believed in the innate goodness and capacities of children and saw Gods image in them. Education should be based on childrens interests and their active involvement. Teachers need to understand children development by directly observing their actions.
SES
family income level
structural quality
features of an early childhood program, such as maximum group sizes, teacher/child ratios, and teacher qualifications, that are relatively easy to quantify and measure
child care and development block grants (CCDDBG)
federal funds allocated to states for low income working families to purchase child care
Individuals with disabilities education Act (IDEA)
federal law governing provision of services for children with disabilities and special needs
early head start
federally funded program serving low income pregnant mothers, infants, and toddlers that promotes healthy family functioning
temporary assistance for needy families (TANF)
federally funded program, more commonly known as Welfare to work, that provides temporary financial aid but requires recipients to move into the labor force or schooling
head start
federally funded, national program that promotes school readiness by enhancing the social and cognitive development of children ages 3, 4 and 5 through providing educational, and other services to the nations poorest children and families
Margarethe Schurz
first kindergarten founder who had studied with froebel
primary grades
first, second and third grade; sometimes includes kindergarten
John Dewey
founded the University of Chicago Laboratory school to implement their philosophy of a humane approach to education
child care center
group program that provides care and education for young children during the hours that their parents are employed
examples of working with children
head start early head start child care center teachers in family child care homes preschools parent cooperative preschool public schools early childhood special educators mentor teacher bilingual teachers
children in need of redemption
image of childhood during the 1300s to 1800s was shaped by the religious belief that children were born in sin and needed redemption. Misbehavior of any kind was considered sinful and punished harshly
charter schools
independently operated, publicly funded schools that have greater flexibility than regular schools in meeting regulations and achieving goals.
types of child care centers (4)
infants/toddlers ages 3, 4, 5 before and after school for school aged children for-profit or nonprofit
working with children:
involves daily interaction and direct responsibility for the children care and education and includes positions such as classroom teacher or family child care provider
working for children:
involves working that supports childrens development and education, whether in proximity to the children, such as being a child care center director, or at a further distance, such as being a teacher-education professor
children as innocents
jean-jacques rousseau (1712-1778) introduced the Romantic image of the child as innocent. Children are born good rather than evil and that they have inherent abilities upon which to build. He thought education should build on childrens natural goodness. He believed it is important to observe children. He was among the first to propose the concept of stages of development that children pass through.
child-centered curriculum
john deweys idea that curriculum should reflect the same concepts and topics that the child is interested in and capable of learning
children as blank slates
john locke (1632-1704) countered the religious argument that children are born with a predetermined sinful nature. Instead he believed children are born as tabula rasa. Blank slates. Strongly emphasized the importance and value of education. Accrurate in assuming environmental experiences play a role but did not see individual differences in children or how they actively shape their own experiences
types of schools (4)
kindergarten to 3rd grade public schools charter schools private schools
Elementary and secondary education Act (ESEA)
law governing how the federal government distributes education funds to states and holds public schools accountable for the use of funding
integrated curriculum
learning plan that addresses goalds across multiple areas of the curriculum at the same time
constructivism
learning theory derived from the work of jean piaget which assumes that children actively build their knowledge from firsthand experiences in stimulating environments
progressive educaiton movement
major effort to reform schooling in the early 20th century to make it more democractic and responsive to childrens needs. this movement was highly influential on early childhood education and later ideas about developmentally appropriate practice
Susan Blow
major voice in expanding the kindergarten movement and in fighting to keep it true to forebels original vision. Became the leading interpreter of the approach at home. Founded first public kindergarten and founded the international kindergarten union
professionals
members of an occupational group that make decisions based on on a specialized body of knowledge, continue to learn throughout their careers, and are committed to meeting the needs of others
child care licensing standards
minimum requirements, legally established by each state for a child care program to operate
the teachers role
montessoris view of the teachers role is to prepare the environment, observe children, and demonstrate materials but not to interfere with their natural exploration. Although teachers interactions with children are very intentional, much if the learning is assumed to occur as children interact with materials. the teachers presents brief individual or small group lessons, but most of the day children choose their activities. Their choices have limits however because the adults arrange their choices.
child development associate (CDA) credential
national competency-based credential for entry-level early childhood educators
head start program performance
national standards that establish the level of quality of services provided by every head start program
Early childhood environment rating scale (ECERS-R)
observational instrument used to rate program quality on a 7 point scale from inadequate to excellent
The perry school project
one of the first studies to deomonstrate the lasting effects of high quality preschool program on educational and economic outcomes. Researchers found that perry preschool graduates were less likely to be assigned to special education or be retained in grade and had better achievement test scores than children who did not attend preschool. also related to less involvement in delinquency and crime and a higher rate of high school graduation. less welfare and fewer arrests
Elizabeth Peabody
organized the first english speaking kindergarten. her encounter with Margarethe was the impetus for the american kindergarten movement.
inclusion
participation and services for children with disabilities and special needs in programs and settings where their typically developing peers are served
classroom assessment scoring system (CLASS)
preschool and elementary observational instrument that assesses the quality of teachers relationships and interactions with children and the instructional strategies used to support childrens learning
parent cooperative
preschool program owned, operated, and partially staffed by parents
universal voluntary prekindergarten
publicly funded preschool usually for 4 year olds but sometimes 3 year olds and available to any family who chooses it
chicago child parent centers
reached similar positive conclusions but with a large-scale, public school program involving more than 1500 children. better achievement and social adjusment, less grade retention, lower dropout rates and lower juvenile arrests. a follow up study 25 years later found strong positive effects into adulthood.
