Child Development exam 4
_________________ is a pervasive system of advantage and disadvantage based on race.
Racism
Racism, prejudice, discrimination
Racism= Bias or prejudice based on race. Prejudices= Negative attitudes toward individuals based on their race, ethnicity, religion, or other factors." discrimination=Negative behavior directed at people on the basis of their race, ethnicity, religion, or other factors."
The research on the association between television viewing and obesity has found that
the children who spend more time watching television spend less time engaged in physical activity.
Results of correlational studies suggest
the developing brain is vulnerable to the chronic stress of poverty.
Prevalence of death due to abuse/neglect
- Abuse is a serious public health problem= many cases are not reported, 1520 children died in the US in 2013 from abuse and neglect, 678,932 victims of child abuse and neglect were reported to CPS in 2013
Benefits and limitations of unstructured vs structured time; how to maximize effectiveness of both Statistics about how often children participate in structured and unstructured activities
-American children spend more time in self chosen activities, particularly sports - Americans children's free time: structured activities=taught or directed by a knowledgeable adult (classes=music, gymnastics, dance, karate, soccer, bowling) or unstructured activities=not directed by an adult (free time like playing on playground) -Less unstructured play because of concerns about safety, increased media use, and payed work for teens. -children not playing outside as much: depends on how the parets structure there time for them, structured schedules with sports.
Overscheduling of youth
-Are children in america "overscheduled"=only 3-6% youth, ages 5-18 spend more than 20 hours in organized activities. -How to detect a child is overscheduled?=not sleeping well, physical complaints, trouble focusing
The role of the media in physical development, cognitive development, academic achievement, social development, and self-concept Role of media in violence, aggression, self-image, self-complexity
-Media effects of physical development: more media use linked with obesity (inactivity or increased eating and media messages that promote unhealthy eating). Media also promotes the "thin ideal" which contributes to eating disorders -media effects on cognitive development= AAP committee on public education (2001) recommends that pediatricians "discourage television viewing for children younger than 2 years and encourage more interactive activities that will promote proper brain development , such as talking, singing, playing, and reading together. -background Tv disrupts toddler play from age 1-3. Educational TV improves cognitive functioning and academic performance for some children, while entertainment TV makes academic performance worse. -Negative effects on entertainment TV because it takes time from academic tasks, multitasking while doing academic tasks decreases learning, and children who spend the most time with media are more distractible and impulsive in general. -Effects of media on social development= watching prosocial media increases prosocial behavior and watching violence or taking part in media violence promotes aggression in young viewers. self esteem can be harmed by the "thin ideal", limited self complexity can harm self esteem, lack of diversity and stereotyped roles for minorities is harmful to minority groups. -media effects on self concepts: self esteem can be promoted by shows (mr rogers neighborhood), Positive and negative effects on communication: maintain friendships, make new friends, contact people with common concerns, cyberbullying, online predators.
Negative effects of television viewing and media (by age range), including entertaining and educational TV
-Negative effects on entertainment TV because it takes time from academic tasks, multitasking while doing academic tasks decreases learning, and children who spend the most time with media are more distractible and impulsive in general. -background Tv disrupts toddler play from age 1-3. Educational TV improves cognitive functioning and academic performance for some children, while entertainment TV makes academic performance worse.
Describe different types of child abuse/neglect and how to identify when abuse is taking place
-Physical abuse= non accidental physical injury as a result of punching, beating, kicking, biting, shaking, throwing, stabbing, choking, hitting (with a hand, stick, strap, or other object) burning or otherwise harming a child, that is inflicted by a parent, caregiver, or other person who has responsibility for the child. -Neglect=failure of a parent, guardian, or other caregiver to provide for the child's basic needs. Neglect can be physical (food, shelter, supervision), medical (does not provide medical or mental health treatment)l, educational (failure to attend to education or education specialty needs), or emotional (inattention to emotional needs and failure to provide psychological care) -Sexul abuse=employment, use, persuasion, inducement, enticement, or coercion of any child to engage in or assist in any other person to engage in any sexually explicit conduct or simulation of such conduct for the purpose of producing a visual depiction of such conduct; or the rape, and in cases of caregiver or inter-familial relationships, statutory rape, molestation, prostitution, or other forms of sexual exploitation of children or incest with children -Emotional abuse= a pattern of behavior that impairs a child's emotional development or sense of self-worth. AKA psychological abuse.
Legal implications of sexting
-Since 2009, 19 states have adopted teen sexting laws with 13 states considering bills on the issue. In states without sexting laws, it may be punished under existing child pornography laws. -Although participant generally reported experiencing few negative social or legal consequences as a result of sexting, 71% reported knowing other teens who experiences negative consequences. Only 2% of respondents reported that they notified a parent or teacher about a sext that they received.
A person is classified as underweight if their BMI is less than ________________.
18.5
For 86% of individuals, the age of onset for eating disorders occurs by the age of _______________.
20
Alll the following are disadvantages of unstructured time EXCEPT
An increase in argumentative behaviors towards adults
Medical complications of each eating disorder
20% of people with anorexia will prematurely die (suicide or heart problems) Medical complications with anorexia: 1. affects the brain with not being able to think right, sad, moody, irritable 2. affects hair= becomes thin and brittle 3. Affects heart= low blood pressure, slow heart rate, fluttering of the heart, risk of heart failure 4. Affects blood= low iron (anemia) 5. Affects muscles and joint= weak muscles and swollen joints, risk osteoporosis 6. Affects the kidneys=kidney stones and kidney failure 7. Low potassium, magnesium so disrupted body fluids 8. Experience constipation and bloating 9. Affects hormones= period can stop, trouble growing, bone loss, higher risk of miscarriage, postpartum depression 10. Affects skin=bruise, dry skin, a lot of hair, brittle nails Medical conditions with bulimia: 1. brain= depression, anxiety, dizziness, shame, low self esteem 2. Affects cheeks= swell and be sore 3. Affects blood=anemia 4. Affects mouth= tooth enamel erosion, cavities, teeth sensitivity 5 .Affects throat=sore throat, tear and rupture 6. Affects muscles=fatigued 7. Affects stomach=ulcers 8. Affects skin= dry 9. Affects heart= irregular heart beat, heart failure, low pulse and blood pressure. 10. Affects body fluids= dehydration, low potassium, magnesium, and sodium 11. Affects intestines= constipation or irregular bowel movements, bloating Some people use ipecac syrup to cause vomiting which can be toxic to heart and cause sudden death Health consequences of binge eating disorder are high blood pressure, high cholesterol levels, Heart disease, type 2 diabetes, gallbladder disease, fatigue.
On average, how many children in the United States die each day due to abuse or neglect?
4
Osteoporosis, brittle hair and nails, and dry skin are associated with which disorder?
Anorexia nervosa
Which of the following matches the eating disorder with the description of the typical weight of individuals with the disorder:
Anorexia nervosa
Which of the following matches the eating disorder with the description of the typical weight of individuals with the disorder:
Anorexia nervosa XXX
Damaging effects of poverty (especially when it occurs during child development; in-utero and early, middle, late childhood); short and long term effects DescribefindingsofresearchaboutChina'sfaminein1958
Children with poor families are often hindered in terms of cognitive and behavioral development, particularly has an effect of the academic outcomes of children especially during early childhood. This happens from certain mechanisms; chronic stress can affect concentration and memory which may impact ability to learn. Also the national center of education center of statistics reports that in 2008, the dropout rate of students living in low income families was 4.5 times greater than higher income families. Under Resourced schools and communities struggle to meet the learning needs of their students and aid them in fulfilling their potential. Inadequate education contributes to the cycle of poverty by making it more difficult for low income children to lift themselves in future generation out of poverty. Children living in poverty are at greater risk of behavioral and emotional problems (behavioral=impulsiveness, difficulty getting along with peers, aggression, ADHD) (emotional=anxiety, depression, low self esteem) Child poverty is associated with poorer health outcomes from lack of access to health care, physical health problems, and unsafe neighborhoods, The age at which poverty is experiences impacts outcomes. Earlier experiences- gaps in developmental trajectory. Job loss during pregnancy increases potential poverty and is associated with reduced birth rate and relationships with enrollments in school with later generations. So these results affect the first all the way to the third generation. Early childhood poverty impacts the environment (mother stress/depression), associated with increased child behavioral problems, and the behavioral problems causes the parents to reduces working hours (problem persists). If poverty is experienced in middle and late childhood poverty tends to be less detrimental to cognitive outcomes, increased youth employment and caretaking roles, increased risk of discontinuing education, and increased risk of lowered social participation.
Two evidence-based therapies for eating disorders are:
Cognitive and dialectical behavior therapy
Describe the impact of child abuse and neglect on development
Consequences of maltreatment: 1. Associated with poorer adult physical and mental health 2. Increased risk of learning difficulties and poor school attendance 3. Less likely to complete high school less likely to be employed (women are strongly affected) 4. Earlier child abuse, more adverse consequences Impacts next generation (30% abuse own children)
Identify the distal and proximal influences to creating a nurturing environment
Distal influences: income and resources, social cohesion, physical environment Proximal Influences: family influences, school influences, peer influences
Identify and describe the types of eating disorders (anorexia nervosa, bulimia nervosa, and binge- eating disorder)
Eating disorders= a range of psychological disorders characterized by abnormal or disturbed eating habits. Anorexia nervosa= fear of gaining weight, refusal to maintain a healthy body weight, and unrealistic perception of current weight Bulimia nervosa= recurrent binge eating and purging (take many forms) Anorexia= underweight. Bulimia= overweight or normal weight Binge eating disorder=recurrent binge eating and no purging, it is severe and life threatening disorder, functional impairment, suicide risk, co-morbid psychiatric disorders
Positive effects of television viewing and media (by age range), including entertaining and educational TV
Educational TV improves cognitive functioning and academic performance for some children, while entertainment TV makes academic performance worse.
A pattern of behavior that impairs a child's emotional development or sense of self-worth is:
Emotional abuse
The highest rate of child abuse is among which group?
Infants and toddlers ages 3 or younger
According to the lecture, sexting could be an issue for teens for all of the following reasons EXCEPT
It increases occurrences of cheating by 18%
Interaction of race/ethnicity and poverty rates
Looking at poverty by race, poverty levels are higher for black, hispanic, and asian families.
All of the following are socio-cultural factors influencing development of eating disorders EXCEPT
Low family expectations
Factors influencing the development of eating disorders
Males want a more muscular shape and are not focused of weight which makes them work out excessively and have low calorie intake. Causes of eating disorders: genes load the gun and the environment pulls the trigger. Psychological factors that cause eating disorders: fear of growing up, inability to separate from the family, need to please or be liked, perfectionism, need to control, need for attention, lack of self esteem, high family expectations, parental diesting, temperament (perfect child), and teasing about weight or body shape. Causes of bulimia nervosa= difficulty regulating their mood, more impulsive, sexual abuse, family dysfunction Sociocultural factors: emphasis on thinness as the ideal for beauty availability and indulgence of food, role of the media,obesity and reaction to larger body size.
Describe the perceptions of adolescents regarding their schedules and stress
More than 3.5 hours of screen time on school days Less than an hour of homework on school days School gives homework (right amount or way too much was chosen the most) Wish I had how much free time= a lot more was mainly chosen Average screen time is consistent with existing literature (13-30 hours/week) Respondents would like to spend time hanging out with their friends (implies unstructured activities and may lead to delinquency, but may build interpersonal skills and social health) Because many involved in 4+ activities, educators must be sensitive to and aware of students' commitments outside of classroom
Evidence-based treatments for eating disorders
Not all therapy is equal= some are effective and some are not appropriate Evidence based practice Empirically supported treatment= intervention for which systematic empirical research has provided evidence of effectiveness as treatment for specific problems. Evidence based therapies for eating disorders: cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) and Dialectical behavior therapy (DBT) CBT= therapist are problem focused Treatment for eating disorders= psychotherapy, medical care monitoring, nutritional counseling.
Identify the poverty-related variables that impact child development
When you are not employed with a person without a high school degree, you will see the highest poverty rates.
Which of the following statements about organized activities is true?
Relatively few children appear to be overscheduled with organized activities.
For individuals with bulimia nervosa, complications from vomiting over time may be "chipmunk cheeks," which consists of swollen ____________________.
Salivary glands
Describe poverty guidelines
The US federal poverty guidelines are used to determine financial eligibility for certain federal programs. They are issued each year by the department of health and human services. The guidelines focus on three features: the number of people in household, (as the number increases of people in a household increases, the poverty guidelines threshold increases), second feature is money, and the last feature is the year.
Child poverty rates in the US compared to other industrialized nations
The US has one of the highest child poverty rates. These rates are based on the percentage of children from age 0-17 living in households with less than 50% of the median equivalised household income in the mid to 2000s.
Just having the television on, even if children aren't watching it, can disrupt children's play.
True
Sexual abuse occurs in families from all ethnic and racial backgrounds and at all socioeconomic levels.
True
Risk of abuse/neglect by age range
Who is at risk for abuse and neglect: 1. age=the highest rates of child abuse is a month infants toddlers younger than 3 years old. 34% are under the age of 3. 2. Gender (rates/1000 children) 8.7 boys and 9.5 girls 3. race/ethnicity (rates/1000 children)=14.2 african american, 12.4 american indian/alaskan natives, 10.3 multiracial, 8.7 pacific islanders, 8.4 hispanics, 8 non hispanic whites, 1.7 asians
Under which circumstance, does educational television appear to have a positive effect?
a positive effect on learning for children older than age 2.
Having a natural mentor during adolescence has been associated with
a reduced risk of problem behaviors.
Looking at the quality of the relationship that a teen has with an important nonparental adult in their life, research has found that these relationships are
a unique sort of support, rather than a substitute for the teen's relationship with his or her parents.
Among parents who had been abused as children
about 30% perpetuate the cycle and become abusive parents.
One advantage of adolescents having some unstructured time with peers is that it
allows them to develop an identity separate from their parents.
Mandated reporters are individuals who:
are required to report suspected abuse
In 2009, child poverty rates were above 30% for all of the following races/ethnicities EXCEPT
asian
Children born of individuals who were developing in their mother's womb during China's 1958 famine are more likely to (students: the focus here is on the third generation):
drop out of high school
According to lecture, the four types of neglect include all of the following EXCEPT:
environmental
Poverty has the most damaging effects on children who
experience poverty in early childhood
According to the readings, child poverty is associated with all of the following EXCEPT
fewer friends
Brown, Nobiling, Teufel, and Birch (2011) assessed adolescents' perception of discretionary activities, overscheduling, and stress. When asked "what would you do with more time?", a large majority of adolescents reported they would
hang out with friends.
Bob over-exercises and is constantly concerned about making sure he stays lean and muscular. He is among other men in the United States who:
have an eating disorder
Of the below options, infants and toddlers learn most effectively from
having real-life interactions with other people.
Compared to other industrialized nations, the United States has one of the ___________ child poverty rates.
highest
Research that has evaluated formal mentoring programs has found tha
in many cases the programs only have a small effect.
Describe who mandated reporters are and their roles
mandated reporters: social workers, teachers/school personnel, physicians and healthcare workers, mental health professionals, child care providers, medical examiners/coroners, and law enforcement officers.
There is a _____________ between heavy use of media (including entertainment TV and video games) and school performance.
negative correlation
Failure to meet a child's basic needs for food, clothing, housing, and education is the definition of
neglect.
A distal influence on creating a nurturing environment includes:
neighborhood decay
A type of stress that results from a relatively rare occurrence that may overwhelm the individual.
non-normative stress
The different types of stress
normative stress=Stresses that are predictable and that most children go through, and which require a moderate and relatively brief response." non-normative stress=The experience of unusual and unexpected distressing events which can be tolerated with the help of a supportive adult.
According to lecture, all of the following poverty-related variables may impact child development outcomes EXCEPT
number of siblings.
Negative attitudes toward a particular racial group are
prejudices.
In order for structured activities for adolescents to be effective in reducing deviant behavior, it is important that
the activities occur after school when teens would otherwise be hanging out with friends outside of adult supervision.
According to lecture, poverty guidelines specify:
when a family is considered to be living in poverty.
When we look at the characteristics that place a child at an increased risk of becoming a victim of maltreatment, we find that
younger children are at a great risk.
