Child and family unit 3?
Identify a characteristic of children who belong to poor families.
They can experience hardships for a longer period of their lives.
Identify a true statement about queer theorists' perspective on sexuality and family life.
They challenge people to forgo the heterosexual, gay, or lesbian identities that have defined their sense of themselves as sexual beings and their roles in families.
True or false: Americans are currently freer to choose whether to have sex based on their personal satisfaction than they were in the mid-twentieth century.
true
Spiritual love is
true love, a union not only of the heart but of the soul and mind. Strong sexual attraction was equated with romantic love. (Dangerous emotional state that was hard to control. True love was much to be preferred.)
Which of the following statements reflect the consequences for teenage mothers? (Check all that apply.)
They complete fewer years of schooling. They are less likely to have stable marriages. They are more likely to be dependent on public assistance payments.
How do parents compensate for the time they spent away from their children?
They cut back on housework.
In the context of socialization and conservative Protestantism, identify an accurate statement about conservative Protestant fathers.
They encourage a strict, discipline-oriented, distant style of fathering.
According to some social scientists, conservative Protestantism leads fathers to be more _____ with their children.
authoritarian
Parenting styles widiely cited but
authoritative style seen as more effective than authoritarian style.
Service sector
consists of workers who provide personal services such as : education, health care, communication, restaurant meals, legal representation, entertainment and so forth.
Movement of women into labor force created crisis in care
crisis also spawned growing body of social research, theory and advocacy on topic of caring. In new literature, care work emerged as central concept, onemight even speak of a care work movement. Some authors conceive of care work very broadly.
Intensive mothering
cultural notion/pressure that women will devote the majority of their time and energy to children and family, be self-sacrificing, and engage in intensive emotion work
How parents compensate time apart
cutting back on housework, less leisure time. married women spend less time reading, visiting people and participating in clubs or other organizations. parents spending less time eating, suggesting quicker meals. combing activities; working or trying to relax while taking care of children. making priority of intensive activities such as playing or reading to them rather than just monitoring them.
Consequences for teenage mothers
despite support from parents and kin, adolescents who bear children worse off later in life on average than those who wait until 20s to have children. Complete fewer years of school. Have jobs that pay less. More likely to be dependent on public assistance and less likely to have stable marriages.
Which of the following is essential for children to become competent members of their society?
discipline
Loss of job or drop-in income causes psychological distress for husband who is expected to be earner
distress turn leads to depression, and angry exchanges with family. Children then become more depressed, hostile and aggressive.
One of the primary tasks in socialization is to _____.
familiarize children with the culture in which they are growing up
What are parents supposed to do for Children?
first and foremost, parents and other relatives supply most of the love, nurturing, and care that children need in order to develop a basic sense of trust in other human beings. Also train young children in skills they need to become more autonomous (dressing, and feeding themselves) Later provide guidance support and discipline children need in order to become competent members of society. Families are major source of primary socialization
Most common and most widely used employee benefit is
flextime.
Sexual identities vary
from culture to culture. Brazil and other Latin countries, man who takes active penetrating role in sex with other men not thought of as homosexual, where man who takes passive role would. (masculine role)
Moderately educated cohabitants
graduated high school but no 4 year college degrees. Cohabitation less tied to marriage. May wish to eventually marry, but do not think it is possible or even desirable at moment. If unable to acquire everything they need, couples such as this one likely to dissolve their unions within a few years
Despite rise of cohabitation, the
great majority of Americans eventually marry.
According to a report published by the Federal Interagency Forum on Child and Family Statistics (2015), from 1980 to 2013, the proportion of children in the high-income group _____.
grew markedly
Transitions from the institutional marriage to the companionate marriage and from that to individualistic marriage
had economic roots. Both transitions related to standards of living.
A limitation of couples working different shifts is that they tend to _____.
have little time for each other, which affects their relationship
In the United States, children adopted through the foster care system tend to _____ compared to other children.
have special health needs
Queer theory contributes the insight that a rigid split between heterosexual and homosexual is not natural but rather reflects prevailing _____ norms in the society.
heterosexual
A sexual encounter with no expectation of further involvement is known as _____.
hooking up
Courtship
publicly visible process with rules and restrictions through which young men and women find a partner to marry.
Family complexity
raising number of partners that adults have in lifetime, more common to have children with more than 1 partner. (multipartner family) MPF complex family households; half-siblings and step siblings. about 13% of men and 19% of women in 40s have children with more than 1 partner, includes people who have fewer than 2 children. 23% of men and 28% of women in forties have had children with more than one partner for more than 2.
The _____ states that whenever individuals sort themselves into groups nonrandomly, some of the differences among the groups reflect preexisting differences among the individuals.
selection
spillover
the transfer of mood or behavior between work and home 2 psychologists studied effects of 19 male police officers who completed questionnaires about job stress. Once per week, officers and wives came to university lab and wired to machines to monitor physiological responses. Days when police officers reported more job stress, showed more fight or flight responses.
Social exchange theory predicts that if wives' earnings increase relative to their husbands' earnings, _____.
their household power should increase
The National Survey of Family Growth's (NSFG) survey on sexual orientation concludes that _____.
there is no clear dividing line between heterosexuality and homosexuality
Time-diary studies show that husbands with employed wives _____.
take more responsibility for routine care of their children
Studies of families during great depression had shown that men who had lost their jobs were tense and irritable in relations with wives and explosive and punishing with children
tapes showed similar behavior, fathers in families under economic pressure more irritable and hostile toward family. Wives often replied in kind. Children in this situation more sullen, angry, and abrasive, children depressed and aggressive.
2 senses in which work could interfere with family life.
task size: sheer size and scope of demands for job. Mainly problem for professional and managerial employees who work long hours. Jobs often place unlimited demands on time and energy, almost like religious callings. Family life also demands commitment so they are competing. Caught between fulfilling cultural ideals of good worker and parent. 2. Task stress: not correlated with task size. many professionals who work long hours find jobs rewarding and not unduly stressful. More likely to be found among less educated. Physically difficult or dangerous work, little job security and could be laid off. Who work under close supervision without ability to check on children by calling home.
Doing work from home using electronic communication is called _____.
telecommuting
In his study, Alfred Kinsey concluded that _____.
the sexual orientation of men was a continuum running from exclusively heterosexual behavior to exclusively homosexual behavior
To be able to spend more time with children (infants or when sick) employed parents can use other options
1. Parental leave: time off from work to care for child and guarentee employee can have his or her job back when they return. (all other wealthy nations require this with at least partial pay.) US policy lags behind. (Canada provides one year of leave at 53% of worker's wage.) in US 1993, congress passed FMLA which requires companies with 50 or more employees to provide 12 weeks of unpaid leave for birth, adoption, foster care, or personal or family illness. Employers must allow employees to return to jobs at end of leave. (paid parental leave is growing in US but still contentious issue)
American Sociological Associate submitted a friend-to-the-court brief on the topics of non heterosexual parents raising children
"To date the consensus in the recent social science literature is clear: children living with 2 same-sex parents fare just as well as children residing with 2 different sex parents." The difficulties among same-sex parents raising children resulted from disadvantaged social and economic status.
Minutes per day spent in housework and children care, Americans aged 25-58 by gender
1. Gap between men and women narrowed, in 1965 women spent 6 times as much time doing housework and child care as men. 2012, women spent twice as much time. 2. Gap narrowed because women reduced time spent on housework and child care. About 100 minutes less on tasks in 2012 than 1965. Men spent about 65 minutes more on tasks in 2012 than in 1965. 3. Gap narrowed substantially between 1965 and 1998 but no further narrowing since then, gap widened slightly by 2012.
There are 4 ways an LBGT individual can become a parent
1. Have heterosexual relationship and have child and then come out as LGBTW and retain custody of child. Usually women retain child. 2. Assisted reproduction technology. Donor insemination. Gay man may have a child through gestational surrogate (surrogate mother) Surrogacy still controversial. Some states only let married couples use surrogacy. Several European countries banned paid surrogacy. Critics argue that surrogacy exploits woman who carries child and dehumanizes child by turning it into a commodity. 3. Adoption. Same-sex couples more likely to adopt children who have been in foster care than are different-sex couples. 4. Form lasting partnership with another LGBTQ person who has child through other means.
_____ is a publicly visible process with rules and restrictions through which young men and women find a partner to marry.
Courtship
True or false: In the context of professional and technical work, more preschool children are in publicly financed child care in the United States than in Canada and most European countries.
False
True or false: Most adopted children in the United States show elevated levels of emotional or behavioral difficulties.
False
Which of the following provides the main setting in which children's fundamental needs are met for the first several years of their lives?
Families
Fathers can influence their children indirectly by _____.
Fathers can influence their children indirectly by _____.
Identify a true statement about sexuality in the 1950s.
Heterosexual marriage was the only morally approved venue for sexual activity.
The current state of sharing
Husbands still work longer hours for pay and do less childcare and housework. On average, husbands in dual-earner marriages with preschool-aged children present do about 40% of child care and housework according to surveys 2003 to 2005.
Twin studies take advantage of the varying genetic resemblance of different kinds of pairs of siblings.
Identical twins share 100 percent of genetic material. fraternal/non-twin share on average 50%. One study, researchers recruited pairs of siblings, identical and fraternal and some not twins. 32% of one of identical twins having a homosexual/bisexual orientation. 15% of fraternal and non-twin pairs. Higher percentage among identical twins support sexual orientation is partially genetically linked.
According to researchers, identify an accurate statement about socialization.
Socialization is a two-way process in which children and parents influence each other.
Identify a task involved in socialization.
Teaching children norms and values
Less-educated workers: fewer and less predictable hours
Tend to receive hourly wages. Employers tend to hire more part time workers than extend hours. (or subcontract) Often times not eligible for fringe benefits (health care) Labor market moving from opposite directions at top and bottom. Longer hours among educated and shorter for less educated Many wage workers don't know what hours employers want them to work until soon before they are supposed to start. One national study showed 41% of early career workers who get paid by hour did not know when they were expected to work until a week or less before the actual date. Unpredictability is so common that 2 scholars call it normal unpredictability. Major challenge for working parents in lower-white-collar jobs, blue collar and service occupations. Scramble to meet childrens needs.
Social exchange theory predicts that if wives' earnings increase relative to husbands earnings
they should become less independent and household power should increase. Should be able to use power to get husbands to do more child care and housework. Culturally ingrained thinking and wives' employment may not make difference.
According to studies of hooking up, women are _____.
more likely to report being troubled by the lack of commitment than men
According to studies on families during the Great Depression, children whose fathers were more hostile and irritable were themselves _____.
more sullen, angry, and abrasive
Professional and technical workers: long hours
most college higher level workers receive salaries that remain the same. Employers pressure to work longer hours. Percentage of American's who work very long weeks 50 hours+ higher than in Canada and most European countries, (UK, France, Germany.) Dual-earner couples in US work higher number of total hours than couples in countries. Despite hours, fewer preschool children publicly financed child care in US than in other countries.
Large proportion of children either experience their parent's divorce or are born to single mothers
most of these children live with mothers. Studies do not show strong link between frequency by itself of a fathers visits and child development. Studies do show that children whose nonresident fathers have authoritative parenting style tend to develop better than whose visits with fathers purely recreational. Make more of a difference than how often they see their children. Simple amount of time they spend together less important than how actively engaged they are and how much responsibility they take.
Contraceptive usage increased among teenagers but increase use merely kept pace with increasing numbers of unmarried teenagers who are sexually active
nonmarital birth ratio increased sharply for teenagers even though birthrate declined. in 1970 nonmarital birth ratio for 15-19 year olds was 22 percent. in 2017 it rose to 89%. Increased ratio is concern.
In 1948, Alfred Kinsey published the _ _ detailing the results of thousands of interviews with men about their sexual behavior.
Blank 1: Kinsey Blank 2: Report
(MPF) refers to having children with more than one partner during one's lifetime.
Blank 1: Multipartner, Multi-partner, or Multiple-partner Blank 2: fertility
_ is the transfer of mood or behavior between work and home.
Blank 1: Spillover
_ _ is the process of beginning to live with a partner through cohabitation or marriage.
Blank 1: Union Blank 2: formation
The behavior that has the characteristics of both genders is known as .
Blank 1: androgynous Blank 2: behavior
The rules of the _ system shifted the balance of power in courtship from women to men.
Blank 1: dating
The idea that alternatives to marriage are more acceptable and more prevalent than in the past is called the _ _ _
Blank 1: deinstitutionalization Blank 2: of Blank 3: marriage
A procedure in which semen is inserted into the uterus of an ovulating woman is known as .
Blank 1: donor or artificial Blank 2: insemination
The ability to enforce the agreements one has made with a partner is known as _ _.
Blank 1: enforceable Blank 2: trust
Identify a true statement about the movement of married women into the labor force.
It has affected the balance of power between women and men.
Identify a true statement about task stress.
It increases emotional stress.
Identify a statement that describes the supply component of the market model of marriage.
It is a group of people who are actively looking for a spouse at the same place and time.
Which of the following is true about control exercised by parents on their children?
Parents exercise control to limit or change children's behavior.
Identify a statement that reflects the current situation of married women's labor force participation.
It is becoming common for wives to out-earn their husbands.
Identify an accurate statement about teenage mothers.
They are likely to remain poor.
Which of the following is a limitation of telecommuting?
It is difficult for people to leave work behind.
Identify a true statement about task size.
It is related to the scope of the demands of the job.
According to Joan Williams, which of the following is true about the culture of a workplace?
It is shaped by the masculine norms of the mid-twentieth century.
Identify a true statement about serial monogamy.
It is the norm among people who have a series of committed relationships.
Identify an accurate statement about emotional support provided by parents to their children.
It makes children feel more positively about themselves.
Identify a characteristic of hooking up.
It often involves alcohol. It implies a sexual encounter.
Identify a disadvantage of the hookup culture.
It retains the sexual double standard that often favors men over women.
Identify a true statement about the deinstitutionalization of marriage.
Its result is that marriage is much less dominant as a context for intimate partnerships, childbearing, and family life.
in 2013, about 200,000 children were being raised by same-sex couples and an additional 1.1-2.0 million children under 18 had a lesbian, gay, or bisexual parent who was not living with partner (best estimate)
Lesbian and gay parents may differ from heterosexual parents in ways that have little to do with sexuality. Lesbian and gay parents more likely to be black or Hispanic, likely to have college degree, more likely to report low incomes, and more likely to be foreign born than heterosexual parents. (more disadvantaged which could affect child development.)
Identify a feature of multiple-partner fertility (MPF).
MPF leads to family households in which different children have different sets of parents.
Independent living
Many young adults live on their own. Many non-college graduates live on their own too. Recent phenomenon. Uncommon for unmarried men and women to own households from 1880-2010. Standards of living lower, more people in rural areas, less housing and women's lives were more constrained. Most unmarried adults support families by turning over wages to their parents. Second half of century, percentage of those living on their own rose sharply. Standards of living increased and it became expected for young adults to keep wages.
Identify a cause of elevated levels of emotional or behavioral difficulties among a minority of adopted children in the United States.
Maternal substance abuse during pregnancy
A number of studies have found evidence that married men and women have substantially better health than unmarried men and women. Identify the possible reasons for the findings. (Check all that apply.)
Mentally and physically healthier people are more likely to get married and to stay married. Being married actually causes people to feel better and live longer.
Which of the following types of parents seeks actively to enhance their children's talents and opinions, in a style that Lareau called "concerted cultivation"?
Middle-class parents
According to a report published by the Federal Interagency Forum on Child and Family Statistics (2015), identify the group of families in which the proportion of children has contracted sharply from 1980 to 2013.
Middle-income group
College-educated cohabitants
More likely to wait until marriage to have first child. Do not have children while cohabiting as often as those less educated. 15% of college educated cohabiting women had a child of either partner in households in 2017, compared to 35% of cohabiting women who graduated from high school but did not have 4 year degrees. Among highly educated, cohabitation testing ground for marriage. Childless college-educated couples may live together as a way of determining whether they are compatible enough to get married. Cohabit after college while pursuing grad school or starting careers. Some may already be formally engaged and have wedding dates set. Few will have children before decision to marry, few will cohabit more than 2 or 3 years without marrying or breaking up. College educated adults use as step in family building process.
Which of the following factors contributed to the rise in independent living in the late twentieth century? (Check all that apply.)
More women starting to work outside home A growth of expressive individualism An increase in the standard of living
Which of the following statements reflect the trend in union formation during the 1950s? (Check all that apply.)
Nearly everyone married at a young age. Men were expected to be the family's sole earner.
Identify a true statement about the selection effect in teenage pregnancies.
They are more likely to occur in poor families.
Alfred Kinsey
1. his research described human sexual behavior and was controversial (for its methodology & findings) 1948, published results of thousands of interviews with men about sexual behavior. Dry stat book, 173 figures and 162 tables often referred to as Kinsey Report (best seller)
in mid-1960s, young adults sexual lives changed in 2 ways
1. sexual intercourse prior to marriage was common. Consequently far more young women and men remain single throughout late adolescence and early adulthood. Combination of earlier sexual activity and later marriage lengthened life when young adults can have child outside of marriage.
3 reasons why care work does not pay as much as non-care work
1. tend to be devalued and thought of as women's work. 2. labor that creates public goods such as children who grow up to be members of society are often underpaid. 3. Many people find satisfaction in caring for others so will accept low pay to enter field. Employers in field take advantage of this
In 1993, Congress passed the Family and Medical Leave Act, which required companies with 50 or more employees to provide _____ for birth, adoption, foster care, or personal or family illness
12 weeks of unpaid leave
Example of selection effect
1: want to know whether teenage mothers grow up to be poor at higher rate because of effects of having child as teenager or from coming from low-income families. To truly settle issue would obtain list of families with teenage girls in US then assign at random some girls' to have children and others to remain childless until 20s. because of random assignment, teenage childbearing would be about as likely to occur in middle-class families as in poor. In this way, social scientist could eliminate family background as cause of any differences that emerge between teenage mothers and nonmothers.
Is marriage good for you: One study estimated unmarried men have 33% higher risk of dying than married men. Unmarried women have 14% higher risk of dying than married women.
2 possible reasons. 1. Being married causes people to feel better and live longer. Good for physical and mental health. Sense of responsibility to family, less likely to abuse alcohol and drugs.. marriage provides partner who monitors health. 2. Mentally and physically healthier people more likely to get married and stay married.
Toward the individualistic marriage
2nd great change in meaning of marriage during twentieth century. Emphasis on self-development, flexible roles, and open communication. Emerged after 1960s. Ideal type: people who evaluate satisfaction in very individualistic terms may take pride in being a good parent. General form represents important break with meaning of marriage in the past. Change in meaning that accompanied transition to the individualized marriage has been called shift from role to self.
serial monogamy
A form of marriage in which a person may have several spouses in his or her lifetime, but only one spouse at a time.
Adoptive families are usually successful and most adopted children exhibit normal emotional development.
A minority of adopted children do show elevated levels of emotional and behavioral difficulties. May stem from events prior to adoption, such as maternal substance abuse during pregnancy. "a devalued status" Most people admire in abstract, but not many good candidates such as middle class couples.
Living apart relationships
A relationship in which 2 people define themselves as a couple but do not live together. Intimate partnership with someone living somewhere else. in US, from 2014 survey, 3.5% of people from 18-65 are in a living apart relationship. Some freely chosen by people. Some circumstances force this.
is a policy that allows employees to choose, within limits, when they will begin and end their working hours.
Blank 1: Flextime
Flextime
A schedule that allows workers to choose work hours that fit their particular needs. within limits. in 2004, 30% of wage and salary workers could vary start and end of work days to some degree, sharp rise from 14% in 1987 College educated benefit from this more. The more prestigious occupational category, more likely to have flextime. employed parents use to match work schedules to school or day care schedules of children. Doesn't increase amount of time to spend with children but allow them to avoid stressful conflicts between childcare and job
Identify a true statement about the current trend in care work at home.
A substantial convergence has occurred in the attitudes and expectations of women and men about domestic work.
enforceable trust
Ability to enforce the agreements one has made with a partner.
Identify a true statement about the trends in cohabitation.
After 1970, the proportion of all young adults who lived with someone prior to marrying increased sharply.
Kinsey Report
Alfred Kinsey detailing results of thousands of interviews with men about sexual behavior. Half of all men had acknowledged erotic feelings toward other men; one-third has at least 1 sexual experience with another man. One out of 8 had sexual experiences predominantly with other men for at least 3 years. 4% had had experiences exclusively with other men. Kinsey concluded that sexual orientation was continuum running from exclusively heterosexual behavior to mixture of heterosexual and homosexual behavior to exclusively homosexual behavior. Book contained 2 far reaching conclusions. 1: men whose experiences were predominantly homosexual was higher than most imagined. Although Kinsey gave range of figures, the one that came to dominate public discourse was that 10% of males more or less exclusively homosexual for at least 3 years between 16-55. 2: an even larger number had some homosexual experiences or feelings.
No one did more to demonstrate that the boundaries between heterosexuality and homosexuality are unclear in American society than
Alfred Kinsey, a zoololgy professor at the University of Indiana.
Labor force
All people who are either working outside the home or looking for work
Instability of family life is much higher in the United States because _____.
Americans have high rates of marrying, divorcing, and remarrying
Integrative perspective
Argue that human sexuality is influenced by both social and biological factors. While the social construction of sexual identities are important, people may also be born with sexual nature. A tendency to be attracted to partners of the opposite or same gender. Sociologists reject argument that genes and hormones have no influence on sexuality just because some societies have in-between genders and because the boundaries between the orientations are unclear. Point to 2 kinds of evidence. Twin studies and genome-wide-association studies.
Why do social constructionists argue that sexual identities are defined by the society we live in?
Because of the cultural and historical variation in what constitutes sexual identity
Social constructionist perspective
Belief that human sexuality is entirely socially constructed. Advocates note unclear boundaries of the 2-gender, heterosexually dominant model. Might cite 2-spirit people. Might remind us of deep friendships of women in 19th century. Much in ancient Greece and Rome, men were allowed even expected to desire sex with men or boys as with women. (Greeks had words for specific sexual tastes, they had no general term comparable to homosexuality.)
_ _ is defined as an activity in which one person meets the needs of spouses, partners, children, parents, or others who cannot fully care for themselves.
Blank 1: Care Blank 2: work
_ is the sharing of a household by two unmarried persons who have a sexual relationship.
Blank 1: Cohabitation
Sexual activity by a married person with someone other than his or her spouse is known as _ sex.
Blank 1: extramarital
A(n) _-_ workplace is a work setting in which job conditions are designed to allow employees to meet their family responsibilities more easily.
Blank 1: family Blank 2: responsive
A marriage in which both spouses share the housework and child care much more equitably than in the past is known as a(n) _-_ _
Blank 1: gender Blank 2: egalitarian Blank 3: marriage
Government statistical agencies consider the _ _ to be all people who are either working outside the home or looking for such work.
Blank 1: labor Blank 2: force
A relationship in which two people define themselves as couples but live in separate households is known as a(n) _ _ _.
Blank 1: living Blank 2: apart Blank 3: relationship
In the_ _ , unmarried individuals (or their parents) search for others who will marry them (or their children).
Blank 1: marriage Blank 2: market
The proportion of all births that occur to unmarried women is known as the _ _ ratio.
Blank 1: nonmarital Blank 2: birth
The pervasiveness of unpredictability in job hours and schedules that makes it difficult for workers to control time is known as _ _, which is so common among less-educated workers in the United States.
Blank 1: normal Blank 2: unpredictability
Time off from work to care for a child with a guarantee that an employee can have her or his job back when she or he returns is referred to as _ _.
Blank 1: parental Blank 2: leave
The essence of_ _ the is the view that sexual life is artificially organized into categories that reflect the power of heterosexual norms.
Blank 1: queer Blank 2: theory
The _ sector consists of workers who provide personal services such as education, health care, communication, restaurant meals, legal representation, entertainment, and so forth.
Blank 1: service
Surveys in which people are asked to keep a record of what they were doing every minute during a time period are known as _-_ _ .
Blank 1: time Blank 2: diary Blank 3: studies
How do parents working in nonstandard work hours take care of children?
Both husbands and wives try to work in different shifts.
Identify a way in which fathers can influence their children directly.
By interacting with their children
Christie, a six-year-old girl, has working parents. Neither of her parents is available when she returns home from school. As a result, she faces daily periods of separation from her parents. In this example, identify a way in which Christie's parents can compensate for the time they spend away from her.
By making a priority of intensive activities with Christie, such as playing with her or reading to her
Identify true statements about the principles of the care work movement. (Check all that apply.)
Caregivers such as child care workers and nursing home aides must receive higher pay and greater respect. Caring labor should be viewed not just as useful to the family but also as a publicly useful service. An ethic of care would temper autonomy with interdependence, to augment personal responsibility with care for others. The separation between caregiving by wives in families and caregiving at work by care workers should be abolished.
Identify the true statements about moderately educated cohabiting adults. (Check all that apply.)
Cohabitation among moderately educated young adults is less closely tied to marriage. Most moderately educated cohabitants eventually think about the issue of marriage, and few will remain together for long without marrying.
The centuries old courtship met its demise after 1900.
Decline in the United States linked to great social and economic changes: migration from rural areas and from overseas, to cities, the rise of capitalism, higher standards of living, and the lengthening of adolescence. As more people moved to cities and worked in factories and offices, number of potential partners and places they could meet grew. Harder for parents to monitor and oversee the process. As standards of living rose, became possible for young adults to keep some of their earnings or to receive allowances form their parents. Young people then began to accumulate a key resource: spending money. City provided places to spend, movie theaters and dance halls. Rising standards of living allowed many families to buy an automobile. (let young people wander from home for private places for necking (kissing) and petting (touching below the neck) Beth Bailey said courtship, "went from front porch to back seat"
The least-educated cohabitants
Did not graduate high school, low-incomes, further removed from considering marriage. Low-income women see no prospect in finding man suitable for marriage, may live in serial cohabitation with 2 or more live-in partners with little or no thought of marriage, interspersed with romantic relationships that do not involve living together. May enter cohabitation after pregnancy. In study of 5,000 babies born in urban hospitals, about half of fathers who were living with mothers were no longer romantically involved with mother 5 years later. Lowincome mothers also have financial need. marriage uncommon among low-income. Only about 1 4th of poor cohabiting couples marry their partners within 5 years opposed to 2/3 of nonpoor cohabiting couples.
In the context of professional and technical work, identify a true statement about Americans compared to people in Canada and most European countries, including the United Kingdom, France, and Germany.
Dual-earner couples in the United States work a higher number of total hours than do couples in these countries.
Several factors contributed to increase in married women's labor force participation
During 20th century service sector of economy expanded greatly. Many jobs in sector stereotyped as women's work. Usually required some education but paid less than men's work. Secretary, nurse, elementary teacher. Demand for jobs increased, wages increased but still stayed lower than mans jobs. More married women drawn into labor force. In addition, people shifted from farms to cities. parents had fewer children to invest more resources for like education or job training.
Compnionate marriage
Emphasized affection, friendship and sexual gratification. Emerged in 1940s. Husband and wife supposed to be each other's companions. Husband authority still substantial, less than in institutional.
The phenomenon of living apart relationships was first noted in _____
Europe
The process of courtship was developed in _____.
Europe
Different kinds of households. 2 ways in which high level of instability affect children negatively
Exposes them to several kinds of households, which could be problematic -divorcing household: experiencing divorce raises risk of experiencing outcomes such as dropping out of school, child as teenager, receiving public experience. (most don't experience these) -single-parent household: can be good environment for children, and any difficulties stem from low incomes. Sometimes handicap, potential difficulties include higher rates of depression, and less monitoring and supervision. Parenting styles also could be different. -household with parent and cohabiting partner: biological parent willing to live with partner may not remarry. less time with children than married parent. Less engaged with school, than children of other families. Less likely to graduate from high school. May be unfavorable environment for children.
True or false: Adults who live alone are socially inactive and like to keep to themselves since they have adjusted themselves to a single life concept.
False
True or false: Fathers in dual-earner families adjust their time allocation for housework to the amount of time their wives work.
False
Socialization also involves teaching children norms and values
Norms are widely accepted rules of how people should behave values are goals and principles held in high esteem by society. (norms and values may be those of dominant culture in society, of subculture, or both.)
Identify a similarity between weddings in earlier times and weddings in recent times.
In both cases, they have been rituals that provide legal and social approval for having children.
Identify the major factors in the growth of mass incarceration in the United States. (Check all that apply.)
Increases in arrests for nonviolent drug-related crimes Increases in the sentences that the violators receive
Sexual activity outside of relationships
Increasingly prevalent. (hookups begun in 1980s and common in 2000s.) In survey of stanford undergraduates. Men said they consumed average of 5 drinks and women said 3 drinks before hooking up. Online survey, students at 21 4-year colleges/ universities, 69% of women reported at least 1 hookup by senior year. 1/3 of students reported only kissing and non genital touching, 1/3 reported genital touching or oral sex. little more than 1/3 reported intercourse. 73% of women reported being in relationship of 6 months or more in college.
_____ marriage is a marriage in which the emphasis is on self-development, flexible roles, and open communication.
Individualistic
Which of the following statements is true about the policy of flextime?
It allows employees to avoid stressful conflicts between childcare and job demands.
Identify a positive side of the hookup culture.
It attracts students who wish to postpone marrying and having children until after they have established their careers.
Identify the advantages of creating a family-responsive workplace. (Check all that apply.)
It decreases stress in employees. It increases the productivity of the employee.
Identify a feature of enforceable trust.
It gives a person the ability to invest in a partnership with less fear of abandonment.
Socialization as support and control
Parents socialize children in 2 broad ways 1. Provide emotional support (love affection ,warmth, nurturing, or acceptance.) Emotional support shows children parents care about actions and makes children feel more positively about themselves. 2. Parents exercise control, seek limit or change children's behavior. (sometimes coercive, punishment or threat of punishment or force) Control also may be inductive, based on setting limits for child, explaining limits to child, requesting child to comply, praising her or her compliance. Parents may also exercise control by threatening to withdraw love if child does not behave well.
Who should encourage more androgynous behavior in their children?
Parents who believe that both men and women should undertake behaviors having the characteristics of both genders
Identify the factors that contributed to the increase in married women's labor force participation. (Check all that apply.)
Rising wages of women in the labor force Decline in wages of men without college educations High divorce rate Increase in service sector jobs
Which of the following are characteristics of individualistic marriages? (Check all that apply.)
Roles of husbands and wives are more flexible. Focus on self-development and individual satisfaction is more central.
_____ was considered a dangerous emotional state that was hard to control.
Romantic love
Which of the following statements is true of sexuality today?
Sexual activity outside of any family context is accepted.
Which of the following statements is true of the current public attitude on sexuality among married persons in the United States?
Sexual monogamy is still the rule rather than exception among married persons.
Identify the ways in which young adults' sexual lives changed in the United States starting in the mid-1960s. (Check all that apply.)
The age at which half of all first marriages occurred rose by nearly five years for Americans. Having sexual intercourse many years before marriage became common.
Which of the following refer to the second component of the market model of marriage?
The characteristics a person is looking for in a spouse
Identify a factor that tends to prevent American parents from doing what they are supposed to do.
The growing instability of family life
Identify the characteristics of institutional marriages. (Check all that apply.)
The husband was expected to be the head of the household. The children were expected to be obedient. The wife was to be dutiful and submissive.
Identify a trend associated with adolescent sexual activity.
The increases in adolescent sexual activity have been greater for the middle class and whites than for other groups.
Concerted cultivation
The parenting model, or style, according to which parents often praise and converse with their children, engage them in extracurricular activities, take them on outings, and so on, with the goal of cultivating their child's talents and abilities.
Identify a true statement about the change in the trend of family members' work over the decades.
The percentage of married women who work outside the home peaked during the late-twentieth century.
Identify the true statements about less-educated workers in the United States. (Check all that apply.)
Their problems include not only getting enough hours of work but also controlling the times that they get. They tend to receive hourly wages.
Identify a true statement about gender-egalitarian marriages in Europe.
They are increasingly common among nearly all social classes.
In the context of immigration, identify the true statements about unauthorized parents in the United States. (Check all that apply.)
They usually face a difficult task in raising their United-States-born children. United-States-born children of unauthorized parents are eligible for some benefits such as the Children's Health Insurance Program.
Identify a true statement about children whose families are prosperous.
They usually live with two parents who work outside the home.
According to studies on families, identify the behavior of men who were the main earners and had lost their jobs during the Great Depression.
They were explosive and punishing in their relations with children.
True or false: In the context of immigration, although unauthorized parents in the United States are not eligible for most public benefits, their United-States-born children, as citizens, are eligible for some benefits such as the Children's Health Insurance Program.
True
True or false: Researchers suggest that parents' actions tend to magnify and exaggerate gender differences among children.
True
True or false: Studies of different-sex partnerships show that single and cohabiting mothers tend to do less housework, have more leisure time, and sleep more than married mothers.
True
True or false: The Internet is particularly important for people who are looking for partners with characteristics that are relatively uncommon because it is harder to find these partners through traditional means.
True
Identify a true statement about present-day weddings.
Weddings have become a symbol of couples' personal achievement.
Which of the following statements are true about the current situation in the division of labor between husbands and wives? (Check all that apply.)
Wives who work part-time do more childcare and housework than wives who work full-time. There is a 40/60 split of child care and housework among husbands and wives. Fathers tend to work longer hours for pay and devote less time to childcare and housework.
Chosen family
a family formed through voluntary ties among individuals who are not biologically or legally related. Relationships with some biological relatives might be good enough for them to be included too, but emphasis is on building a family. Chosen family similar to voluntary kin networks found among poor or complex families formed after divorce or marriage. More common among middle-class gay and lesbian individuals than among the less affluent. People with better paying, more flexible jobs could easily arrange social events and spend more time on travel and dining.
Income-pooling model
a model of the marriage market in which both spouses work for pay and pool their incomes men with higher earning likely to marry women of higher earning.
Specialization model (becker)
a model of the marriage market in which women specialize in housework and child care and men specialize in paid work outside the home Men placed greater emphasis on homemaking for wife and contrast, earning potential for husband.
In the context of sexual identities, queer theorists reject _____.
a sharp split of sexual activity into either a straight or gay way of life
One study found that parent's discipline mostly spanking or slapping in first 5 years of life and during adolescence was
associated with more behavior problems among eleventh grade European American Children, but fewer behavior problems among eleventh grade African American children.
about 450,000 15-19 year old women in the US become pregnant each year
about 39% of pregnancies ended in abortion or miscarriage, leaving about 275,000 births. still lower number than was case 10-20 years ago. Marriage among teenagers decreased faster than birthrates. 31% of all 18-19 year old women were married in 1960. 2 percent of 18-19 year olds have ever married in 2014.
Care work
activity in which one person meets needs of spouses, partners, children parents or others cannot fully care for themselves. Person does the care work as caregiver and person who gets care is receiver. Within families, children, the frail elderly and ill or disabled are care receivers. Wives and husbands perform care work by providing emotional support and household goods and services to each other.
Changes in sexual behavior:
adolescent sexual activity more common today than middle of the 20th century, declined since 1980s. Historical difference in sexual activity of adolescent boys and girls has lessened. Increases in adolescent sexual activity great for middle class and whites than other groups. Still more common among poor and African Americans. Even with declines since 1990s, sexual activity more widespread than it had been at midcentury, especially for girls. With rising age at marriage, increase in sexual activity among adolescents led to greater proportion of teenage pregnancies and births outside marriage.
Transnational adoption
adoptions from other countries peaked at about 23,000 mid 2000s and have declined. 1/4 of all adopted children born in other countries. 5,730 transnational adoptions in 2016.
Marriage market
analogy to the labor market in which single individuals (or their parents) search for others who will marry them (or their children) 3 components. 1. Simply group of people who are actively looking for spouse at the same place and time. Supply of men and women who are in marriage market. 2. Preferences. Each person has idea of his or her own preferred characteristics in a spouse. Some people care more about looks or personality etc. 3. resources. Characteristic person possesses that are attractive to others. Glip side of preferences.
ABout 2% of all children under age 17 in the US
are adopted. nature has changed, half a century go used to involve unmarried white mother placing infant for adoption with unrelated married couple.
SExuality and family life
as recent as 1950s, heterosexual marriage was only morally approved venue for sexual activity, only approved purpose of marital sex was to have children. (prior to 1965 ruling, a state could ban sale of contraceptives entirely. and prior to 1972 ruling, sales could be limited to married couples)
wedding as status symbol
become individual achievement. In distant past, wedding was event which 2 kinship groups formed alliance. Now event organized and paid for by parents at which they display their approval and support. Both cases: ritual that provides legal and social approval for having children. Not becoming an event centered on and often controlled by couples themselves. less about approval.
Children whose fathers support them indirectly are _____ than other children.
better adjusted at home and at school
From 1970 to 2017, the nonmarital birth ratio has increased sharply for teenagers in the United States, even though the _____ has declined.
birthrate
According to the survey conducted by the National Survey of Family Growth (NSFG), women are more likely to identify themselves as _____.
bisexual than homosexual
In a study, 99 percent of women who were married reported having only 1 partner
but 91 percent of women who were cohabiting also reporting having only 1 partner. Only among women who were not living with a partner did substantial numbers report having multiple partners. 67% said one sexual partner. 20% said 2, and 13% reported 3 or more.
Given increase and divorce, cohabiting relationships and single parenthood, another factor that might prevent parents doing what they are supposed to do is the growing instability of family life.
children experience more changes now.
poor and wealthy children
children whose families propserous, usually live with 2 parents. both work out of home. 2 parent incomes grown much more than incomes of other families. children who are poor likely to live with 1 parent. strong racial and ethnic differences in whether children well off or not. Hispanic and African American children underrepresented in the top income, and as one moves down layers, percentages of hispanics and african americans rise.
By 1800s most young adults' in US shared with their parents the responsibility for
choosing a spouse. Young adults from lower economic classes had substantial autonomy because there was little property for parents to worry about (among upper class, parents retained stronger role) Young people went through courtship, process developed in Europe. Publicly visible emphasizes the important role of community. In early modern Britain, first stages of courtship occurred mainly outdoors, in plain view of peers and kin. Acceptable for casually acquainted young men and young women to be seen together only at public events such as festivals, games, or dances and even then only in groups. At dances, young people changed partners so frequently that no couple spent too much time together.
In online survey, 69% of women and 71% of men agreed that one disadvantage of being in an exclusive relationship in college is that it might interfere with moving to another
city for a job or graduate school.
Unmarried mothers and domestic work
cohabiting mothers might also do more housework than married mothers because partners may not be as committed as married partners. Studies of different-sex partnerships show that single and cohabiting mothers tend to do less housework, have more leisure and sleep more than married women. Researchers speculate that women do gender by having cleaner homes when married. Single mothers without pressures have more leisure and freedom.
As typical age of marriage rose in late twentieth century,
common for adults to set up independent household years before getting married.
From companionship to individualization
companionant marriage reached peak at midcentury. 1940s and 1950s Most wives except among the poor did not work outside the home, instead focused on emotionally satisfying home life centered on affectionate relations between spouses and child rearing. (baby boom) Mid 1960s; companionate marriage losing ground in cultural ideal and demographic reality.
Telecommuting
doing work from home using electronic communication. in 2017, 38% of workers with bachelors degree worked at home on typical day as did 12% with high school degrees. Trend toward doing more work at home mixed blessing. Allows worker to be home with child but parents report difficulty caring for child and work. Makes it more likely for anxieties of workplace to invade home. People who work long hours report more work-to-family interference when they control own schedules than when they don't.
Gay and lesbian families consist of a growing number of couples who either adopt a child or conceive one through _____.
donor insemination
The rise in married women's employment has made _____ the rule.
dual-earner married couples
Dating placed courtship on a(n) _____ basis.
economic
While socializing their children, middle-class parents tend to _____.
emphasize autonomy and self-direction
In a national survey, women who entered into adulthood around 2010 reported higher levels of same-sex sexual activity, higher percentages identifying as lesbian or bisexual than women did who
entered adulthood around 1990.
Immigrant parents and children face difficulties if they do not have legal residence in US. in 2010
estimated 5.5 million children living with t least one unauthorized immigrant parent. Vast majority of children born in US and therefore US citizens. Fear of losing parent leads to children anxiety. US born children eligible for some benefits. unauthorized parents may be reluctant to enroll for which they qualify out of fear.
over past few decades, the fortunes of children diverged, with some doing better while some doing worse. Trend meant for children over period from 1980-2016. depending on family's income compares to federal poverty line which was 20,160 for family of 3 ion 2016
extreme poverty: less than 50% of poverty line below poverty but above extreme poverty: between 50-99% of poverty line low income: between 100-199% of poverty line medium income: between 200-399% of poverty line high income: 400% or more of the poverty line. in 1980, 17% of children lived in high income families. 2016 31.8% lived in high income families. 41% of children in 1980 included 29% in 2016 for medium income.
In 1965, Supreme court ruled that a state law prohibiting use of contraceptives violated marital privacy by allowing police to search sacred precincts of Marital bedrooms.
in 1972, overturned laws prohibiting sale of contraceptives to unmarried persons. Rationale for laws had been that sexual activity carried out in order to have children and state had interest in seeing marred couples had children and unmarried did not.
Among 25 year old women in 1950s and early 1960s, about half had sex without being married
in contrast, among 25 year old women in 2000s, about 90 percent had sex without being married
In 1984, only about 1/4th of married women whose youngest children were at least 6 were
in the labor force as were only about 1/10th of married women with children under 6 Rates rose sharply through 1990s and leveled off around 2000. For moment the historic rise in married women's labor force participation rates seems to have peaked. 2016, 73% of all married women with school-aged children and 63% with pre-school aged children were in labor force. Some may prefer to remain at home full time while others cite difficulty of combining paid work and family responsibilities.
In the United States, the changing view of sexuality was part of the broader growth of _____ during the twentieth century.
individualism
Being a soul mate and communicating deep feelings are hallmarks of the _____ marriage.
individualistic
Sociologists who advocate the integrative perspective on human sexuality believe that _____.
individuals tend to be born with a sexual nature
Fathers have both a direct and indirect effect on childrens development
influence children by interacting with them, talking to them, playing, asserting authority etc. Toddlers whose fathers more supportive (encouraging them during play) show greater vocabulary and cognitive gains whether or not their mothers are supportive. Fathers influence children indirectly in 2 ways. 1. financially. steady income. 2. supportive of mother cooperating with child rearing, responding positively to parenting she does. Children whose fathers support them in these indirect ways are better adjusted at home and at school.
A(n) _____ marriage is one in which the emphasis is on male authority, duty, and conformity to social norms.
institutional
The belief that human sexual identities are determined by both social and biological factors is known as the _____ on human sexuality.
integrative perspective
NSFG survey shows that the percentage of Americans who think themselves as homosexual or bisexual
is lower than the percentages who have ever had a same-sex sexual experience or who find same-sex activity at least somewhat appealing. Finding confirms Kinsey's claim that sexual orientation is multidimensional and that no single number can adequately represent its prevalence. (No clear dividing line between heterosexuality and homosexuality and that the distinction is at least in part social created) Also suggests women's sexual identities more fluid than mens. more women find same-sex experiences at least somewhat attractive and describe themselves as bisexual than homosexual.
One of the primary tasks in socialization
is to familiarize children with the culture in which they are growing up. Learning language. (respect language)
Although cohabitation has increased across the board
it differs by social class. More education woman has, less likely to have ever cohabited at all time periods. Young adults sometimes thought of as cultural vanguard, least likely to live with partner before marrying. Meaning of what relationship signifies also varies by social class, there is substantial variation and overlap.
When sociologists and economists study who marries whom, they often make an analogy to the _____ market.
labor
Cohabitation
living together. Living arrangement in which 2 adults who are not married to each other but have a sexual relationship share the same house or apartment. before 1960s, cohabitation was common mainly among poor and near poor. Poor had less reason to marry, cohabitation served as acceptable sub for legal marriage. Around 1970, proportion of all young adults who lived with someone prior to marrying increased sharply. By early 2010s, 64% of women 19-44 had cohabited. 70% of recently married women had cohabited prior to marrying. Role in family system has increased, states and localities implementing legal changes that give cohabiting couples rights once reserved for married couples.
What do parents provide children for the development of basic sense of trust in other human beings?
love
Substantial studies suggest that the advantages shown by married men over unmarried men are caused by the _____ relationship.
marriage
Gender-egalitarian marriage
marriage in which both spouses share housework and child care more equitably than the past. happy ending of sorts to half-century of turbulent family change. Increasingly common among all social classes. Some couples in Europe endorse right of women to work outside of home and the desirability of having men do more work in home, also perfectly acceptable to women to choose to stay home and care for children.
Institutional marriage
marriage in which the emphasis is on male authority, duty, and conformity to social norms. Set of rules and roles that define unit of importance. Husband head of household, wife dutiful and submissive, children obedient. Romantic love not necessary or desireable. Spouses expected to work together under Husbands authority to manage the farm, raise children and keep food on the table. Local community, church, and the law supported rules and roles. early twentieth century, progressive writers argued that active sex life central to happy marriage. 1920s of famous study.
Marriage as the capstone experience
marriage is viewed as a marker of prestige. It's the last thing that signals adulthood. Less dominant Marriage is status people build up by living with partner, gaining steady employment, or starting career. last brick
To Maud and to most nineteenth century women and men
marrying someone because of strong romantic feelings was considered risky. Passionate romantic love thought to be base emotion that faded away quickly, leaving little support for couple. Far lasting was spiritual love; moral uplifting marriage. Spiritual relationship rested upon a deep knowledge of each other and sense of mutual obligation.
refers to the extremely high rates of imprisonment at present, particularly of African American males.
mass incarceration
According to Rosenfeld, Thomas, and Hausen (2019), a national survey conducted in 2017 found that among heterosexual couples, _____ has become the most popular way to meet.
meeting online
Domestic adoption
of all children who are adopted from with the US, half are adopted through private agencies and half are adopted through foster care system. foster care (more disadvantaged, 2/3 racial-ethnic minority groups. more than half have special needs like learning disabilities.) Most parents adopting from foster care did so because they wanted to provide a permanent home for a child. Children who have been placed in foster care and whose parents rights have been terminated due to neglect etc are sometimes adopted by kin such as aunts or grandparents.
Online matchmaking and commitment
over past 2 decades internet has emerged as an important way in which individuals find partners to live with or marry; its use has grown dramatically. National survey in 2017 found heterosexual couples, meeting online has become most popular way to meet, surpassing meeting through friends from 2013. Higher proportion than those who had found their spouses of 3 traditional ways; family, friends or work. Some observers make of it that it is undermining our ability to make commitments because there is always a potentially better partner in cyberspace with one click. online sites specialize in serious searches, (eHarmony, Match.com) internet important for those looking for partners with characteristics that are relatively uncommon because it is harder to find through traditional means. More than 60% of gay reported in one national study that they met partners through online sites.
when demands of work and family connnect
pair of surveys 25 years apart show feelings of conflict between work and family. 1977, 34% of workers felt some or lot of interference between jobs and family life while 45% gave response in 2002. In general surveys of 2010- 2014, 48% of married with children said often or sometimes. 42% of single parents and even 21% of single adults not with children said jobs interfered with family often or sometimes
Authoritative style
parents combine high levels of emotional support with consistent moderate control. Provided with warmth and affection with firm consistent discipline. Discipline moderate and based on requests and explanations rather than use of force or punishment.
authoritarian style
parents combine low support with coercive attempts at control.
Permissive style
parents provide support but exercise little control over children by any means
Socialization and gender
parents socialize daughters different than sons. researchers think of it as a 2 way process. because of predispositions or other factors, children can influence how parents treat them (stereotypes)
normal unpredictability
pervasiveness of unpredictiblity in job hours and schedules which makes it difficult for workers to control time.
The change brought by the movement of married women into the labor force has been less pronounced for women from _____ backgrounds who have always had a greater need to work.
poor
Marriage has evolved from a marker of conformity to a marker of _____.
prestige
Selection effect
principle that whenever individuals sort or select themselves into groups nonrandomly, some of the differences among the group reflect preexisting differences among individuals. (selection effects frequently complicate interpretation of data that sociologists collect)
Great movement of married women into labor force one of the most important changes in American family life in past century
profoundly altered women's and men's lives. Affected balance of power between women and men. shift from companionship marriage to independent marriage. Debates on issues like abortion. current stats show that in 1975, only 35% of married women with preschool aged children were in labor force, comparable to 55% of African American women. Rise in married women's employment, dual-earner married couples are the rule rather than exception. Both spouses worked outside home in 59% of all mariages with children present in 2015. Wives earnings becoming more important component of family's income.
Nonmarital birth ratio
proportion of all births that occur to unmarried women
LGBTQ parenthood
several ways to be parents, adoption, other relationship, etc. more common for same-sex couples to plan for children who would be born after couples began relationship. WOmen identified as lesbians had children through donor insemination, some gay men hired mothers who carried fetuses inseminated with their or partners sperm. Other adopted children, from foster care usually. about 2000,000 children under 18 raised by same-sex couples in 2013 and between 1.1 and 2.0 million children under 18 had LGBTQ parent who was not married or cohabiting. LGBTQ parents tend to be more disadvantaged than heterosexual, less likely to have college degree, more likely to report low incomes and more likely to be black or hispanic.
Extramarital sex
sexual activity between a married person and someone who is not his or her spouse
Negative side of hookup culture
sexual double standards favor men over women. young women tend to be more troubled by lack of commitment than men. College women report more satisfaction with sex that occurred within context of relationship than hookup. Nature of sexual activity favors men. Men far more likely to have orgasm than women. Women engaged in hookups more likely to be stigmatized as sexually loose than men. 69% of men agreed if a woman has sex with lots of people, they respect them less. only 37% of men agreed that if men hook up or have sex with lots of people they respect them less.
A positive side of the hookup culture is that it attracts individuals who seek _____.
sexual pleasure but not serious relationships that could distract them from their goals
The _____ on sexuality is the belief that sexual identities are entirely socially created.
social constructionist perspective
Religion and socialization
social scientists suggested that conservative protestantism leads fathers to be more authoritarian with children. Teaches men are head of family and encourages strict discipline-oriented distant style of fathering.
What's important for socialization
some might stress importance of religious and ethical training (morals and spiritual) Parents should encourage more androgynous behavior (characteristics of both genders)
Work family balance
some observes have suggested balancing work and family more difficult because of longer working hours. census data from 1970-2000 found different trends. People with professional and managerial jobs working more hours in 2000 than in 1970 but lower level occupations fewer hours.
Another study found that white early adolescents with an average of 12 found their mothers less warm if mothers used harsh parenting methods
spanking them with their hands when they did something wrong. Also less warm if they are not explained to what they did wrong. African American adolescents did not.
Questioning sexual identities with the Queer theory
spans cultural studies, comparative literature, history, sociology and other disciplines. Essence of theory is view that sexual life is artificially organized into categories that reflect the power of heterosexual norms. Norms restrict possibilities for more fluid changing sexual identity in order to protect dominance of heterosexuality as it is currently organized. Reject sharp split of sexual activity into either a "straight or gay way of life" also reject subdiscipline of gay and lesbian studies, arguing that to accept these categories as the starting point is to accept what must be questioned: restrictive organization of sexuality. Urge that we study how this organization came and how it is maintained. Labels are a complex social construction that give social advantages to heterosexuals and create disadvantages for LGBTQ people. Queer theory contributes the insight that a rigid split between heterosexual and homosexual is not natural but reflects prevailing heterosexual norms in our society.
more than 60% of children preschool aged
spend time each week in child care.
Never married women were referred to as
spinsters or old maids.
During the nineteenth century, _____ was considered true love, a union not only of the heart but also of the soul and the mind.
spiritual love
Union
stable intimate relationship between 2 people who live in the same household but may or may not be married.
The first component of the market model of marriage is _____.
supply
Time-dairy studies
surveys in which people are asked to keep a record of what they were doing every minute during a time period
Mass incarceration
term sociologists use for extremely high rate of imprisonment today; particularly African American males. percentage of Americans imprisoned or jailed grown enormously since 1980. major factor nonviolent drug-related crimes and increases in sentences that violators receive (laws that limit judge's discretion by requiring mandatory sentences.) Nationally, over half of all prisons have children under 18. As result, children have increased risk of having parent in jail. Problem worse for children with parents who did not graduate high school. by one estimate, 15% of white children and 62% of black children will have a parent in prison before 18. for parents of high school diploma, 4% of white children and 16% of black children
The queer theorists believe _____.
that heterosexual norms restrict the possibility for a more fluid sexual identity
Overall, research and writing on the changing meaning of marriage suggest
that it is now situated in a very different context than in the past. 1. individuals have a great deal of choice in their personal lives. More forms of marriage and alternatives socially acceptable. May first live with partner or several. 2. Nature of the rewards people seek through marriage and other close relationships. (want individualistic rewards called personal growth and self-development) Sense that inner life is changing and in way that gives great satisfaction and deeper intimacy. Try to attain rewards through open communication and mutually shared disclosures.
Men still do not like to admit
that they need to go home for family emergencies. It shows insufficient commitment to jobs, in some firms, employees fear they will be shunted and denied promotions if they take flex time or caregiving leave.
The use of family-friendly policies by workers depends on _____.
the culture of the workplace
deinstitutionalization of marriage
the decline in marriage and the emergence of alternate family forms that occurred during the last third of the twentieth century
People's sexual lives today have been influenced by
the increasing acceptability of sexual activity outside of marriage. There have been 3 eras in attitudes toward sexuality and love in the United States. before 1980, sexual attraction and romantic love thought to be inappropriate bases for choosing spouse. (choose spouse for practical reasons like manage a farm or household) moreover, even in marriage, sexual expression an activity best done in moderation. from 1890-1960, sexual attraction and romantic love viewed as not only appropriate but crucial criteria. Within marriage people valued emotional fulfillment obtained through sex and romantic love. Idea of sexual identity, based on one's attitude and practices passed into common usage (sexual expression outside marriage still illicit) Since 1960s, positive value given to sexual expression and gratification continued to increase. Young people shaking off restrictions from parents generations By 1974, majority of young adults under 30 survey said sex before marriage was not wrong.
birthrate
the number of live births each year per 1,000 people
Union formation
the process of beginning to live with a partner through cohabitation or marriage. in 1950s, most young men and women did not have sex until engaged or married. Cohabitation scandalous and unknown among middle class, even uncommon among poor.
In the United States, the cultural changes in sexuality led to _____.
the rise in childbearing outside of marriage
Caring labor is often
underpaid, undervalued and even demeaned relative to other kinds of work. Often referred to as women's work, implies low paid of marginal importance. 94% of children care workers, and 89% of health aids are paid women caregivers Also disproportionately drawn from less advantaged racial-ethnic-groups such as immigrant Hispanic and Asian women.
Marriage no longer a
universal experience it was in the mid-twentieth century. only about 3/4 of all American adults would ever marry. Decline among adults without college degrees. 94% of women and 81% of men projected to marry. decline sharp among African Americans whom about half are projected to marry.
One person usually does more than 50 percent of the work at home and the other
usually does more than 50 percent of the wage and salary work.
Most parents adopting from foster care said they did so because they _____.
wanted to provide a permanent home for a child
Hooking up seems to be more common among
white students from economically privileged backgrounds (students likely to adopt strategy to postpone marriage and children.
Time-diary studies show that contrary to social exchange theory, husbands do not increase total amount of time they spend with children when
wives are employed. Cultural ideals may still lead to imbalance of care time. Husbands do however change what they are doing with children in time.
One way dual-earner couples manage nonstandard work hours is to
work different shifts When wives work fixed night schedule, risk of divorce increases. single parents working nonstandard hours face even more difficult situation because they don't have a spouse they can rely on for assistance. Children of parents who work nonstandard hours may be at risk of poorer academic or emotional development.
Family-responsive workplace
work setting in which job conditions are designed to allow employees to meet family responsibilities more easily. Advocates argue it will be beneficial not only for employees but also employers. Fewer workers quit because of family responsibilities which will save employers costs of recruiting and training. Workers less stressed which will increase productivity. Become aware of employees interests out of self interest.
