Child & Adolescent Psychology Midterm

DSM-V

2013 update to the American Psychiatric Association's (APA) classification and diagnostic tool

What is normative for a given period of development

A central tenet of developmental psychopathology is that to understand maladaptive behavior, we must consider ____.​

ADHD

A disorder in which the individual consistently and repeatedly shows age-inappropriate behaviors in two general categories of inattention and hyperactivity-impulsivity, resulting in significant impairment in life functioning

Children who have been diagnosed with ____ have deficits in recognizing facial expressions.

ASD

Angelman Syndrome

Abnormality of chromosome 15. They typically suffer from moderate to severe mental retardation, ataxia, jerky movements, hand flapping, seizures, the absence of speech, and distinctive facial features such as a large jaw and open-mouthed expression

Prader-Willi Syndrome

Abnormality of chromosome 15; they suffer from: short stature, intellectual disability or learning disabilities, incomplete sexual development, certain behavior problems, low muscle tone, and an involuntary urge to eat constantly

Attachment theory

An enduring, emotional bond characterized by a tendency to maintain closeness and warmth with a particular person, particularly when under distress

Disrupted/disordered attachment

Attachment patterns often connected w/ different disorders like anxiety or conduct disorder

most common presenting symptom for children with childhood-onset schizo

Auditory hallucinations

Attachment Cycle

Baby has a need → caregiver gratifies need → trust experience

Fragile X Syndrome

Chromosomal abnormality in which one area on the X chromosome is pinched; they suffer from moderate intellectual disability

How to treat ADHD

Combination of medication and therapy

Specific Learning Disorder

Disorder determined by achievement test results that are below what is expected

Research demonstrates that, with respect to aggression, girls _________________.​

Engage in more relational forms of aggression

Adaption Failure

Failure to master or progress in accomplishing developmental milestones

___ has been implicated in several psychological disorders, especially those connected to a person's response to stress and ability to regulate emotions

HPA Axis

The detailed representation of the individual child or family as a unique entity is referred to as a(n) ____ case formulation.

Idiographic

Recognition that most childhood disorders share some clinical features and causes:

Inattention, distractability, and ADHD (associated with most childhood disorders)

Phenylketonuria

Inherited inability to metabolize phenylalanine that causes brain and nerve damage if untreated

Which theoretical orientation best explains the various behaviors or disorders in childhood?

Integrative

Evolutionary Degeneracy Theory

Intellectual and social problems of children with mental retardation were viewed as regression to an earlier period in human evolution

Which term describes a child's model of relationships in terms of what the child expects from others and how the child relates to others?

Internal working mode

Pattern of cognitive and development of adaptive skills in Down's Syndrome

It is believed that those with ID, like Down's Syndrome, go through the same developmental stages to develop the adaptive skills one needs, but it happens by their mental age, not their physical age

Why is early intervention with ASD so promising?

It may alter their developing brains in ways that permit outcomes that are not otherwise possible

FAS

Mothers don't drink during pregnancy

How to treat Autism

Not found, although there have been many methods

Gathering information about a child's behavior for analysis involves ____________.

Observing the child in real life settings

Why is Down Syndrome more prominent in those with older mothers?

Older eggs have a greater risk of improper chromosome division

Prognosis

Prediction of the course or outcome of a disorder

A child who cannot control his temper has problems in emotion ______.

Regulation

Stability of IQ Scores

Relatively stable, except when young infants are tested and changes with experience

When someone has a mild disability, what level of education do they function at?

Sixth grade

Characteristic that is least prevalent in children with schizo

Supportive bonds

Achievement

Test of developed skill or knowledge

Organic

The more severe forms of intellectual disability are more likely due to ____ causes than is mild intellectual disability.​

Comorbidity

The overlapping of two or more disorders at a rate that is greater than would be expected than chance alone

Etiology

The study of the causes of disorders

Family Systems

Theory that the behavior of an individual can be most accurately understood in the context of the dynamic's of his or her family

Which statement is true of the meta-analytic findings of research regarding therapy with children?​

Treatments have been shown to be more effective for internalizing than for externalizing disorders

Internal state language and how it's important to our development

Unique indicator of children's social understanding and is necessary for successful social interactions and for the fostering of meaningful relationships

Predictors for outcomes for child with ASD

Very few receive high level of independence w/ problems in communication, stereotyped behaviors and interests, and poor reading and spelling

Biological Influences

Victor is fearful of approaching new situations and often appears inhibited. Victor's mother reports that she struggles with similar difficulties and he may have inherited it from her. This is an example of_____________.

childhood-onset schizophrenia is NOT

a sudden onset

Criteria for an intellectual disability

deficits in intellectual functions and adaptive functioning, onset of intellectual and adaptive deficits during the developmental period

Common comorbid disorders for child onset schizophrenia

depression and conduct disorders

Attachment theory considers crying (in an infant) to be a behavior that ___________.​

enhances relationships with the caregiver

Relational aggression

indirect aggression in which harm is caused through damage to one's relationships or social status rather than direct physical harm

Reactive attachment disorder

pattern of disturbed and developmentally inappropriate attachment behaviors, likely due to social neglect in early childhood

Disinhibited social engagement disorder

pattern of overly familiar and culturally inappropriate behavior with relative strangers, due to social neglect

Schizophrenia is extremely rare prior to

preschool years

Objective

psychological test that measures an individual's characteristics independent of rater bias or the examiner's own beliefs, usually by the administration of a bank of questions marked and compared against exacting scoring mechanisms that are completely standardized

Autism spectrum disorder

significant and persistent deficits in social communication and interaction skills and restricted, repetitive patterns of behaviors, interests, or activities

Children with ASD may engage in self-stimulatory behavior because ____.​

they crave stimulation, and self-stimulation serves to excite their nervous systems