Child Development: Chapter 4

Pregnancy Development: Month 9

- "Lightening" felt as the fetus drops into the pelvis. Breathing becomes easier. - False labor pains may be experienced.

Pregnancy Development: Month 4

- Abdomen continues to grow rapidly. - Most discomforts in early pregnancy, such as morning sickness, usually gone. - Appetite increases.

Pregnancy Development: Month 3

- Breasts become firmer and fuller. - Nausea, fatigue, and frequent urination may occur. - Abdomen becomes slightly larger.

Pregnancy Development: Month 2

- Breasts begin to swell. - Pressure on bladder from enlarging uterus results in need to urinate more frequently. - Possible nausea. - Fatigue is common.

Pregnancy Development: Month 8

- Discomfort may result from increased size. Backache, leg cramps, shortness of breath, and fatigue are common. - Fetal kicks may disturb the mother's rest.

Fetal Development: Month 1

- Egg attaches to uterine lining. - Critical stage for brain and spinal cord development. - Internal organs and circulatory system begin to form.

Pregnancy Development: Month 5

- Enlarged abdomen becomes apparent. - Slight fetal movements felt. - Increases size may begin to affect posture.

Fetal Development: Month 2

- Face, eyes, ears, and limbs take shape. - Bones begin to form.

Fetal Development: Month 6

- Fat deposits under the skin. - Breathing movements begin.

Pregnancy Development: Month 6

- Fetal movements sensed as strong kicks, thumps, and bumps. - Wight gain by the beginning of this month may total 10-12 pounds.

Fetal Development: Month 5

- Hair, eyelashes, and eyebrows appear. - Teeth continue to develop. - Organs are maturing.

Pregnancy Development: Month 7

- Increases size may affect posture.

Fetal Development: Month 8

- May react to loud noises. - Moves into a head-down position.

Pregnancy Development: Month 1

- Missed menstrual period.

Fetal Development: Month 3

- Nostrils, mouth, lips, teeth buds, and eyelids form. - Fingers and toes almost complete.

Prevention and Diagnosis of Birth Defects

- Parents can schedule a checkup to evaluate their overall health. - Discuss lifestyle changes. - Genetic Counseling; Seek to access their risk of having a child with a birth defect caused by a defect in the genes. - Prenatal Tests; Help to determine what treatments, if any, are necessary for the child before and after birth.

Fetal Development: Month 7

- Periods of activity followed by periods of rest and quiet.

What are environmental causes of birth defects?

- The nutritional balance of the mother's diet - Any diseases or infections the mother had during pregnancy - Harmful substances the mother consumes, including alcohol, over-the-counter medications, and illegal drugs - Exposure to hazards, such as certain chemicals, high levels of radiation, and X-rays

Fetal Development: Month 9

- Weight gain continues. - Skin becomes smooth as fat deposits continue. - Acquires disease-fighting antibodies.

Fetal Development: Month 4

- can suck its thumb, swallow, hiccup, and move around. - Facial features become clearer.

Ovum

A female cell or egg needed for reproduction.

Amniotic Sac

A sac filled with fluid forms around the embryo.

Fallopian Tube

A tube that connects the ovary to the uterus.

Low Birth Weight

A weight of less than 5 pounds, 8 ounces.

Errors in Chromosomes

An error may occur when an egg or sperm cell is developing, causing a baby to have too many or too few chromosomes. The most common birth defect of this type is down syndrome. Sometimes an error occurs when an egg or sperm cell is forming, causing there to be an extra copy of chromosomes 21.

Fetal Alcohol Syndrome (FAS)

An incurable condition found in some children of mothers who consumed alcohol during pregnancy.

Toxoplasmosis

An infection caused by a parasite.

Adoption

By adopting a child, a couple legally takes on all responsibilities and rights for raising, loving, and caring for a child in need for a permanent house.

Umbilical Cord

Connects the baby to the placenta and caries nourishment from the mother's blood.

DNA

Deoxyribonucleic acid.

What causes a women's menstrual period?

During ovulation, the inner lining of the uterus grows and thickens. If the ovum is not fertilized, the lining breaks down and passes out of the body. This is the bleeding that women experience as a menstrual period.

Embryonic Stage

During this time, the embryo grows rapidly. Several other important changes happen, such as the cell begins to separate and develop into the major systems of the human body - heart and lungs, bones and muscles.

Zygote

Fertilized egg.

Fraternal Twins

Form when two eggs are released from the ovaries at the same time and are fertilized by two different sperm.

Still Birth

If the baby dies before it is born, after the 20th week of pregnancy.

Artificial Insemination

In this process, a doctor injects sperm into a women's uterus.

Placenta

It is rich in blood vessels and attached to the wall of the uterus.

Amniotic Fluid

Liquid surrounding and cushioning the baby during pregnancy.

Sperm

Male cell needed for reproduction.

Effects of Tobacco

Smoking during pregnancy is linked to respiratory infections and allergies.

Dominant Gene

Stronger gene.

Surrogate Mother

Substitute mother. A women who becomes pregnant to have a baby for another woman.

Prenatal Development

The baby's development during a pregnancy.

Genome

The complete blueprint for the creation of a person.

Fetus

The developing baby after the eight week of ninth week of pregnancy.

Germinal Stage

The first stage in the baby's development. It includes the formation of the zygote. Lasts about two weeks, but includes the key steps in establishing a pregnancy.

Infertility

The inability to become pregnant - in both men and women.

Which parent determines if the child is a boy or girl?

The male (or father) determines the sex of the baby.

Uterus

The organ in a women's body in which a baby develops during pregnancy.

Conception

The process by which a sperm cell reaches the Fallopian tube, and penetrates and fertilizes an ovum. This results in the beginning of pregnancy. *An ovum usually lives 12 to 24 hours, while a sperm is capable of fertilizing an ovum for approximately 48 to 72 hours.

Prenatal Test: Amniocentesis

The process of withdrawing a sample of the amniotic fluid surrounding the unborn baby.

How is the sex of the child determined?

The sex of the child is determined at conception. The sex chromosomes come in two types X and Y. Each ovum in the women's ovaries carries an X chromosome. Each sperm cell in the man's body carries either an X or Y chromosome. A child with the XX combination is a girl. A child with the XY combination is a boy.

SIDS

The sudden death of a baby under one year of age with no clear cause.

The Fetal Stage

The third and final stage of development.

What is the typical gestation period for a human fetus?

The typical gestation period for a human fetus is 280 days, or 40 weeks, from the first day of the woman's last menstrual period.

Implantation

The zygote usually implants in the lining of the uterus and is covered over by that lining.

Prenatal Test: Alpha-fetoprtein (AFP)

This blood test is preformed on the expectant mother between weeks 15 and 20 of a pregnancy. Abnormal AFP levels can indicate a possible birth defect.

Fetal Alcohol Effects

This condition id less severe than fetal alcohol syndrome. To a lesser degree, the child suffers from many of the same ailments as with FAS.

In Vitro Fertilization

This process is used to treat many cases of infertility. With the help of a microscope, the doctor combines a mature ovum from the woman with sperm from her husband. If the ovum becomes fertilized, the doctor places the new zygote in the women's uterus.

Fetal Development

Time span of Month 1 to Month 9.

Chromosomes

Tiny, threadlike structures in the nucleus of every cell that carry hereditary information. Every human baby receives 46 of these at the moment of conception. These chromosomes come in 23 pairs.

Genes

Units that determine a human's inherited characteristics.

Prenatal Test: Chorionic Villi Sampling

Uses a sample of the tissue from the membrane that encases the fetus to check for specific birth defects.

Prenatal Test: Ultrasound

Uses sound waves to make a video image, called a sonogram, of an unborn baby. It can help the doctor monitor the development of the baby, pinpoint the baby's age, and detect certain birth defects.

Recessive Gene.

Weaker gene.

Embryo

What a baby is called from about the third week of pregnancy through the eighth week.

Miscarriage

When a baby dies prior to the 20th week of pregnancy.

Identical twins

When a sperm fertilizes a woman's ovum, the cell begins to divide right away. As the cells continue to divide, the mass of cells may split in half, creating two separate cell masses. Each cell mass continues to divide and grow into a separate embryo. The result is identical twins.

Ovum Transfer

When an ovum has been donated by another woman. The ovum is fertilized in a laboratory and placed in the mother's uterus.

Birth Defects

When babies are born with serious problems that threaten their health or even lives.

Effects of Caffeine

When women consume large amounts of caffeine during pregnancy, there is an; - Increased risk of miscarriage & low birth weight - Higher risk of infant death

Cell Division

While the zygote is still in the Fallopian tube, it begins to grow by cell division. The single cell splits into two cells, then the two cells rapidly multiply to four, then to eight, and so on.

Effects of X-Rays

X-rays present a potential danger to the unborn baby. Radiation can cause birth defects.