Child Development Exam1

large-scale studies

Stanford Studies of Gifted Children (1920s-today) Fels Research Institute Study and - Berkeley Growth and Guidance Studies - helped identify the nature of change in children's lives and they become older

zygote

The new cell that forms from fertilization

polygenic inheritance

a combination of multiple gene pairs is responsible for the production of a particular trait

PKU (phenylketonuria)

a condition that makes it impossible for babies to metabolize certain proteins

behavior modification

a formal technique for promoting the frequency of desirable behaviors and decreasing the incidence of unwanted ones

artificial insemination

a procedure in which a man's sperm is placed directly into woman's vagina

Freud's psychosexual development

a series of stages that children pass through in which pleasure, or gratification, is focused on a particular biological function and body part

critical period

a specific time during development when a particular event has its greatest consequences permanent, irreversible consequences ex.: during first trimester, the fetus is likely to catch diseases and illnesses which can cause biological abnormalities/death

sensitive period

a specific time when organisms are particularly susceptible to certain kinds of stimuli in their environment possible for later experiences to overcome the earlier deficits ex.: despite being bullied as a kid, one can likely overcome fear of social interaction

mesosystem

acknowledges direct/indirect influences that bind us to one another; connections between microsystems links in a chain: children to parentss students to teachers employees to bosses friends to friends

adolescence stage

ages 12-20 years

preschool period

ages 3-6 years

social-cognitive learning theory

approach that emphasizes learning by observing the behavior of another person called a model *behavior is learned through observation*

cognitive neuroscience approaches

approach that focuses on how brain processes are related to cognitive activity

John watson

believed that we could gain full understanding of development by carefully studying stimuli that make up the environment *controlling the environment to produce specific behavior*

Johne Locke

believed we entered the world as a "blank slate" (no characteristics/personalities) entirely shaped by experience as we grew up

history-graded influences

biological and environmental influences associated with a particular historical moment ex.: 9/11 terrorist attack in NYC

age-graded influences

biological and environmental influences that are similar for individuals in a particular age group, regardless of when or where they are raised ex.: entry into formal education

infancy and toddlerhood

birth to age 3

Sensorimotor Stage (Piaget)

birth-2 years object permanence (people/objects exist even when they can't be seen) development of motor skills little or no capacity for symbolic representation

Jean-Jacques Rousseau

claimed children were noble savages (born with sense of right/wrong and morality) argued that infants would develop perfectly unless corrupted by negative circumstances in life suggested that growth occurred in discontinuous stages

prenatal period

conception to birth

superego

conscience; distinctions between right/wrong develops around age 5-6 years learned from parents, teachers, other significant figures

discontinuous change

development that occurs in distinct steps or stages, with each stage bringing about behavior that is assumed to be qualitatively different from behavior at earlier stages *qualitative* ex.: stages of puberty

infertility treatments

drugs or surgery artificial insemination In vitro fertilization (IVF)

late adulthood (Erikson)

ego-integrity vs. despair positive: sense of unity in life's accomplishments negative: regret over lost opportunities of life

Nurture (Environmental Factors)

emphasis is on *environmental* influences that affect a person's development

Nature (Genetic Factors)

emphasis is on discovering inherited genetic *traits and abilities*

life span approach

emphasizes developmental change throughout adulthood as well as childhood

Personality and Social Development

emphasizes enduring characteristics that differentiate one person from another, and how interactions with others and social relationships grow and change over the lifetime

physical development

examining the body's make up brain, nervous system, muscles, senses, need for food/drink/sleep ex.: study of malnutrition vs. study of athlete's physical performance changes

the most common cause of infertility in women is

failure to release an egg through ovulation - hormone imbalance - damaged Fallopian tube/uterus - stress - abuse of alcohol/drugs

germinal stage

first and shortest stage fertilization-2 weeks zygote begins to divide and grow in complexity

cognitive development

focus on *intellectual* capabilities ex.: problem solving over childhood

operant conditioning (skinner)

form of learning where a voluntary response is strengthened or weakened by association with positive/negative consequences ex.: (student) study hard = good grades (worker) labor harder = pay increases

Freud vs. Erikson

freud regarded development as relatively complete by adolescence erikson suggested that growth and change continue throughout the lifespan (to late adulthood)

x-linked genes

genes that are considered recessive and located only on the X chromosome

phenotype

genetic material that is observable (seen)

continuous change

gradual development in which achievements at one level build on those of previous levels *quantitative* ex.: height/growth

cohort

group of people born around the same time and place

freud's personality aspects

id ego superego

sociocultural-graded influences

include ethnicity, social class, subcultural membership, and other factors ex.: immigrant children who speak English as 2nd language

particular periods approach

infancy and adolescence emphasized as most important periods

chronosystem

involves the way the passage of time, including historical events, affect children's development ex.: 9/11 attack

macrosystem

larger cultural influences on an individual including society in general, types of governments religious and political value systems and other broad encompassing factors ex.: the value a culture/society places on education/family will affect the values of the people who live in it (mexican American subculture; western culture)

tabula rasa

latin for "blank slate"

mesoderm

m = muscle muscle, bones, blood, circulatory system

3. Cognitive Perspective

the approach that focuses on the processes that allow people to know, understand, and think about the world as you grow older you understand things in a more complex sense ex.: 3 y/o: it rains so flowers can grow 11 y/o: it rains because of evaporation from earth's surface 19 y/o (college): it rains because of cumulonimbus clouds, Coriolis effect, and synoptic charts

five major perspectives in child development

psychodynamic behavioral cognitive contextual evolutionary

exosystem

represents broader influences, encompassing societal institutions such as local government, the community, schools, places of worship, and the local media ex.: the quality of a school will affect a child's cognitive development and potentially can have long-term consequences

chromosomes

rod-shaped structures made of DNA and proteins 46 total chromosomes organized in 23 pairs mother and father each provide 1 of 2 chromosomes in each of the 23 pairs

information-processing approaches

seek to identify the ways individuals take in, use, and store information information capacity changes with age

2. Behavioral Perspective

the approach that suggests that the keys to understanding development are observable behavior and outside stimuli in the environment

genes

the basic unit of genetic information "software" of the body 25,000 human genes

Freud's Psychosexual Stages

the childhood stages of development: oral (mouth) anal (anus) phallic (genitals) latency (repression of sexual feelings) genital (maturation of sexual orientation)

gametes

sex cells from the mother and father that form a new cell at conception

plasticity

the degree to which a developing behavior or physical structure is modifiable

microsystem

the everyday, immediate environment in which children lead their daily lives

infertility

the inability to conceive after 12 to 18 months of trying to become pregnant

non-normative life events

specific, atypical events that occur in a particular person's life at a time when such events do not happen to most people ex.: divorce, death of a child, natural disasters

fertilization

sperm fertilizes ovum sperm and ovum fuse to become zygote - takes about 1 hour

1. Psychodynamic Perspective

states behavior is motivated by inner forces, memories, and conflicts of which a person has little awareness or control inner forces, which may stem from childhood, continually influence behavior throughout life span

Alfred Binet

studied children's intelligence and investigated memory and mental calculation

Charles Darwin

studied his son systematically over his first year of life

behavioral genetics

studies the effects of heredity on psychological characteristics how our personality and behavioral habits are affected by genetic factors ex.: depression, psyc. disorders,

Jean Piaget's stages of cognitive development

suggested that quantity of information increases and quality of knowledge/understanding increases sensorimotor preoperational concrete operational formal operational

4. bioecological approach

suggests that five levels of the environment simultaneously influence individuals microsystem mesosystem exosystem macrosystem chronosystem

Freud's Psychoanalytic Theory

suggests that unconscious forces act to determine personality and behavior

Erikson's psychosocial theory

the approach that encompasses changes in our interactions with and understanding of one another, as well as in our knowledge and understanding of ourselves as members of society

Maturation

the process of the predetermined unfolding of genetic information

behavioral genetics

the study of the effects of heredity on behavior

DNA

the substance that genes are composed of that determines the nature of every cell in the body and how it will function

5. evolutionary perspective

theory that seeks to identify behavior that is the result of our genetic inheritance from our ancestors genetics + environmental factors = behavior

dominant trait

trait that is expressed; can be seen

recessive trait

trait that is present but not expressed; cannot be seen

genotype

underlying combination of genetic material present (but not visible)

Stanley Hall

used questionnaires to study children's thinking and behavior

endoderm

"en" = inner layer digestive system, liver, pancreas, respiratory system

monozygotic twins

*identical* twins formed when one zygote splits into two separate masses of cells, each of which develops into a separate embryo less than 3% of pregnancies are multiples

id

*pleasure* principle: maximize satisfaction and reduce tension present at birth hunger, sex, aggression, irrational impulses

ego

*reality* principle: instinctual energy is restrained to maintain safety rational and reasonable

dizygotic twins

*similar* twins who are produced when two separate ova are fertilized by two separate sperm at roughly the same time less than 3% of pregnancies are multiples

formal operational stage (Piaget)

12-adulthood development of logical and abstract thinking

Preoperational Stage (Piaget)

2-7 years development of language and symbolic thinking egocentric thinking

embryonic stage

2-8 weeks firmly secured to the uterine wall development of major organs and basic anatomy

concrete operational stage (Piaget)

7-12 years development of conservation (quantity is unrelated to physical appearance) mastery of concept of reversibility

fetal stage

8 weeks - birth becomes recognizable now called a fetus rapid change in this stage

middle childhood

Ages 6 to 12 years

heterozygous

An organism that has two *different* alleles for a trait ex.: Bb

homozygous

An organism that has two *identical* alleles for a trait ex.: BB

baby biographies

Carefully recorded observations of the growth and development of children by their parents over a period; the first scientific investigations of development.

middle adulthood (Erikson)

Generativity vs stagnation Positive: Sense of contribution to continuity of life. Negative: Trivialization of one's activities.

mendel pea plants

Gregor Mendel formulated a theory of inheritance based on experiments with garden peas, proposing that parents pass on to their offspring discrete genes that retain their identity through generations.

early adulthood (Erikson)

Intimacy vs isolation Positive: Development of loving sexual relationships and close friendships. Negative: Fear of relationships with others.

where is the sex of a child determined (chromosomal)

on the 23rd pair females: XX males: XY father determines the sex

Hollingworth

one of the first psychologists to focus on child development

classical conditioning (Watson)

organism learns to respond in a particular way to a neutral stimulus that normally does not bring about that type of response ex.: dog hears bell -> meat is presented -> salivation/wagging tail after classical conditioning: dog hears bell -> salivation/wagging tail response (salivation/wagging) associated with a stimulus (food) connects to another stimulus (hearing a bell)

Schemes (Piaget)

organized mental patterns that represent behaviors and actions

ectoderm

outer (external) = ecto skin, hair, teeth, sense organs, brain and spinal cord

In vitro fertilization

procedure where a woman's ova is removed from ovaries and a man's sperm is used to fertilized ova in a lab (implanted in uterus)