Child Dev Chapter 9
Both Piaget and Bandura would agree that the child's self-concept
Affects how the child reacts and performs to others
Which theorist is most closely associated with observational learning?
Bandura
Who is the most influential theorist in the learning theory tradition?
Bandura
Whose theory supports an integration of learning models and cognitive developmental approaches?
Bandura
In which culture would a four-month-old infant show the strongest reactions to new sights, sounds, or smells?
Caucasian-American
Difficult, easy, and slow-to-warm-up temperaments were first described by
Chess and Thomas
Dr. Montana is a radical behaviorist. He is most likely to believe that variations in behavior are caused by
Classical and operant conditioning exclusively
In comparing Erikson and Freud, it would be most accurate to say that
Erikson places more emphasis on psychosocial crises
Dr. Bartinelli believes that cognitive skills develop to obtain gratification. Dr. Bartinelli is most in agreement with
Freud
Psychoanalytic theory was created by
Freud
Observational learning or modeling involves
Learning by watching someone else perform some action
Regarding the Big five personality traits, a person who scores high on this trait is characterized by anxiety, self-pity, tenseness, and emotional instability. This trait is called __________ .
Neuroticism
The pattern of events that Freud believed occur between ages 3 and 5, when a child experiences a sexual desire for the parent of the opposite sex is called __________ .
Oedipus complex
According to Buss and Plomin, which of the following children will typically adapt to his or her environment?
Ramon, who is moderate in all temperamental areas
Of the following inhibited children, who is least likely to have physical arousal to challenges and persistent inhibition?
Sara, who is securely attached
Which of the following are the key dimensions of temperament proposed by Buss and Plomin?
Sociability, activity level, emotionality
Which of the following is considered a weakness of psychoanalytic theories?
They do not provide precise operational definitions of terms
Erikson asserts that a child who has established a sense of basic trust has had
a major caregiver who was loving and responded predictably and reliably
According to Erikson, parents who are consistently loving and who respond predictably and reliably to their infant are helping the infant to develop
a sense of basic trust
Imbalances between the id, ego, and superego result in
fixations
All of the following are propositions of the psychoanalytic approach EXCEPT
from reinforcement and modeling, children learn not only overt behavior but also ideas, expectations, internal standards, and self-concepts
All of the following propositions are part of learning theory EXCEPT
genetic differences operate via variations in fundamental physiological processes.
Until recently, Oliver's peer interactions were almost exclusively with other boys. Now he is more interested in girls. Oliver is in which stage of psychosexual development?
genital
The distinction between temperament and personality is somewhat like the difference between a __________ and a __________ .
genotype; phenotype
Susan Crockenberg discovered in her research that if a baby was irritable, but the mother had __________ the child nearly always developed secure attachment.
good support
Hetherington has found that, after divorce, children with difficult temperaments
have problems if the mother is depressed and lacks social support
"Self-efficacy" refers to a child's belief in
his or her ability to accomplish tasks
Research using the Buss and Plomin Temperament catagories indicates that the strongest correlation in temperament is found in
identical twins
Freud believed that boys handle the anxiety during the phallic stage by a process called __________ .
identification
Which stage in Erikson's theory occurs at adolescence?
identity vs. role confusion
Biological temperament theorists argue that ________ serves as a central mediating process; whereas social learning theorists argue that ________ acts as a central mediator.
inborn temperament; self-concept
Most researchers who study temperament assume that temperamental qualities are __________ and carried in the __________ .
inborn; genes
Roger is working on a project at home. However, his 4-year-old son seems to pester him the most when he is trying to solve a problem. Roger tries to ignore him, but usually gives in and stops what he is doing to pay attention to his son. Roger is actually
increasing his son's behavior with partial reinforcement
Rothbart and Bates define "temperament" as
individual differences in emotional, motor, reactivity, and self regulation
Fred is developing the abilities demanded by the society of which he will be a member. He is in Erikson's stage of
industry vs. inferiority
Wanda is beginning school. She is entering Erikson's stage of
industry vs. inferiority
If 8-year-old Corey has too many failures in school and extracurricular activities, Erikson would predict that he will develop a sense of __________ .
inferiority
Janice takes her toys apart and gets upset when they can't be fixed. Erikson would place her in the stage of
initiative versus guilt
Which stage in Erikson's theory corresponds to Freud's phallic stage?
initiative vs. guilt
The researcher, Susan Crockenberg, showed that __________ attachment in a child was most likely when the mother had an irritable infant and __________ of support.
insecure; low levels
A model for personality that considers elements of temperament, environment, self-scheme, personality and behavioral, and parents and outside experiences is called an __________ .
interactive model of personality
According to Bandura, a high school student who says that he failed a class because he didn't study enough, rather than claim that the reason he failed was because the class was too difficult, is demonstrating a(n)
internal locus of control
Although Piaget and Bandura agree on the impact that self-concept or self-scheme has once it develops, Piaget emphasizes ________ while Bandura emphasizes ________ as a causal factor.
internal processes; reinforcement and modeling
All of the following can positively modify basic physiological/temperamental responses of inhibited children EXCEPT
intrusive mothers
Susan Crockenber found that "neuroticism" was common in toddlers who had been __________ as infants and whose mothers were angry and punitive.
irritable
A strength of the learning theory approach to personality is that it
it can explain consistency or inconsistency in a child's bevahior
Nine-year-old Max has peer interactions almost exclusively with other boys. Max is in which psychoanalytic stage?
latency
In a cross-cultural study of 4-month old infants, Kagan found that compared to Irish and Caucasian American infants, Chinese infants were
less irritable and less vocal
According to research by Susan Crockenberg, the most securely attached children demonstrate __________ , and their mothers have the highest __________ .
low irritability; social support
All of the following are major dimensions referred to as the Big Five EXCEPT
morality
Behavior that is reinforced on a partial schedule is ________ behavior that is consistently reinforced.
more resistant to extinction than
Lillith is usually tense and she worries about every small event in her life. She is high in the Big Five trait of
neuroticism
Nero is constantly worrying about his grades, his job, and his girlfriend. He finds it difficult to sleep at night because his mind won't calm down enough for him to fall asleep. According to trait theory, Nero scores high on which of the Big Five?
neuroticism
Which Big Five trait includes the qualities of anxious, self-pitying, tense, touchy, unstable, and worrying?
neuroticism
If you want your dog to continue fetching a stick once he has mastered the trick, you should reinforce him
on a partial reinforcement schedule
Juanita is extremely creative, imaginative, and insightful indicating that when she grows up, she will probably score high on the Big Five Traits of
openness/intellect
Leroy is full of original ideas and is very imaginative. He is high in which of the Big Five personality traits?
openness/intellect
The depth, complexity, and quality of a person's mental and experiential life is the Big Five trait of
openness/intellect
The correct sequence of Freud's five psychosexual stages is
oral, anal, phallic, latency, genital
Because parents tend to be inconsistent in their rewards to their children
partial reinforcement patterns are a major factor in the establishment of personality.
Biological theorists believe that
personality develops through some interaction between the child's temperamental tendencies and the child's environment
During which of Freud's stages does identification with the same-sex parent occur?
phallic
Four-year-old Mindy has started to compete with her mother for her father's attention. Which psychosexual stage is Mindy in?
phallic
According to Freud, the ego is the
planning and organizing part of the personality
Of the following theories of personality, which is the most clearly developmental?
psychoanalytic
The stages of personality development suggested by Freud consisting of oral, anal, phallic, latency, and genital stages are known as the __________ .
psychosexual stages
Erikson's psychoanalytic theory emphasizes __________ development.
psychosocial
The stages of personality development suggested by Erikson involving trust, autonomy, initiative, industry, identity, intimacy, generativity, and ego integrity is known as __________ .
psychosocial stages
Researchers who argue that only the basic principles of classical and operant conditioning are needed to account for variations in behavior, including personality, are referred to as __________ .
radical behaviorists
Bandura's concept of __________ attempts to explain how the different sets of factors such as personal, behavioral, and environmental factors interact to influence personality.
reciprocal determinism
The temperament dimensions of inhibition and anxiety
reflect a tendency to respond with fear or withdraw from new people, situations or objects
In order to explain inconsistencies in children's behaviors in different situations, learning theorists search for differing ________ in the different settings.
reinforcement contingencies
According to Susan Crockenberg's research, mothers who exhibit angry or punitive behaviors towared their babies were more likely to have experienced __________ in their own childhood, and to have experienced __________ from their partner.
rejection; little support
An individual's belief in his or her ability to accomplish tasks is __________ .
self-efficacy
If Piaget's language is applied to Bandura's cognitive-developmental theory, the concept of one's own capacities, qualities, standards, and experiences would be called a(n)
self-scheme
Marianno has experienced repeated failures and ridicule during the toddler years. He will probably develop a sense of
shame and doubt
According to psychoanalytic theory, the child requires a __________ environment in order to traverse the stages of development.
supportive
The bulk of research on individual differences in children has been couched in terms of __________ .
temperament
Correlation between measures of behavioral inhibition in children and physiological measures, such as muscle tension, heart rate, dilation of the pupil of the eye, and the chemical composition of both urine and saliva indicate that
temperament is based on physiological responses
According to Thomas and Chess, the concept of "goodness-of-fit" refers to
the fact that an environment which is appropriate for a child's temperament may be more important than the child's temperament itself.
Psychologists use the word "personality" to describe
the individual's enduring pattern of responses to and interactions with others and the environment
Ms. Cowan has a day care center, and this year she has one little girl who is very aggressive. No matter how much Ms. Cowan punishes her, the child continues to misbehave and seems to be increasing her aggressive actions. A behaviorist would say that
the punishment is actually a reinforcing form of attention
Kagan believes that shy children have behavioral inhibitions because
their amygdala and hypothalamus have a low threshold for responding to uncertainty
All of the following are strengths of the psychoanalytic theories EXCEPT
they stress the importance of reinforcement contingencies
Psychoanalytic theories focus on the child's eventual personality and emotional health depending upon the __________ that develops in a particular family.
transaction
All of the following traits are characteristic of the oral stage EXCEPT
vanity
Kelvin is very sociable, enthusiastic, generous, and forgiving. As an adult, he will score high on
extraversion and agreeableness
Which of the following is an instinctual drive in Freud's theory?
aggression
According to trait theory, the extent to which people try to get along with others measures their
agreeableness
Anna trusts almost everyone and is generous and affectionate with her family and friends. Anna would score high in
agreeableness
A large study of children and adolescents in the Netherlands found that the most evident dimensions characterizing these subjects were
agreeableness and neuroticism
The researcher Kagan suggests that differences in behavioral inhibition are based on differing thresholds for arousal in parts of the brain, specifically, the __________ and the __________ .
amygdala; hypothalamus
Crockenberg found that insecure attachment between a mother and infant is most likely to occur under which of the following conditions?
an irritable infant and a low level of maternal social support.
According to Freud, two-year-old Calvin would be in which stage?
anal
Gene is extremely neat and is constantly cleaning and organizing. Stacy is sloppy and disorganized. Freud would say that both are fixated at what stage?
anal
All of the following temperaments/traits belong together EXCEPT
approach
A significant weakness of learning theories is that they
are not really developmental and focus too much on external events
Empirical explorations of Freud's or Erikson's theories are relatively rare, largely because both theories
are so general that specific tests are very difficult.
A strength of biological theories of personality is that they
are strongly supported by empirical research
According to Bandura, what a child learns from watching someone else depends on
attention, memory, physical ability, and motivation
A three-year-old child would be in Erikson's stage of __________ .
autonomy versus shame and doubt
A basic proposition of psychoanalytic approaches to personality is that
behavior is governed by unconscious as well as conscious motives and processes
Research by Jerome Kagan has focused primarily on which dimension of temperament?
behavioral inhibition
All of the following are propositions on which the biological explanation of personality is based EXCEPT
children learn not only overt behavior but also ideas, expectations, internal standards, and self-concepts from reinforcement and modeling.
There is an old adage: "Do what I say, not what I do." What do research results tell us about children's responses in a situation in which a parent says one thing but does another?
children will imitate what the parent does
According to Erikson, the sequence of stages is most influenced by
common cultural demands
The extent and strength of a person's impulse control is the basic feature of the Big Five trait of
conscientiousness
Research by Oliver John has shown that delinquent boys were markedly lower than nondelinquent boys in which personality traits?
conscientiousness and agreeableness
Research on inhibition such as that of Kagan has shown that
consistency is stronger among children with extreme initial temperaments
Dr. O'Hara is a psychoanalytic theorist. When treating a client, he will place the most emphasis on the
crucial significance of the earliest stages of development
The temperament dimension of activity level has been hypothesized as a precursor of which of the Big Five personality traits?
extraversion
The Oedipus conflict refers to a boy's
desire for his mother and fear of his father
According to researchers, the key dimensions of temperament are activity level, approach/positive emotionality, inhibition and anxiety, negative emotionality/irritabilty/anger, and __________ .
effortful control/task persistence
All of the following are characteristic of the Big Five trait of agreeableness EXCEPT
enthusiastic
Which of the following is characteristic of someone high in extraversion?
enthusiastic
Murray is enthusiastic about whatever he does and talks to anyone he meets. He would score high on which dimension of personality?
extraversion
Regarding the Big Five personality traits, a person who scores high on this trait is characterized by assertiveness, energy, enthusiasm, and outgoingness. This trait is called __________ .
extraversion